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1.
Rev. esp. geriatr. gerontol. (Ed. impr.) ; 59(1): [101433], ene.-feb. 2024. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-EMG-477

ABSTRACT

Introducción La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la forma más común de demencia entre las personas mayores. La enfermedad de Alzheimer de inicio precoz (EAIP) se ha definido como una demencia debido a EA que se presenta antes de la edad arbitrariamente establecida de 65 años. De los pacientes con EA precoz, 50% debutan con síntomas atípicos y muestran alteraciones neuropsicológicas diferentes de aquellos pacientes que debutan más tarde. Estas atipias conllevan un retraso en el diagnóstico y en el inicio del tratamiento. Métodos Seleccionamos retrospectivamente 359 pacientes con diagnóstico de probable demencia por EA. Subdividimos a los pacientes en tres grupos atendiendo a la edad de aparición de la enfermedad: EAIP, menores de 65 años; EA de inicio tardío (EAIT; entre 65 y 80); y EA de inicio muy tardío (EAIMT; definido como edad de inicio mayor de 80 años) y comparamos sus resultados neuropsicológicos. Resultados Los pacientes de EA con una edad de inicio más joven puntuaron peor en atención, función ejecutiva y habilidades visuoespaciales, mientras que los pacientes de mayor edad puntuaron peor en tareas de memoria y lenguaje. Los pacientes de inicio muy tardío se diferenciaron de los de inicio tardío en un mayor deterioro de la fluidez semántica y la denominación. Conclusión Aunque la edad de 65 años podría corresponder a un punto de separación arbitrario entre la forma precoz y la forma de inicio más tardío de la EA, nuestro estudio demuestra que existen diferencias significativas entre estos grupos desde un punto de vista neuropsicológico. Sin embargo, estas diferencias parecen seguir una tendencia lineal con la edad, en lugar de representar cuadros clínicos fundamentalmente distintos. (AU)


Introduction Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) has been defined as a dementia due to AD presenting before the arbitrarily established age of 65 (as opposed to late-onset Alzheimer's disease or LOAD). There is still little research about other age sub-groups, the use of so-called senile dementia has been banished, usually including it within the late-onset Alzheimer's dementia. To the extent of our knowledge, there are no studies comparing the neuropsychological features of very-late-onset patients with early and late-onset ones. Methods We retrospectively selected 359 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD dementia. We subdivided patients into three groups attending to the age of onset of the disease: early-onset AD (EOAD; younger than 65 years old), late-onset AD (LOAD; between 65 and 80) and very-late-onset AD (VLOAD; defined here as onset age older than 80), and then we compared their neuropsychological results. Results AD patients with a younger age at onset scored worse on attention, executive function and visuospatial skills, while older-onset patients scored worse in memory tasks and language. Patients with a very-late-onset differed from the late-onset ones in a greater impairment of semantic fluency and naming. Conclusion Although the point of separation between EOAD and later-onset forms of EA at the age of 65 is an arbitrary one, our study shows that there are significant differences between these groups from a neuropsychological point of view. However, these differences do seem to follow a linear trend with age, rather than representing fundamentally distinct clinical pictures. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Neuropsychology
2.
Horiz. enferm ; 34(2): 404-417, 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1509725

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN. El Alzheimer tiene repercusiones en la persona que la padece, mismas que comprometen su funcionalidad y la vida cotidiana llevándola a la dependencia y a la necesidad de un cuidador. El deterioro del cuidador también se vuelve notorio y se ha identificado que la dimensión espiritual favorece el afrontamiento del cuidador, por lo que el objetivo del presente es reflexionar sobre el cuidado enfermero de la dimensión espiritual a través de la propuesta de intervenciones a cuidadores de adultos mayores con Alzheimer. DESARROLLO. Generalmente, los cuidados serán proporcionados por un cuidador familiar, que por lo general tiene déficit de conocimientos previos sobre el cuidado e incluso como un rol impuesto. La espiritualidad entendida más allá de la religiosidad puede comprenderse como una conexión intra, inter y transpersonal que favorecerá el bienestar del cuidador. Se han integrado intervenciones que la enfermera puede llevar a cabo para fomentar la espiritualidad y cuidar la dimensión espiritual del cuidador. La espiritualidad intrapersonal puede favorecerse a través de la meditación, musicoterapia, arteterapia y la escritura terapéutica; la espiritualidad interpersonal a través de la escucha activa, el contacto con la naturaleza y los grupos de ayuda; la espiritualidad transpersonal a través de la oración y la lectura espiritual. CONCLUSIONES. La enfermera puede incorporar las intervenciones para favorecer y promover el bienestar del cuidador en su espiritualidad; la adaptación de cada intervención puede desarrollarse conforme a las creencias del cuidador, el contexto y la cultura.


INTRODUCTION. Alzheimer's disease has repercussions for the person who suffers from it, repercussions that compromise their functionality in daily life, leading to dependence and the need for a caregiver. The impact of the condition on the caregiver is also recognized and there is evidence that spirituality can support the caregiver's coping behaviors. GOAL: The aim of this paper is to reflect on the role of the spiritual dimension in providing nursing care through proposed interventions for caregivers of older adults with Alzheimer's disease. DEVELOPMENT. Generally, care will be provided by a family caregiver, who often lacks previous knowledge about caregiving, even as an imposed role. Spirituality, beyond religiosity, can be understood as an intra-, inter- and transpersonal connection that promotes the caregiver's well-being. Interventions that the nurse can carry out to foster and support the spiritual dimension of the caregiver have been integrated. Intrapersonal spirituality can be promoted through meditation, music therapy, art therapy and therapeutic writing; interpersonal spirituality through active listening, contact with nature and support groups; and transpersonal spirituality through prayer and spiritual reading. CONCLUSIONS. The nurse can incorporate interventions to encourage and promote the caregiver's spiritual well-being, and each intervention can be adapted to the caregiver's beliefs, context, and culture.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nursing , Caregivers/psychology , Spirituality , Alzheimer Disease , Family
3.
Nutr Hosp ; 39(6): 1364-1368, 2022 Dec 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36327127

