ABSTRACT
Human breast milk (HBM) provides essential nutrients for newborn growth and development, and contains a variety of biologically active ingredients that can affect gastrointestinal tract and immune system development in breastfed infants. HBM also contains mRNAs, microRNAs and lncRNAs, most of which are encapsulated in milk-derived exosomes and exhibit various important infant development related biological functions. While previous studies have shown that exosomal circRNAs are involved in the intestinal epithelial cells' proliferation and repair. However, the effect of HBM exosomal circRNAs on intestinal development is not clear. In this study, we identified 6756 circRNAs both in preterm colostrum (PC) and term colostrum (TC), of which 66 were upregulated, and 42 were downregulated (|fold change>2|, p < 0.05) in PC. Pathway analysis showed that the VEGF signalling pathway was involved, and network analysis revealed that the differentially expressed circRNAs bound various miRNAs. Further analyses showed that has_circRNA_405708 and has_circRNA_104707 were involved in the VEGF signalling pathway, and that they all bound various mirRNAs. Exosomes found in preterm colostrum (PC) and term colostrum (TC) promoted VEGF protein expression and induced the proliferation and migration of small intestinal epithelial cells (FHCs). Exosomal circRNAs found in human colostrum (HC) binding to related miRNAs may regulate VEGF signalling, and intestinal development.
Subject(s)
Colostrum/metabolism , Intestines/growth & development , RNA, Circular/metabolism , Signal Transduction/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Adult , Breast Feeding , Cell Line , Cell Movement/genetics , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Child Development , Colostrum/cytology , Culture Media/metabolism , Epithelial Cells/physiology , Exosomes/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature/growth & development , Maternal Age , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Pregnancy , RNA, Circular/isolation & purification , Young AdultABSTRACT
Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides, 1,3,4-tri-O-(E)-caffeoyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1) and 1,4-di-O-(E)-caffeoyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside (2), along with four known phenylpropanoid glycosides (3-6), were isolated from the roots of Aruncus sylvester. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated using various spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed significant scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals with IC50 values of 110 and 258 µM (ascorbic acid: IC50 = 574 µM).