Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale: A Cross-Sectional Study in Eight US Nursing Homes.

The aim of this study was to test a modified Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) and report initial findings, based on a cross-sectional descriptive survey from eight nursing homes in the USA. This study examined the psychometric properties of a modified version of the SSCRS for assessing the perceptions of staff (i.e. nurses, rehabilitation staff, food and nutrition service staff, activities staff, social workers, and administrative staff) who work in nursing homes. The modified version of the SSCRS is measuring respondents' perceptions of spirituality, spiritual care, religiosity, and personalized care. Confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory goodness of fit for the original four-factor structure of the SSCRS. The modified version demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.71 to 0.90). Initial findings showed statistically significant differences across all four sub-scales. Further research is needed to psychometrically test the modified tool.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Elkins Hypnotizability Scale in a Clinical Population.

The objective of this study was to determine the best-fit factor structure of a standardized hypnotizability measure in a clinical population. The Elkins Hypnotizability Scale (EHS) was administered to 173 post-menopausal women, age from 39 to 75 years, with a mean age of 54.61 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and comparative fit index (CFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used to determine goodness of fit. Results indicated that the single-factor structure modeled with six indicators based on the individual items on the EHS provides the best description of fit. Results of the present study demonstrate that the EHS has a single-factor structure. Further research is required with other populations and measures.

Age and sex-specific differences of mindfulness traits with measurement invariance controlled in Chinese adult population: A pilot study.

Objectives: To examine the relationships of age and sex with mindfulness traits among Chinese adults with controlling for measurement invariance. Methods: A total of 1777 participants completing the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire were included for analysis. Their age and sex information were also collected. Descriptive analysis, Pearson's Chi-Square test and analysis of variance were performed to test the age- and sex-specific differences, measurement invariance was examined by confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Excellent data fit to the model indicated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across age and sex. Participants aged 60 or above scored significantly higher in dimensions of acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience, and the total scores than younger individuals, who had higher scores in the observing domain. In addition, females scored higher in describing and observing than males, while the latter had higher score in nonreactivity to inner experience. Conclusions: The Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Mindfulness showed acceptable measurement invariance across age and sex in Chinese adult population. The old and the young differs in the traits of awareness, observing, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience and the total mindfulness level, while males and females varied in describing, observing and nonreactivity to inner experience. Individual differences should be considered and well addressed in future studies on mindfulness.

Scale development to measure the patient perception of patient-centered care of dentists in primary care settings of Thailand: a measurement invariance test.

BACKGROUND: Patient-centered care is essential for providing quality services thoroughly at the primary care level, but it is unclear and lacks measurement. This study aimed to develop a reliable and valid instrument to measure patient perception of patient-centered care in primary dental care in Thailand and test the measurement invariance between large and small community hospitals. METHODS: The initial set of 45 items for the patient perception of Patient-Centered Care of Dentist Scale (PCCDS-P version) was developed using a mixed-method approach, which included a literature review, a content validity test, cognitive interviews, and a pre-test. A multistage sampling strategy was used to recruit dental patients or their parents or caregivers from community hospitals across Thailand. Validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Furthermore, a multi-group analysis was conducted to compare the responses of patients from large and small community hospitals. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-six and One thousand one hundred sixty-seven samples were randomized for EFA and CFA, respectively. The final PCCDS-P version consists of 7 factors with satisfactory reliability and validity and is composed of 42 items: dentist-patient relationship, disease-illness, integrated care, communication, shared information and decision-making, holistic, and empathy and anxiety management. The CFA showed the model fit was consistent with the entire sample. The metric invariance analysis showed that the factor loadings were invariant across patient groups. Overall, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed PCCDS-P version is composed of seven domains with 42 items with good reliability and validity, and it indicated measurement invariance across patients in large and small community hospitals.

The Toronto Mindfulness Scale and the State Mindfulness Scale: psychometric properties of the Spanish versions.