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that finally result in synaptic and neuronal loss. Oxidative stress accompanies pathological changes in AD. Objective: to assess the efficacy of dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the levels of proteins oxidation, hydroperoxides and enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in AD patients. Methods: clinical, controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. Patients consumed fish oil or placebo for one year. Oxidative stress markers were assessed in plasma using spectrophotometric methods. Results: carbonyl groups in proteins and hydroperoxides in plasma have similar values in both treatment groups at the beginning of the study. At six and 12 months of treatment, these values decreased significantly in the fish oil group, while in the placebo group no changes were observed in both oxidative stress markers. Catalase activity increased significantly at six and twelve months after treatment in patients treated with fish oil. While the superoxide dismutase activity was not modified in both study groups. Conclusions: patients who consume omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at a stable dose of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) show decreased oxidation of proteins and lipids in plasma. In addition, an increase in catalase activity was detected. Thus, the presented data warrants further studies evaluating the antioxidant effect of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


Introducción: Antecedentes: la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo caracterizado por la presencia de placas neuríticas y ovillos neurofibrilares que finalmente resultan en pérdida sináptica y neuronal. El estrés oxidativo acompaña los cambios patológicos en la EA. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la suplementación dietética con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega 3 sobre los niveles de oxidación de proteínas, hidroperóxidos y actividades enzimáticas de catalasa y superóxido dismutasa en pacientes con EA. Métodos: ensayo clínico, controlado, aleatorizado, doble ciego. Los pacientes consumieron aceite de pescado o placebo durante un año. Los marcadores de estrés oxidativo se evaluaron en plasma mediante métodos espectrofotométricos. Resultados: los grupos carbonilo en proteínas e hidroperóxidos en plasma tuvieron valores similares en ambos grupos de tratamiento al inicio del estudio. A los seis y 12 meses de tratamiento estos valores disminuyeron significativamente en el grupo de aceite de pescado, mientras que en el grupo placebo no se observaron cambios en ambos marcadores. La actividad de catalasa aumentó significativamente a los seis y doce meses después del tratamiento en pacientes tratados con aceite de pescado; sin embargo, la actividad superóxido dismutasa no se modificó en ambos grupos de estudio. Conclusiones: los pacientes que consumieron los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega 3 a una dosis estable de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) muestran una oxidación reducida de proteínas y lípidos en plasma. Además, se detectó un aumento en la actividad de la catalasa. Por tanto, los datos presentados justifican más estudios que evalúen el efecto antioxidante de dichos ácidos grasos.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Humans , Antioxidants , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Catalase , Dietary Supplements , Fish Oils , Eicosapentaenoic Acid , Docosahexaenoic Acids , Superoxide Dismutase , Double-Blind Method
4.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 20(4): 406-415, jul. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1352429

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Sever cognitive and memory impairments, huge increase in the prevalence of the disease, and lacking definite cure have absorbed worldwide efforts to develop therapeutic approaches. Since many drugs have failed in the clinical trials due to multifactorial nature of AD, symptomatic treatments are still in the center attention and now, nootropic medicinal plants have been found as versatile ameliorators to reverse memory disorders. In this work, anti-Alzheimer's activity of aqueous extract of areca nuts (Areca catechu L.) was investigated via in vitro and in vivo studies. It depicted good amyloid ß (Aß) aggregation inhibitory activity, 82% at 100 µg/mL. In addition, it inhibited beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) with IC50 value of 19.03 µg/mL. Evaluation of neuroprotectivity of the aqueous extract of the plant against H2O2-induced cell death in PC12 neurons revealed 84.5% protection at 1 µg/mL. It should be noted that according to our results obtained from Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, the extract reversed scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats at concentrations of 1.5 and 3 mg/kg.


La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo relacionado con la edad. Los severos deterioros cognitivos y de la memoria, el enorme aumento de la prevalencia de la enfermedad y la falta de una cura definitiva han absorbido los esfuerzos mundiales para desarrollar enfoques terapéuticos. Dado que muchos fármacos han fallado en los ensayos clínicos debido a la naturaleza multifactorial de la EA, los tratamientos sintomáticos siguen siendo el centro de atención y ahora, las plantas medicinales nootrópicas se han encontrado como mejoradores versátiles para revertir los trastornos de la memoria. En este trabajo, se investigó la actividad anti-Alzheimer del extracto acuoso de nueces de areca (Areca catechu L.) mediante estudios in vitro e in vivo. Representaba una buena actividad inhibidora de la agregación de amiloide ß (Aß), 82% a 100 µg/mL. Además, inhibió la beta-secretasa 1 (BACE1) con un valor de CI50 de 19,03 µg/mL. La evaluación de la neuroprotección del extracto acuoso de la planta contra la muerte celular inducida por H2O2 en neuronas PC12 reveló una protección del 84,5% a 1 µg/mL. Cabe señalar que, de acuerdo con nuestros resultados obtenidos de la prueba Morris Water Maze (MWM), el extracto revirtió el déficit de memoria inducido por escopolamina en ratas a concentraciones de 1,5 y 3 mg/kg.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Areca/chemistry , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , beta-Amylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid beta-Peptides/drug effects , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/drug effects , Alzheimer Disease/enzymology , Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Morris Water Maze Test , Medicine, Traditional
5.
Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol ; 56(4): 236-240, 2021.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34112537

ABSTRACT

The use of 17 ß-estradiol and genistein in women with menopause helps in the reduction of vasomotor symptoms and cognitive improvement. There is evidence on the use of certain flavonoids such as genistein, which has a potentially neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Scientific evidence on the effects of phytoestrogens and genistein during menopause and their effect on cognition are scarce, however, in the present review it was found that the intervention with 17 ß-estradiol has positive effects on cognition in women with Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the use of genistein, daidzein or any supplement based on isoflavones may influence vasomotor symptoms. 17 ß-estradiol supplements in women in early menopause and with some degree of cognitive impairment may have beneficial effects.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Estradiol/therapeutic use , Genistein/therapeutic use , Menopause , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Phytoestrogens/therapeutic use
6.
Nursing (Ed. bras., Impr.) ; 23(271): 4991-4998, dez.2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-1146996

