[Radiotherapy of oligometastases: Sequences and interactions with systemic therapies, example of kidney cancer]. / Radiothérapie des oligométastases : interactions/séquences avec thérapies systémiques, exemple du cancer du rein.

This article is a review of the literature that aims to clarify the place of systemic and locoregional treatments, with a focus on radiotherapy and surgery in the management of patients with oligometastatic kidney cancer. We have selected articles of interest published in Medline indexed journals. We have also analysed the related guidelines: National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) 2019, European Association of Urology (EAU) 2019, European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2019, Association française d'urologie (Afu) 2018 as well as some abstracts of international congresses. The main treatments evaluated were surgery and radiotherapy. We defined the different scenarios conventionally encountered in clinical practice. The evolution of systemic therapies (increased overall survival and response rate) is likely to increase the number of patients potentially accessible to locoregional treatments. The complete analysis of the literature underlines the place of locoregional treatments whatever the scenarios mentioned. Data on stereotactic radiotherapy found a local control rate consistently above 70% in all studies with a maintained response and positive impact on overall survival and progression-free survival. The improvement of overall survival by sequential use of the various therapeutic classes confirms the need for optimization of locoregional treatments in the model of oligometastatic kidney cancer. The dogma of radioresistance must definitely be set aside with current irradiation techniques.

[Percutaneous renal ablation: Pre-, per-, post-interventional evaluation modalities and adapted management]. / Traitement ablatif pour cancer du rein : modalités d'évaluation pré-, per-, post-intervention et prise en charge adaptée.

OBJECTIVES: Ablative treatment (AT) rise is foreseen, validation of steps to insure good proceedings is needed. By looking over the process of the patient, this study evaluates the requirements and choices needed in every step of the management. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, using (MeSH) words and we looked for all the studies. Investigators graded the strength of evidence in terms of methodology, language and relevance. RESULTS: Explanations of AT proposal rather than partial nephrectomy or surveillance have to be discussed in a consultation shared by urologist and interventional radiologist. Per-procedure choices depend on predictable ballistic difficulties. High volume, proximity of the hilum or of a risky organ are in favor of general anesthesia, cryotherapy and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI). Percutaneous approach should be privileged, as it seems as effective as the laparoscopic approach. Early and delayed complications have to be treated both by urologist and radiologist. Surveillance by CT/MRI insure of the lack of contrast-enhanced in the treated area. Patients and tumors criteria, in case of incomplete treatment or recurrence, are the key of the appropriate treatment: surgery, second session of AT, surveillance. CONCLUSION: AT treatments require patient's comprehension, excellent coordination of the partnership between urologist and radiologist and relevant choices during intervention.

[Prognostic factors for metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with second-line targeted therapies]. / Étude des facteurs pronostiques pour le carcinome rénal métastatique traité par une deuxième ligne de thérapies ciblées.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of clinical and biological features in patients treated with second-line targeted therapies (TT) for a metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed including 60 patients treated with second-line TT from 2006 to 2013. Clinical and biological features were collected, including TT-induced toxicities, Heng and MSKCC prognostic scores, and renal function. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median age was 61 years [39-81]. MSKCC and Heng scores were significantly prognostic for OS and PFS (P<0.05). Hypo-albuminemia, anemia and brain metastasis were associated with poorer OS and PFS (P<0.05). Severe induced toxicities had a prognostic impact with higher OS (26 months vs 10 months, P=0.003) and PFS (5 months vs 4 months, P=0.047). Renal function impairment at the initiation of the second line was also associated with higher survival (OS=24 months vs 9 months, P=0.035 and PFS=7 months vs 4 months, P=0.043). On multivariate analysis, induced toxicity was found as an independent factor of good prognosis for OS (HR=0.36; P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that renal function impairment and TT-induced toxicities in the second line of treatment for mRCC have a potential prognostic interest as it had previously been reported for the first line of TT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Prognostic value of toxicities induced by targeted therapies in patients treated for a metastatic renal cell carcinoma]. / Valeur pronostique de la toxicité induite par les thérapies ciblées dans le carcinome rénal métastatique.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of clinical and biological variables in the era of targeted therapies, especially induced toxicity in patients treated for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective single-center study was performed in patients treated in our center from 2006 to 2012. The clinical and biological variables and toxicity data were retrospectively collected. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the Log-Rank test. Multivariate analysis was also performed using the Cox model. RESULTS: One hundred and two patients were included, with a median follow-up of 20 months. The median overall survival (OS) was 21 months, and 6 months for the progression free survival (PFS). As expected, the variables included in the Mozter prognostic score had a significant impact on OS (P < 0.0001) and PFS (P < 0.0001). However, hypoalbuminemia (P < 0.0001), brain metastasis (P = 0.003) and the absence of nephrectomy (P < 0.0001) were found as poor prognosis factors for OS. In addition, severe toxicity (grade 3-4) was significantly associated with higher OS (P < 0.0001) and PFS (P = 0.0003) and appeared as an independent factor in multivariate analysis for OS (P = 0.02) and PFS (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Severe toxicity induced by targeted therapies was found as a prognostic factor increasing significantly the survival. Further studies are needed to assess the real value of this factor in the development of sequential therapies for the treatment of RCC.

[Medical treatment of renal cell carcinoma]. / Les médicaments du cancer du rein.

AIM: To describe drugs used in renal cell carcinoma. METHOD: Pubmed search for efficacy, mode of action and side effects for each molecule. Additional data were searched from the French regulatory agencies websites (HAS and ANSM). RESULTS: Since 2007, a total of three different therapeutic classes in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma are available. These three classes are tyrosine kinase inhibitors with sunitinib and sorafenib, the anti-VEGF antibodies (bevacizumab which is associated with alpha interferon in the treatment of advanced kidney cancer) and mTOR inhibitors with temsirolimus and everolimus. These targeted therapies are a major progress in the treatment of patients with metastatic kidney cancer. The side effects encountered with these molecules are numerous but serious side effects are less than 5% of all reported side effects. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of molecular mechanisms has enabled the development of new therapies for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In the future, a personalized approach taking into account the biology of each tumor could be created to provide a more targeted treatment.