Objectives: The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) and the State Mindfulness Scale (SMS) are two relevant self-report measures of state mindfulness. The purpose of this study was to examine the internal structure and to offer evidence of the reliability and validity of the Spanish versions of the TMS and SMS. Methods: Data from six distinct non-clinical samples in Spain were obtained. They responded to the TMS (n = 119), SMS (n = 223), and measures of trait mindfulness, decentering, non-attachment, depression, anxiety, stress, positive and negative affect, self-criticism, and self-reassurance. The internal structure of the TMS and SMS was analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change analyses were performed. Results: The correlated two-factor structure (curiosity and decentering) was the best-fitting model for the TMS (CFI = 0.932; TLI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.100 [0.077-0.123]; WRMR = 0.908). The bifactor structure (general factor, mindfulness of body, and mindfulness of mind) was the best-fitting model for the SMS (CFI = 0.961; TLI = 0.950; RMSEA = 0.096 [0.086-0.106]; WRMR = 0.993). Adequate reliability was found for both measures. The reliability of the SMS specific factors was very poor when controlling for the general factor. The patterns of correlations were mainly as expected and according to previous literature. The TMS and SMS have been able to detect state mindfulness changes after different meditation practices. Conclusion: Validity evidence is provided to support the use of the TMS and SMS in Spanish populations, though the reliability of the SMS specific factors merit revision.

Psychometric testing of the nurse professional competence scale Arabic version: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

AIM: To translate the Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form English version into Arabic and psychometrically validate its properties among Saudi citizen nurses. BACKGROUND: Evaluating nurses' professional competence is vital in delivering safe, cost-effective care and developing healthcare systems. However, psychometrically reliable and validated nurse competence scales in Arabic-speaking countries remain scant. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional design adhering to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. METHODS: Participant nurses (n = 598) were conveniently recruited from four government-owned hospitals and completed the Arabic-translated 35-item Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form. We used Spearman's rank-order correlation, exploratory factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, and confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the data. RESULTS: After exploratory factor analysis and reliability analyses, several items of the Arabic-translated 35-item Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form were omitted due to high inter-item correlations and low factor loading difference. The Arabic version of the Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form was reduced to 21 items, consisting of a three-factor structure: Professional Care Pedagogics, Holistic Value-Based Care, and Direct Nursing Care. Results also demonstrated that the revised three-factor structure had good overall scale reliability, good subscale internal consistencies, and acceptable construct validity using the confirmatory factor analysis. CONCLUSION: The 21-item Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form Arabic version is a useful scale, having demonstrated construct validity and reliability. Therefore, nurse managers in Arabic-speaking nations could assess their nurses' professional competence using the 21-item Nurse Professional Competence Scale-Short Form Arabic version to develop proactive programs that enhance professional competence.

The psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Although recent decades have witnessed a growing interest in mindfulness with the development of many mindfulness scales and their adaptation to different cultures, there has been no attempt at developing or adapting a mindfulness scale for Vietnamese people. To fill this gap and encourage the study of mindfulness in Vietnam, we adapted a 20-item short-form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-20) into Vietnamese, which we called the FFMQ-V, and examined its psychometric properties in a series of three independent studies. METHODS: In Study 1, using a college sample (N = 412) we conducted several exploratory factor analyses to elucidate the factor structure of the FFMQ-V. In Study 2, using an independent college sample (N = 344) we performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the goodness-of-fit for all obtained factor models from Study 1. In this study, we also examined the discriminant validities of the FFMQ-V by correlating mindfulness and other related psychological constructs, including acceptance, nonattachment, depression, anxiety, and stress. In Study 3, we replicated all data analyses in Study 2 using a community sample of young adults (N = 574). RESULTS: Across all Studies, our results indicated that the hierarchical five-factor model with method factors best captured the latent structure of the FFMQ-V. Our results also showed that the mindfulness facets met our expectations as they correlated positively with the acceptance and nonattachment and negatively with the depression, anxiety, and stress. CONCLUSIONS: In aggregate, our EFA and CFA results provided strong evidence for the hierarchical five-factor model with method factors in both community and college samples, suggesting that the FFMQ-V can be used to measure trait mindfulness of the Vietnamese young adults.

Can hypnotic susceptibility be explained by bifactor models? Structural equation modeling of the Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility - Form A.