ABSTRACT

O Alzheimer se caracteriza como uma demência neurodegenerativa, fatal e incurável, acometendo, principalmente os idosos. Objetivo: Evidenciar o estado da arte acerca da assistência de enfermagem ao portador de Alzheimer. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura acerca da Assistência de Enfermagem ao portador de Alzheimer, nos anos de 2016 a 2020, dentro das seguintes bases de dados: SciELO e LILACS, utilizando como estratégia de busca os descritores combinados com operadores booleanos "enfermagem" and "Alzheimer". Resultados: A amostra do estudo foi composta por sete artigos, evidenciando o papel do enfermeiro, junto ao cuidador e com o portador da Doença de Alzheimer, além de mostrar necessárias ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de agravos. Conclusão: A doença de Alzheimer se configura como um desafio para a sociedade contemporânea, sendo que a Enfermagem tem papel fundamental no cuidado ao portador e ao cuidador. (AU)


Alzheimer's is characterized as a neurodegenerative, fatal and incurable dementia, affecting mainly the elderly. Objective: To highlight the state of the art about nursing care for Alzheimer's patients. Method: This is an integrative review of the literature on Nursing Care for Alzheimer's patients, in the years 2016 to 2020, within the following databases: SciELO and LILACS, using as search strategy the descriptors combined with Boolean operators "nursing "And" Alzheimer ". Results: The study sample consisted of seven articles, evidencing the role of the nurse, with the caregiver and with the Alzheimer's Disease patient, in addition to showing necessary actions for health promotion and disease prevention. Conclusion: Alzheimer's disease is a challenge for contemporary society, with Nursing playing a fundamental role in caring for patients and caregivers.(AU)


El Alzheimer se caracteriza por ser una demencia neurodegenerativa, fatal e incurable, que afecta principalmente a los ancianos. Objetivo: Destacar el estado del arte en la atención de enfermería a los pacientes con Alzheimer. Método: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre Atención de Enfermería para pacientes con Alzheimer, en los años 2016 a 2020, dentro de las siguientes bases de datos: SciELO y LILACS, utilizando como estrategia de búsqueda los descriptores combinados con operadores booleanos "enfermería "Y" Alzheimer ". Resultados: La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por siete artículos, evidenciando el rol de la enfermera, con el cuidador y con el paciente con Enfermedad de Alzheimer, además de mostrar las acciones necesarias para la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad. Conclusión: la enfermedad de Alzheimer es un desafío para la sociedad contemporánea, siendo la Enfermería un papel fundamental en el cuidado de pacientes y cuidadores.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Frail Elderly , Alzheimer Disease , Geriatric Nursing , Nursing Care , Health of the Elderly
7.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; Arch. latinoam. nutr;70(2): 123-133, jun. 2020. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1140336

ABSTRACT

High intake of omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and memory in several experimental models. To assess the efficacy of fish oil supplementation on oxidative stress markers in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer´s disease (AD) we conducted a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. AD patients who met the inclusive criteria were given fish oil (containing 0.45 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1 g docosahexaenoic acid) or placebo daily for 12 months. Oxidative stress markers [lipoperoxides, nitric oxide catabolites levels, oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio, and membrane fluidity] and fatty acid profile in erythrocytes were assessed at enrollment, and 6 and 12 months after the start of the testing period. At the end of the trial, in patients who received fish oil, we detected a decrease in the omega 6/omega 3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. This change was parallel with decreases in plasma levels of lipoperoxides and nitric oxide catabolites. Conversely, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was significantly increased. In addition, membrane fluidity was increased significantly in plasma membrane samples. In conclusion fish oil administration has a beneficial effect in decreasing the levels of oxidative stress markers and improving the membrane fluidity in plasma(AU)


El alto consumo de ácidos grasos omega-3 se asocia con la plasticidad sináptica, neurogénesis y memoria en varios modelos experimentales. Para evaluar la eficacia de la suplementación con aceite de pescado en los marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) probable realizamos un ensayo clínico doble ciego, aleatorizado, controlado con placebo. A los pacientes con la EA que cumplían los criterios de inclusión se les administró aceite de pescado (que contenía 0,45 g de ácido eicosapentaenoico y 1 g de ácido docosahexaenoico) o placebo diariamente durante 12 meses. Los marcadores de estrés oxidativo plasmático [niveles de lipoperóxidos y catabolitos del óxido nítrico, cociente de glutatión reducido a glutatiónoxidado) y fluidez de la membrana] y el perfil de ácidos grasos en los eritrocitos se evaluaron al inicio, 6 meses y alos 12 meses. Al final del ensayo, en pacientes que recibieron aceite de pescado detectamos una disminución en el cociente de ácidos grasos omega 6/omega 3 en los fosfolípidos de la membrana eritrocitaria. Este cambio ocurrió en paralelo a la disminución de los niveles plasmáticos de lipoperóxidos y catabolitos del óxido nítrico. Por el contrario, el cociente de glutatión reducido a glutatión oxidado se incrementó significativamente. Además, la fluidez de la membrana aumentó significativamente en las muestras analizadas. En conclusión, la administración de aceite de pescado tiene un efecto beneficioso al disminuir los niveles de marcadores de estrés oxidativo plasmático y mejorar la fluidez de la membrana plasmática(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Fish Oils , Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Oxidative Stress , Alzheimer Disease , Cell Membrane , Chronic Disease , Neurogenesis
8.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr;58(1): 74-81, mar. 2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1115473

ABSTRACT

Resumen La Demencia frontotemporal - variable conductual (DFT-vc), es una importante causa de discapacidad en adultos menores de 65 años. Se postula como una enfermedad neurológica con manifestaciones predominantemente psiquiátricas y, por tanto, constituye un frecuente diagnóstico diferencial ante patologías psiquiátricas de inicio no temprano. Aunque tradicionalmente se consideraba entre sus criterios diagnósticos a la ausencia de deterioro de la memoria -como en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA)-, diversos estudios registran hasta un 15% de prevalencia de casos con franco deterioro mnésico, igualmente las neuroimágenes de uno y otro cuadro demencial pueden tener un traslape. Actualmente la presencia de "síndromes de fenocopia" -cuadros clínicos semejantes a DFT-vc pero sin deterioro cognitivo- y casos de EA con síntomas de desinhibición y conductuales, tornan más complejo el diagnóstico clínico y sugieren la insuficiencia de los criterios establecidos para el diagnóstico y la necesaria adopción de criterios paraclínicos. Con ese fin presentamos un caso ilustrativo de DFT-vc con deterioro de la memoria, y revisamos la bibliografía pertinente.


Frontotemporal dementia - behavioral variant (FTD-bv), is an important cause of disability in adults under 65 years of age. It is postulated as a neurological disease with predominantly psychiatric manifestations and, therefore, constitutes a frequent differential diagnosis in psychiatric pathologies of not early onset. Although traditionally the absence of memory impairment was considered among its diagnostic criteria - as opposed to Alzheimer'a disease (AD) -, several studies have found until 15% of prevalence of cases with frank mnemonic deterioration, as well as neuroimaging of one and the other can have overlap. Currently, the presence of "phenocopy syndromes" - clinical pictures similar to FTD-bv but without cognitive impairment- and cases of AD with disinhibition and behavioral symptoms, make the clinical diagnosis more complex and suggest the insufficiency of the established diagnostic criteria and the necessary adoption of paraclinical criteria. To this purpose, we present an illustrative case of FTD-bv with memory impairment and Alzheimer-like neuroimages, and we review the pertinent bibliography.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Clinical Diagnosis , Frontotemporal Dementia , Alzheimer Disease , Amnesia , Memory
9.
Neurologia (Engl Ed) ; 35(2): 105-114, 2020 Mar.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28986068

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by progressive dementia associated with global cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials evaluating omega-3 supplementation in patients with AD. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is scientific evidence of the effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation in improving cognitive function in patients with AD. SEARCH STRATEGY: We included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from the following databases: Medline, Cochrane Central, Cinahl, and LILACS. An electronic search was also conducted using Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTION: Six articles met the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane method. CONCLUSION: There is no consistent evidence to support the effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation in improving cognitive function in AD patients in the short and medium term.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Cognitive Dysfunction/drug therapy , Dietary Supplements , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
10.
rev. cuid. (Bucaramanga. 2010) ; 10(3): e813, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1094649

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción Identificar la evidencia científica relacionada con las necesidades de cuidado en pacientes con demencia y/o Alzheimer en Latinoamérica. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la evidencia científica bajo la metodología propuesta por Ganong, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos: Embase, Ovid, PubMed, Proquest, SciELO, ISI Web of Science y Scopus, Redalycs en artículos publicados desde el año 2012- 2019. Resultados Se incluyeron 20 artículos producto de investigaciones primarias de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo. Se presentan y discuten como hallazgos las siguientes categorías: necesidades de cuidado físicas, necesidades de cuidado psicológicas, necesidades de cuidado a nivel social. Discusión y Conclusiones Se evidencia un vacío de conocimiento en el contexto Latinoamericano sobre las investigaciones dirigidas al paciente con demencia y/o Alzheimer. Conocer las necesidades de cuidado de los pacientes con demencia se convierten una prioridad para los profesionales sanitarios, puesto que brindar una adecuada intervención a promueve la calidad de vida tanto del paciente como el cuidador.


Abstract Introduction This study aims to identify scientific evidence related to the health care needs of patients with dementia and/or Alzheimer's disease in Latin America. Materials and Methods A comprehensive review of the scientific evidence was carried out following the Ganong's methodology to search in the Embase, Ovid, PubMed, ProQuest, SciELO, ISI Web of Science and Scopus, REDALyC databases for articles published from 2012 to 2019. Results 20 articles were included as the result of primary qualitative and quantitative research. The following categories are presented and discussed as findings: physical care needs, psychological care needs, and social care needs. Discussion and Conclusions In the Latin American context, there is a knowledge gap on the research oriented to patients with dementia and/or Alzheimer's disease. Recognizing the health care needs of patients with dementia becomes a priority for health professionals since providing an appropriate intervention promotes the quality of life of patients and their caregivers.


Resumo Introdução Identificar a evidência científica relacionada com as necessidades de cuidado em pacientes com demência e/ou Alzheimer na América Latina. Materiais e Métodos Revisão integrativa da evidência científica de acordo com a metodologia proposta por Ganong, uma busca foi realizada nos bancos de dados Embase, Ovid, PubMed, Proquest, SciELO, ISI Web of Science e Scopus, Redalycs, sobre artigos publicados no período 2012-2019. Resultados Foram incluídos 20 artigos fundamentados em pesquisas primárias de tipo qualitativo e quantitativo. As seguintes categorias são apresentadas e discutidas como achados: necessidades de cuidado físicas, necessidades de cuidado psicológicas, necessidades de cuidado na esfera social. Discussão e Conclusões Verificou-se uma lacuna de conhecimento no âmbito Latino-americano sobre as pesquisas voltadas para o paciente com demência e/ou Alzheimer. Conhecer as necessidades de cuidado dos pacientes com demência se torna uma prioridade para os profissionais sanitários, visto que oferecer uma adequada intervenção promove uma melhor qualidade de vida tanto para o paciente quanto para o cuidador.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dementia , Patient Care , Nursing , Needs Assessment , Alzheimer Disease
11.
Rev. bras. enferm ; Rev. bras. enferm;71(supl.2): 893-904, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: biblio-898581