Individuals differ in their responsiveness to hypnotic suggestions. However, defining and measuring hypnotizability is contentious because standardized scales, such as the Harvard group scale (HGSHS:A), measure a mixture of general suggestibility and its alteration due to hypnotic induction (hypnotizability). Exploratory factor analyses (FA) of standardized scales indicated their multidimensionality; however, the number and nature of latent factors are debated. We applied Confirmatory FA to the HGSHS:A scores of 477 volunteers and tested several theory-driven models. Scores were best explained by a bifactor model consisting of a G-factor and three correlated minor factors. The presented bifactor model shows that two sources of variability affect HGSHS:A simultaneously. Structural equation modeling revealed that the challenge-ideomotor factor predicts the other two minor factors, implying these suggestions might require more fundamental processes than other types. These results demonstrate the multifaceted and bifactorial structure of hypnotic suggestibility and underscore the desideratum for developing more differentiated scales.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills en población general Mexicana / Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills in Mexican general population

Resumen Introducción: Uno de los instrumentos más usados internacionalmente para medir la conciencia plena es el Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Debido a que esta escala no ha sido traducida ni adaptada a la lengua española, la investigación examinó la validez del constructo, su consistencia interna y validez de criterio, en una muestra mexicana. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 485 participantes (145 hombres y 340 mujeres). Resultados: Los resultados revelan una buena fiabilidad de la escala general, Asimismo, confirman que las cuatro dimensiones del inventario son factores sustantivos de la conciencia plena. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio muestra que los datos se ajustan de manera adecuada al modelo de cuatro factores. Conclusiones: Se concluye que este inventario es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la conciencia plena en población general mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: One of the most common instruments used in the world to measure mindfulness is the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Due to this scale has not been translated and adapted to Spanish, the purpose of this research was to examine the construct validity, internal consistency, and criterion validity in a Mexican sample. Method: The sample included 485 participants (145 men and 350 women). Results: Results found in this research revealed a good reliability of the general scale It was confirmed that the four dimensions of this inventory are significant factors of indfulness. Regarding the confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that data fitted properly to the four factors model. Conclusions: Inconclusion, this inventory is a valid and reliable instrument to measure mindfulness in general Mexican population.

Assessment of the quality of woman-centred midwifery care from the mothers' perspective: A structural analysis of cross-sectional survey data.

OBJECTIVE: Development and psychometric evaluation of a multidimensional model and assessment scales measuring core aspects of the quality of woman-centred midwifery care processes in Germany. DESIGN & PARTICIPANTS: 201 women, who received midwifery care during their pregnancy in 2018, were enrolled 6 to 18 months after birth. Data were assessed in a retrospective cross-sectional survey in Germany. MEASUREMENTS: Established scales that are used in health care were adapted to the context of woman-centred midwifery care: Shared Decision-Making (SDM-Q-9-M), Empathy (CARE-M), Internal Team Participation (TEAM-M) and Professional Competence (PC-M). Confirmatory factor analyses were adapted to prove (a) the homogeneity of the single scales and (b) the multidimensional structure of the entire item pool. FINDINGS: Appropriate to good model fit was confirmed for both the single assessments (CFI ≥ .96; SRMR ≤ .032) and the multidimensional model (CFI=.96; SRMR=.049). Minor model modifications reflecting local item dependencies had to be considered for the scales SDM-Q-9-M, TEAM-M, and PC-M. For the CARE-M scale, Participatory Communication proved to be a separate, second structural component. CONCLUSIONS: Shared Decision-Making, Empathy, Internal Team Participation, and Professional Competence constitute core components of woman-centred midwifery care processes. A multi-dimensional assessment is now available measuring women's experiences with midwifery care. The assessment provides an essential component to master the complex challenge of measuring the quality of midwifery care inside and outside the hospital by means of a standardised and validated assessment.

Undergraduates' preparedness for practice is associated with professional identity and perception of educational environment: A validation study.

BACKGROUND: Medical schools prepare undergraduates for clinical practice. Clinical competencies build up gradually and continuously. Existing literature suggests that new graduates are often unprepared for independent practice. This study aims to validate a Chinese version of a Preparedness for Hospital Practice Questionnaire (PHPQ) in a Taiwanese undergraduate cohort. METHODS: The original eight-domain English version PHPQ was translated into Chinese and back-translated for expert panel discussion. The eight domains encompass interpersonal skills, confidence, collaboration, management, science, prevention, holistic care, and self-directed learning. Reliability and validity were checked by Cronbach's alpha and by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. Participants were divided into higher and lower preparedness groups according to PHPQ results, and compared by age, sex, professional identity, and perception of educational environment. RESULTS: A total of 129 undergraduate medical students (55% males) participated in the study. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. Participants were found to be best prepared in the domain of disease prevention (M = 4.37, SD = 0.68) and least prepared in interpersonal skills (M = 2.68, SD = 0.77). A satisfactory goodness of fit data was yield from CFA with a CMIN/DF of 2.02. Higher levels of preparedness are associated with stronger professional identity (p < 0.001) and better perceived learning environment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of PHPQ showed good reliability and validity. Preparedness for practice was associated with how learners feel about themselves as doctors and how well they had integrated into medical teamwork.