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the development of measures used between 1993 and 2016 to evaluate time use by family caregivers of elderly with dementia and to find out the patterns of time use identified in the literature. Method: An integrative review of articles was performed, indexed by the following terms: time use management, family caregiver and elderly. Results: A total of 17 articles were found, of which seven were methodological. Among these seven articles, five were psychometric. The most frequently used measures were self-reporting (matrices, questionnaires and inventories), validated through objective measures of occurrence and duration. Longitudinal, prospective, clinical and correlational studies showed that care time covaries with the receptors' dependence and that the caregivers' subjective well-being is more affected by the time restriction to free choice activities than the burden resulting from obligatory activities. Final considerations: Valid self-reporting measures are widely used nowadays and they are considered to be effective to assess the objective and subjective costs of health care for dementia.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la evolución de las medidas utilizadas para la evaluación del uso del tiempo por cuidadores familiares de ancianos con demencias entre 1993 y 2016 y conocer los patrones de uso del tiempo identificados por esa literatura. Método: revisión integrativa de artículos indexados por los siguientes términos: time use measurement, family caregiver y elderly. Resultados: 17 artículos, entre los cuales siete metodológicos; de entre ellos, cinco eran psicométricos. Las medidas más usadas fueron de autoinforme (matrices, cuestionarios e inventarios), validadas por medidas objetivas de ocurrencia y duración. Los estudios longitudinales, prospectivos, clínicos y correlacionales muestran covarianza entre el tiempo de cuidado y la dependencia del receptor. Además, el bienestar subjetivo del cuidador es más afectado por la restricción del tiempo para actividades de libre elección que por la sobrecarga derivada de las actividades obligatorias. Consideraciones finales: Las medidas válidas de autoinforme son hoy ampliamente usadas y consideradas como eficaces para evaluar costos objetivos y subjetivos del cuidado en las demencias.


RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a evolução das medidas utilizadas para a avaliação do uso do tempo por cuidadores familiares de idosos com demências, entre 1993 e 2016, e conhecer os padrões de uso do tempo identificados por essa literatura. Método: Revisão integrativa de artigos indexados pelos termos time use measurement, family caregiver e elderly. Resultados: Dezessete artigos, dentre os quais sete metodológicos. Dentre estes, cinco eram psicométricos. As medidas mais usadas foram de autorrelato (matrizes, questionários e inventários), validadas por medidas objetivas de ocorrência e duração. Estudos longitudinais, prospectivos, clínicos e correlacionais mostram que o tempo de cuidado covaria com a dependência do receptor e que o bem-estar subjetivo do cuidador é mais afetado pela restrição do tempo para atividades de livre escolha do que pela sobrecarga decorrente das obrigatórias. Considerações finais: Medidas válidas de autorrelato são hoje amplamente usadas, consideradas como eficazes para avaliar custos objetivos e subjetivos do cuidado nas demências.


Subject(s)
Humans , Time Factors , Caregivers/statistics & numerical data , Cost of Illness , Dementia/complications , Dementia/psychology
12.
Diaeta (B. Aires) ; 35(160): 38-45, set. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-891132

ABSTRACT

El aumento en la expectativa de vida ha llevado a que las enfermedades neurodegenerativas relacionadas con la vejez sean más investigadas. Las diversas intervenciones no farmacológicas en el campo de las demencias tienen su punto de partida en el concepto de neuroplasticidad o capacidad plástica del cerebro. Se conoce como neuroplasticidad a la capacidad cerebral para minimizar los efectos de las lesiones a través de cambios estructurales y funcionales, lo que permite al cerebro reaccionar o ajustarse a cambios ambientales internos y externos bajo condiciones fisiológicas y patológicas, a través modificaciones morfológicas extensas, como las que se observan en la regeneración de axones, formación de nuevas sinapsis, promoción de la neurogénesis, hasta sutiles cambios moleculares que alteran la respuesta celular a los neurotransmisores. Se ha propuesto como una de las estrategias en el tratamiento de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer, el deterioro cognitivo leve y las intervenciones post ACV la suplementación con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI). Los AGPI omega 3 (AGPI ω-3) poseen múltiples mecanismos de acción en el cerebro y en el sistema vascular que podrían generar cierta protección contra el declive cognitivo y la demencia. Los estudios encontrados que fueron realizados en humanos corresponden a pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve y enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) leve a moderada y en un solo trabajo se evaluó la suplementación con omega 3 en pacientes post ACV. Aunque la evidencia clínica es algo contradictoria, probablemente en gran parte debido a cuestiones metodológicas, diversos estudios han demostrado que los AGPI ω-3 pueden mejorar la función cognitiva en los individuos adultos sanos y atenuar el deterioro cognitivo en el envejecimiento y EA leve. En los pacientes con EA moderada no se observaron cambios significativos. Hasta hoy no existen resultados concluyentes para incluir a los AGPI omega 3 como parte de un protocolo de tratamiento en enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Se necesitan más estudios aleatorizados controlados para definir el tiempo, dosis y momento adecuado para la prescripción de estos ácidos grasos.


The increase in life expectancy has led to the fact that the neurodegenerative diseases related to old age are being more and more researched. The various non-pharmacological interventions in the field of dementias have their starting point in the concept of neuroplasticity or plastic capacity of the brain. Neuroplasticity is known as the brain capacity to minimize the effects of injuries through structural and functional changes, allowing the brain to react or adjust to internal and external environmental changes under physiological and pathological conditions, through extensive morphological modifications, as the ones observed in the regeneration of axons, formation of new synapses, promotion of neurogenesis, to subtle molecular changes that alter the cellular response to neurotransmitters. It has been proposed as one of the strategies in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and poststroke interventions with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. The omega-3 PUFAs (ω-3PUFA) have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain and vascular system that could provide some protection against cognitive decline and dementia. The studies found that were performed in humans correspond to patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild to moderate AD and in only one study, supplementation with omega-3 in poststroke patients was evaluated. Although clinical evidence is somehow contradictory, probably largely due to methodological issues, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs may improve cognitive function in healthy adult individuals and attenuate cognitive impairment in aging and mild AD. No significant changes were observed in patients with moderate AD. Until today, there are no conclusive results to include omega-3 PUFAs as part of a treatment protocol in neurodegenerative diseases. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to define the time, dose and appropriate timing for the prescription of these fatty acids.

13.
Rev. Eugenio Espejo ; 11(1): 48-56, Jun.-2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-980842

ABSTRACT

La población está envejeciendo en los últimos años, y con ello el número de personas depen-dientes, siendo impensable hablar de dependencia sin hablar del cuidador informal. Por lo que, lo/as cuidadores/as han sido incluido/as en los procesos asistenciales integrados para poder conseguir continuidad en los cuidados. De este modo, se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 47 años, cuidadora de su suegra, que tras acudir a la consulta de enfermería y reali-zarle una valoración integral, fue diagnosticada de: Cansancio del rol del cuidador y estrés por sobrecarga. Se llevaron a cabo distintas intervenciones que consistían en dar apoyo emo-cional, educación sanitaria y facilitar recursos. Como consecuencia, los resultados fueron satisfactorios, concluyendo que la detección del cansancio del rol de cuidador es crucial por la repercusión que tiene sobre la persona dependiente y el propio cuidador. Palabras clave: cuidadores, planificación de atención al paciente, enfermedad de alzheimer, enfermería en salud comunitaria.


The population is aging in recent years, and with this the number of dependents is too. It is unthinkable to talk about dependence without talking about the informal caregiver. Therefo-re, the caregivers have been included in the integrated healthcare processes in order to achie-ve continuity in care. So, the clinical case of a 47-year-old woman who takes care of her mother-in-law is presented. She was diagnosed with tiredness of the caregiver's role and stress due to overload after attending the nursing consultation and carrying out a comprehen-sive assessment. Different interventions of giving emotional support, health education and facilitating resources were performed. The results were satisfactory, concluding that the detection of tiredness of the role of caregiver is crucial because of the impact it has on the dependent person and the caregiver.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Patient Care Planning , Stress, Psychological , Models, Nursing , Caregivers , Community Health Services
14.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 20(1): 139-153, Jan.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886295

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study assessed the effect of a Hatha yoga program in 20 men and 41 women diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), who showed mild (36%) and moderate (64 %) global cognitive decline and whose average age was 76,9 years old (SD=11,7). The design was quasi-experimental of repeated measures (pre, post and follow-up). The instruments applied were: Alzheimer's Disease Related Quality of Life Scale (ADRQL); Questionnaire of Quality of Life (QQL), Geriatric Depression Scale (YESAVAGE); Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); memory and processing speed sub-scales of WAIS III test, Trail Making Test (TMT-A); Lawton and Brody Test; and Barthel Test. The yoga program consisted of 32 one hour sessions twice a week Data analysis was conducted using 35 patients who participated throughout the whole study. The post-treatment mean showed a positive improvement tendency in quality of life and attention. However, during the follow-up, these variables mean value was equal to, or even lower, than the one established in the pre-treatment. The repeated measures ANOVA results showed that no significant change occurred between measurements. The content analysis of eight focus groups suggests that, from the perspective of patients and caregivers, positive changes were observed in patients' mood, attention, episodic and procedural memory, and functionality. More studies are necessary with a higher number of patients and sessions per week, as well as a control group, whose function would be to increase validity of the results obtained.


Resumo Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito de um programa de hatha yoga em 20 homens e 41 mulheres com idade média de 76.9 anos (DE = 11.7), com diagnóstico de Doença de Alzheimer (DA) que apresentavam deterioração cognitiva global leve (36 %) e moderada (64 %). O desenho foi quase-experimental de medidas repetitivas (pré, pós e seguimento). Utilizaram-se a escala de qualidade de vida para pacientes com Alzheimer (ADRQL, em inglês), o questionário de qualidade de vida (QV), a escala de depressão geriátrica de Yesavage, o Minimental State Examination (MMSE), dois subtestes da escala de inteligência para adultos do WAIS-III (retenção de dígitos e códigos), o Trail Making Test (TMT-A), o teste de Lawton e Brody, e a escala de Barthel (atividades básicas e funcionais). O programa contou com 32 sessões de hatha yoga de uma hora, realizadas duas vezes por semana. A análise de dados foi feita com 35 pacientes que permaneceram até a fase de seguimento. Como resultados, obteve-se que, entre pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento, as variáveis mostraram uma taxa incremental de melhoramento em QV e atenção; contudo, essas melhorias não se mantiveram seis meses depois; o ANOVA de medidas repetidas não mostrou mudanças significativas em nenhuma variável; a análise qualitativa de oito grupos focais com pacientes e cuidadores indicou que estes perceberam mudanças positivas nos pacientes com relação ao seu estado de humor, atenção, memória episódica e procedimental. São necessários mais estudos com maior número de pacientes e sessões de yoga por semana, além de um grupo de controle para melhorar a validade dos resultados.


Resumen En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de un programa de hatha yoga en 20 hombres y 41 mujeres con promedio de edad de 76.9 años (DE = 11.7), con diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) que presentaban deterioro cognitivo global leve (36 %) y moderado (64 %). El diseño fue cuasi experimental de medidas repetidas (pre, post y seguimiento). Se utilizó la escala de Calidad de Vida para pacientes con Enfermedad de Alzheimer (ADRQL), el cuestionario de Calidad de Vida (CV), la escala de depresión geriátrica de Yesavage, el Minimental State Examination (MMSE), dos subpruebas de la escala de inteligencia para adultos del WAIS-III (retención de dígitos y claves), la prueba de trazado Trail Making Test (TMT-A), la prueba de Lawton y Brody, y la escala de Barthel (actividades básicas y funcionales). El programa contó con 32 sesiones de hatha yoga de una hora, realizadas dos veces por semana. El análisis de datos se hizo con 35 pacientes que permanecieron hasta la fase de seguimiento. Como resultados se obtuvo que entre pre-tratamiento y pos-tratamiento las variables mostraron una tasa incremental de mejoramiento en calidad de vida y atención; pero dichas mejorías no se mantuvieron seis meses más tarde; el ANOVA de medidas repetidas no mostró cambios significativos en ninguna variable; y el análisis cualitativo de ocho grupos focales con pacientes y cuidadores dio cuenta de la percepción cambios positivos en los pacientes con respecto a su estado de ánimo, atención, memoria episódica y procedimental. Se necesitan más estudios con mayor número de pacientes y sesiones de yoga por semana, además de un grupo control, para mejorar la validez de los resultados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Quality of Life , Yoga , International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health , Cognition , Depression , Alzheimer Disease
15.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 33(1): 37-45, ene.-mar. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-886421