Psychometric validation of the modified Naranjo algorithm used in homeopathy for chronic cases.

OBJECTIVES: The modified Naranjo algorithm assesses the physician assigned cause-effect relationship for homeopathic medicines. It is being adopted in homeopathy researches, but not yet validated systematically. We intended to validate the modified Naranjo algorithm by examining its psychometric properties. METHODS: An online survey sought agreement of 25 experts on the 10 items of the tool on 5-point agreement scale. Next, 285 responses from collected prospectively from chronic cases enrolled under the clinical verification program of the council in 2018 were subjected to testing of construct validity using exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n=150) was performed to verify the goodness-of-fit of the model. Reliability was tested using internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Experts' responses mean values were 4 or higher (i.e. responses were relevant) and standard deviations were less than 1 (i.e. less heterogeneous). In PCA using varimax, all the items loaded above the pre-specified value of 0.4 and identified 4 components explaining 64.1% of variation. The goodness-of -fit of the 4-component CFA model was acceptable (chi-square 89.253, p<0.001). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.7) was borderline; test-retest reliability was acceptable. Kappa statistics was moderate to fair, but poor for few of the items. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical evaluations indicate that the modified Naranjo algorithm is useful, but needs improvement.

A validation study of the Norwegian version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire: A robust nine-dimension factor model.

Objective: This study aimed to undertake a rigorous psychometric evaluation of the nine-scale Norwegian version of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) based on data from a sample of people with psoriasis. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 825 adults with psoriasis who previously participated in the Norwegian Climate Heliotherapy programme. To investigate the factorial validity of the Norwegian HLQ, confirmatory factor analyses were carried out using Stata. Results: A highly restricted model fit with no cross-loadings or correlated residuals was acceptable for three of the nine scales ('Feeling understood and supported by health-care providers', 'Appraisal of health information' and 'Ability to find good health information'). After minor model adjustments of the other scales, one-factor models were acceptable. All scales showed acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.71 to 0.87. Except for three items, all items had high to acceptable factor loadings. Conclusions: This study of the Norwegian HLQ replicates the original factor structure of the Australian HLQ, indicating the questionnaire has cogent and independent scales with good reliability. Researchers, programme implementers and policymakers could use the Norwegian version of the HLQ with confidence to generate reliable information on health literacy for different purposes.

Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Predict Intention to Comply to Iron Supplement during Pregnancy

@#Introduction The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended iron supplementation to overcome anaemia in pregnancy. In Malaysia, half of pregnant women with anaemia do not comply to iron supplement. The purpose of this study is to develop, assess psychometric properties (via Exploratory Factor Analysis) and validation (via Confirmatory Factor Analysis) of a questionnaire that evaluates attitude towards adherence to iron supplement based on Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Methods Based on the guidelines for construction of the TPB based questionnaire, 18 items were created initially by using the findings from a semi-quantitative survey, literature reviews and experts’ opinion. From content validity by 3 experts, 15 items with content validity ratio (CVR) of ≥0.99 were retained. From a pilot test for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), total of 12 items were retained, and classified into 3 components and termed as “Attitude”, “Subjective Norms” and “Perceived Behaviour Control”. Results Cronbach Alpha for the 12 items was 0.814, and for each component were 0.844, 0.813 and 0.901 respectively, which indicates acceptable internal consistency. During the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a final 10 items were retained. Conclusions The construct validity was good where the Fitness Index have achieved the threshold (p-value >0.05, RMSEA <0.08, CFI >0.90 and the ChiSq/df ratio <3.00). The convergent validity and composite reliability were good i.e. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) ≥0.50, and Composite Reliability (CR) ≥0.60 respectively. As a conclusion, this newly developed questionnaire was validated and potentially reliable in assessing attitude and predicting adherence to iron supplement among pregnant women specifically in Malaysia.

Development and Validation of Perceived Oral Health Benefits on Yoga Scale (POBYS) / Desenvolvimento e validação da Escala de Benefícios da Saúde Oral Percebidos no Yoga (POHBYS)

Objective: Sustained practice of Yoga leads to self-awareness, physical strength and high sense of energy. Yoga stimulates antioxidant levels in the body and reduces likelihood of dental disorders. No research has been undertaken connecting perception on yoga and oral health behaviors. The present study is an attempt to develop a psychometric scale entitled Perceived Benefits on Yoga Scale (PBYS) to measure individuals' perception on Yoga in relation to oral health behaviors. Material and methods: The psychometric tool was developed based on the concepts of Health Benefit Model (HBM). Among the four components of the model, the present study considered "perceived benefits" component. A total of 206 individuals participated in the study. To analyze the scale theoretically, face and content validity were assessed. Reliability of the scale was tested using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity was tested. Cronbach alpha and Spearman- Brown coefficient were applied to test the reliability of scale. Results: There were six items in the final scale, with a Spearman- Brown coefficient of 0.92 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation was found between POBYS scores and Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale (YSES). Validity of scale is within accepted range as indicated by Goodness of Fit indices. Conclusion: POBYS is a reliable and valid measure of perception on yoga outcomes with specific reference to oral health behavior. (AU)

Objetivo: A prática continua de Yoga leva ao autoconhecimento, força física e a sensação de energia elevada. O yoga estimula os níveis de antioxidantes no corpo e reduz a probabilidade de desordens dentais. Nenhuma pesquisa foi realizada conectando a percepção sobre o yoga e os comportamentos da saúde bucal. O presente estudo é uma tentativa de desenvolver uma escala psicométrica intitulada Escala de Benefícios Percebidos no Yoga (PBYS) para medir a percepção dos indivíduos sobre o Yoga em relação aos comportamentos da saúde bucal. Material e Métodos: A ferramenta psicométrica foi desenvolvida com base nos conceitos do Modelo de Benefícios à Saúde (HBM). Dentre os quatro componentes do modelo, o presente estudo considerou o componente "benefícios percebidos". Participaram do estudo 206 indivíduos. Para analisar teoricamente a escala, foram avaliadas a validade de face e de conteúdo. A confiabilidade da escala foi testada usando o alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de Spearman-Brown. Usando análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, a validade do construto foi testada. O alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de Spearman-Brown foram aplicados para testar a confiabilidade da escala. Resultados: Havia seis itens na escala final, com coeficiente de Spearman-Brown de 0,92 e alfa de Cronbach de 0,91. Estatisticamente significativo (p <0,001) foi encontrada correlação positiva entre os escores do PBYS e a Escala de Autoeficácia do Yoga (YSES). A validade da escala está dentro da faixa de aceitabilidade conforme indicado pelos índices de Goodness of Fit. Conclusão: PBYS é uma medida confiável e válida de percepção sobre os resultados do yoga com referência específica ao comportamento de saúde bucal. (AU)

A Psychometric Review and Conceptual Replication Study of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire Latent Structure.

The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a popular tool in mindfulness research. However, its psychometric qualities and its replicability have caused controversy. This study carried out a psychometric review and a conceptual replication of the FFMQ latent structure. The review showed that previous validation studies of the FFMQ used nonoptimal methods. In addition, this conceptual replication study tested the structure of the FFMQ using frequentist and Bayesian techniques. The original structure did not provide a good fit with both techniques, while the proposed alternative provided mixed results. We also found systematic fit improvements in both techniques when the Observe facet was excluded and method factors were included. With these findings, we conclude that the conceptual replication of the FFMQ's structure failed. Alternatively, we propose a new provisional FFMQ model with a set of recommendations regarding its application. Future research proposals on improving techniques and models toward mindfulness assessment are also presented and discussed.

Exploring scale validity and measurement invariance of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale across levels of meditation experience and proficiency.

OBJECTIVES: The Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) is a widely used instrument of state mindfulness. Research suggests the interpretation and functioning of mindfulness scale items may differ as a function of meditation experience, and thus, establishing invariance across experience levels is essential. METHODS: Five hundred and five meditation practitioners (32.7% male, 33.3% female, and 34.1% unspecified) with an average age of 42.37 years (SD = 12.70) completed the TMS online. RESULTS: Results support at least partial invariance across subgroups based on years of mindfulness meditation experience and self-reported proficiency. Construct validity of the Decentering subscale was also supported; however, the Curiosity subscale did not meet validity expectations, as it required additional model modifications to yield good fit, and means were not sensitive to differences in group experience or proficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest further review of the TMS Curiosity items may be warranted to determine its suitability for use within mindfulness assessment.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala de espiritualidad personal en adultos puertorriqueños / Confirmatory Factorial Analysis of the Personal Spirituality Scale in Puerto Ricans Adults

La espiritualidad se define como la capacidad multidimensional de búsqueda de sentido y conexión en las relaciones con uno mismo, con las demás personas, con la naturaleza o lo sagrado. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la fiabilidad y la estructura factorial de la versión revisada de la Escala de Espiritualidad Personal (EEP-R) en adultos puertorriqueños. Un total de 577 puertorriqueños participaron en este estudio de carácter confirmatorio y psicométrico. Los resultados confirmaron que la escala posee una estructura multidimensional. Estas dimensiones son Conexión Intrapersonal, Conexión Interpersonal y Conexión Transpersonal. Los doce ítems de la escala cumplieron con los criterios de discriminación y los índices de confiabilidad obtenidos para la escala fluctuaron entre .81 y .95. En síntesis, la EEP-R cuenta con las propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para seguir con estudios de validación, así como para implementarla en diversas líneas de trabajo, tanto teóricas como aplicadas.

Spirituality is defined as the multidimensional capacity of search for meaning and connection in relationships with oneself, other people, nature or the sacred. The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and factor structure of Personal Spirituality Scale (PSS-R) in a sample of Puerto Ricans adults. A total of 577 Puerto Ricans participated in this psychometric study. The results confirmed that the PSS has a multidimensional structure. These dimensions were Intrapersonal Spirituality, Interpersonal Spirituality and Transpersonal Spirituality. The twelve items complied with the criteria of discrimination. The reliability index obtained fluctuated between .81 to .95. The PSS-R has appropriate psychometric properties useful for validation studies. It can be used in different lines of research, theoretical as well as applied.

The revised four-factor motivational thought frequency and state motivation scales for alcohol control.

INTRODUCTION: Elaborated Intrusion (EI) Theory holds that both functional and dysfunctional motivational cognitions are characterized by their intensity, cognitive availability and involvement of imagery, and can be assessed in terms of their frequency and cross-sectional nature. Recently published data on the Motivational Thought Frequency (MTF-A) and State Motivation (SM-A) scales for alcohol control, which were based on EI theory, have shown acceptable fit for a three-subscale structure (Intensity, Imagery, Availability). However, subsequent analyses on the MTF's adaptation to diabetic regimen adherence suggested superior fit from a four-factor model, splitting Imagery into Incentives and Self-Efficacy Imagery. The current paper reanalyzed data on the MTF-A and SM-A, including an additional item on each and using a more robust statistical approach. METHODS: Participants (n = 504) reporting recent high-risk drinking or were currently trying to control alcohol consumption volunteered to complete an online survey that included the MTF-A, SM-A, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Readiness to Change Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses employed robust maximum likelihood (MLR) with Yuan-Bentler χ2 adjustment, and presented internal consistencies using omega. RESULTS: After omission of multivariate outliers, SM-A data were available from 399 participants, and MTF-A data from 351. Better fit was found for the four-factor model on both measures, and high internal consistencies were obtained for all subscales. Incentives Imagery and Self-Efficacy Imagery were both associated with greater alcohol problems and readiness to change. CONCLUSIONS: The four-factor structures are statistically superior and more theoretically coherent, and allow a focused assessment of key targets of motivational interventions.

Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of "Spiritual Needs Questionnaire" for Cancer Patients in Iran: A Methodological Study

Background and objectives: Spiritual needs are very important requirements to cancer patients. A valid and reliable instrument is needed for evaluation. This study was conducted to psychometrically evaluate a Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) for cancer patients in Iran. Methods: In this study, the methodology and psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the SpNQ (Büssing et al., (2010)) were evaluated, based on the model proposed by Wilde et al., (2005). The study population included cancer patients referred to the largest referral center in Iran. Some 400 subjects were selected. Then, the content, face and construct validity, as well as the internal consistency and reliability of the Farsi version were assessed. Findings: In the confirmatory factor analysis, the original four-factor version with 19 phrases was not confirmed. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in which phrases were included in three dimensions (peace and active giving, religion, and existence) that explained 48.1% of the variance. Later, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, which showed a good fit of the model (CFI=0.94, GFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.071, and AGFI=0.96). Cronbach's alpha was α=0.91 for the whole SpNQ. Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.76 to 0.86 for the three factors. The intra-class correlation coefficient was ICC=0.82 between two tests performed with a two-week interval. Conclusion: The modified Farsi version of the SpNQ shows good psychometric properties for patients and can be used to investigate the spiritual needs of Iranian cancer patients.