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los efectos del consumo de ácidos grasos omega 3 en forma de suplementos, complementos o alimentos sobre la función cognitiva de los adultos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline y Embase, buscando ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales, revisiones sistemáticas y estudios experimentales que relacionaran los ácidos grasos omega 3 con función cognitiva y Alzheimer. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los estudios relacionó la suplementación de cápsulas con omega 3, el consumo de pescado u otros alimentos con contenido de omega 3, con resultados en pruebas de función cognitiva, desenlace de enfermedad o imágenes diagnósticas, encontrando en general efectos benéficos, que parecen ser mayores en personas sanas y con mejor función cognitiva de base. Hubo diferencias en los resultados encontrados en los ensayos clínicos y revisiones sistemáticas, que podrían atribuirse a la variabilidad en las dosis de la suplementación, el tiempo de seguimiento y la manera en que se midió la función y el deterioro cognitivo. CONCLUSIÓN: El consumo de ácidos grasos omega 3 en forma de suplementos, complementos o alimentos ricos en estos como el pescado parece tener efectos benéficos en la función cognitiva de las personas adultas.


SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of omega 3 fatty acids consumption in the form of dietary supplement, complement or food-products presentation on adult cognitive function. METHODS: A literature review in two databases (Medline and Embase) was undertaken, searching for clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and experimental studies concerning omega-3 fatty acids and their relation with cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS: Most studies linked supplementation with omega-3 capsules and consumption of fish and other omega-3 containing foods with results in cognitive function testing, outcomes in diseases or diagnostic imaging and found beneficial effects, which seem to be stronger in healthier persons with better cognitive function at baseline. There were differences in the results found in clinical trials and systematic reviews, which could be attributable to the variability in the supplementation dose, the length of follow-up and the methods used to assess cognitive function and decline. CONCLUSION: The use of omega-3 fatty acids in supplement, complement or food-products presentation seems to have beneficial effects in the cognitive function of healthy adults.


Subject(s)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid , Cognition , Fatty Acids , Alzheimer Disease
16.
Neurologia ; 32(5): 300-308, 2017 Jun.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26896913

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Music therapy is one of the types of active ageing programmes which are offered to elderly people. The usefulness of this programme in the field of dementia is beginning to be recognised by the scientific community, since studies have reported physical, cognitive, and psychological benefits. Further studies detailing the changes resulting from the use of music therapy with Alzheimer patients are needed. OBJECTIVES: Determine the clinical improvement profile of Alzheimer patients who have undergone music therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease underwent music therapy for 6 weeks. The changes in results on the Mini-mental State Examination, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Barthel Index scores were studied. We also analysed whether or not these changes were influenced by the degree of dementia severity. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in memory, orientation, depression and anxiety (HAD scale) in both mild and moderate cases; in anxiety (NPI scale) in mild cases; and in delirium, hallucinations, agitation, irritability, and language disorders in the group with moderate Alzheimer disease. The effect on cognitive measures was appreciable after only 4 music therapy sessions. CONCLUSIONS: In the sample studied, music therapy improved some cognitive, psychological, and behavioural alterations in patients with Alzheimer disease. Combining music therapy with dance therapy to improve motor and functional impairment would be an interesting line of research.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Cognition , Music Therapy/methods , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Status and Dementia Tests/statistics & numerical data , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data
17.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(Suppl 4): 346, 2016 07 12.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27571865

ABSTRACT

Dementia, closely linked to environmental predisposing factors such as diet, is a public health problem of increasing magnitude: currently there are more than 35 million patients with Alzheimer´s disease, and is expected to exceed 135 million by 2050. If we can delay the development of dementia 5 years will reduce its prevalence by 50%. Patients with dementia modify their diet, and it has been reported in them deficits, among others, of folic acid, vitamin B12, B6, C, E, A, D, K, beta carotene and omega 3 fatty acids, that must be resolved with proper diet and with extra contributions if needed in some cases. But to reduce, or at least delay, the prevalence of dementia we advocate prevention through proper diet from the beginning of life, an idea that is reinforced given that cardiovascular risk factors are related directly to the development of dementia. A lot of literature are available that, although with limits, allows us to make nutritional recommendations for preventing cognitive impairment. Better results are achieved when complete diets have been studied and considered over specific nutrients separately. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet has great interest in this disease, since it ensures a high intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, cereals, fish and olive oil, and moderate intake of meat, dairy products and alcohol. We will focus more on this article in this type of diet.


La demencia, estrechamente ligada a factores predisponentes ambientales como la dieta, supone un problema de salud pública de magnitud creciente: actualmente más de 35 millones de pacientes presentan demencia tipo Alzheimer, y se espera que se superen los 135 millones en 2050. Si conseguimos retrasar el desarrollo de la demencia 5 años, reduciremos su prevalencia en un 50%. Los pacientes con demencia alteran su dieta y se han reportado déficits, entre otros, de ácido fólico, vitaminas B12, B6, C, E, A, D, K, betacarotenos y omega tres, que deben ser resueltos con una dieta adecuada y, en según qué casos, con aportes extra. Pero para reducir o al menos retrasar la prevalencia debemos preconizar la prevención mediante una dieta adecuada desde el inicio de la vida, idea reforzada por el hecho de que los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se relacionen de forma directa con el desarrollo de demencia. Disponemos de abundante bibliografía que, aunque con límites, nos permite hacer recomendaciones nutricionales para prevenir el deterioro cognitivo. Se han conseguido mejores resultados cuando se han estudiado dietas completas que cuando se han considerado nutrientes específicos. De especial interés es la dieta mediterránea, que garantiza un aporte elevado de vegetales, frutas, frutos secos, legumbres, cereales, pescado y aceite de oliva, y moderado de carne, productos lácteos y alcohol, y en la que nos centraremos en este artículo.


Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Nutritional Status , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cognitive Dysfunction/prevention & control , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Dementia/epidemiology , Dementia/physiopathology , Dementia/psychology , Humans , Micronutrients
18.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(7): e00060615, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-788091

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Avaliou-se as barreiras de acesso ao tratamento da doença de Alzheimer com base nos processos administrativos de medicamentos inibidores da colinesterase (IChE), enviados à Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2012 e 2013. Utilizando-se informações de 165 processos selecionados aleatoriamente, abordaram-se as dimensões de acesso: acessibilidade geográfica, acomodação, aceitabilidade, disponibilidade e capacidade aquisitiva. O trâmite administrativo para o fornecimento dos IChE levou em média 39 dias e foi influenciado por características do trajeto percorrido pelo usuário. A maioria dos prescritores cumpriu menos de 80% dos critérios exigidos pelo Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) da doença de Alzheimer. Como resultado, 38% dos processos não foram deferidos. A capacidade aquisitiva para o tratamento privado mensal com IChE foi de cerca de 21 dias de salário mínimo. Conclui-se que a burocracia do trâmite administrativo e a dificuldade de seguimento do PCDT pelos prescritores prejudicam o acesso ao tratamento da doença de Alzheimer e constituem uma grande carga para o orçamento dos pacientes.


Abstract: This study evaluated barriers to access to treatment for Alzheimer's disease based on administrative cases involving cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and submitted to the Minas Gerais State Health Secretariat in Brazil in 2012 and 2013. Drawing on data from 165 randomly selected cases, the study addressed the following dimensions of access: geographic accessibility, accommodation, acceptability, availability, and affordability. The administrative processing to supply ChEIs took an average of 39 days and was influenced by characteristics of the path taken by the user. The majority of the prescribers met less than 80% of the required criteria in the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (CPTG) for Alzheimer's disease. As a result, 38% of requests for medication were denied. Private treatment with ChEIs cost the equivalent of 21 days of the monthly minimum wage. In conclusion, bureaucratic administrative procedures and prescribers' difficulty in following the CPTG hindered access to treatment of Alzheimer's disease and imposed a heavy burden on patients' pockets.


Resumen: Se evaluaron las barreras de acceso al tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer a partir de los procesos administrativos de medicamentos inhibidores de la colinesterasis (IChE), enviados a la Secretaría de Estado de Salud de Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre 2012 y 2013. Utilizando información de 165 procesos seleccionados aleatoriamente, se abordaron las dimensiones de acceso: accesibilidad geográfica, comodidad, aceptabilidad, disponibilidad y capacidad adquisitiva. El trámite administrativo para la provisión de los IChE llevó un promedio de 39 días y fue influenciado por características del trayecto recorrido por el usuario. La mayoría de los prescriptores cumplió menos de 80% de los criterios exigidos por el Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas (PCDT) de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Como resultado, un 38% de los procesos no fueron concedidos. La capacidad adquisitiva para el tratamiento privado mensual con IChE fue de cerca de 21 días de salario mínimo. Se concluyó que la burocracia del trámite administrativo y la dificultad de seguimiento del PCDT por los prescriptores perjudican el acceso al tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y constituye una gran carga económica para el bolsillo de los pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Pharmaceutical Services/supply & distribution , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Health Services Accessibility , Pharmaceutical Services/economics , Pharmaceutical Services/organization & administration , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics , Residence Characteristics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Drug Costs , National Health Programs
19.
Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol ; 50(4): 168-73, 2015.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25796322

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: A longitudinal study was conducted in order to analyze the feasibility, safety, and effects of the practice of mindfulness, relaxation and cognitive stimulation on the evolution of Alzheimer's disease, with the aim of testing the equivalence of these interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were a total of 168 participants with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) treated with donepezil. In the present article, the 21 participants with advanced AD who completed a follow-up period of 24 months are presented. The participants were grouped into three experimental groups (mindfulness, relaxation, and cognitive stimulation) and one control group. Each group carried out three weekly sessions with bi-annual follow-up measurements (cognition: CAMCOG and MMSE; functionality: RDRS; psychopathology: NPI). Non-parametric analyses were performed. RESULTS: The cognitive function and functionality scores showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the scores in cognitive function of the mindfulness group and the cognitive stimulation group did not decrease in an intra-group analysis. In NPI, there were significant differences between the mindfulness group and the control group by the end of the study (P<.017). CONCLUSION: The data showed that the treatment with donepezil in combination with mindfulness or cognitive stimulation presented a better clinical evolution than the pharmacological treatment alone or combined with relaxation. These data suggest that these therapeutic alternatives should be investigated further, and that the non-pharmacological treatments should be recommended in clinical practice in order to control the evolution of AD in the long term. In order to confirm these findings, a larger study is necessary.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Mindfulness , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Pilot Projects
20.
Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol ; 49(4): 165-72, 2014.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24880524

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this research was to assess effects of a mindfulness based neuropsychological intervention on the clinical course of Alzheimer's disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A two year randomized and double blind clinical trial was conducted on 127 probable Alzheimer's disease patients, according to NINCDS-ADRDA scale. Patients were grouped into three experimental groups (cognitive stimulation, progressive muscular relaxation, and mindfulness) plus a control group. All participants were receiving donepezil. Cognitive skills were assessed with CAMCOG and MMSE, functional area with RDRS-2, and NPI was used for psychopathology screening. Three treatment sessions per week were carried out for two years, and follow up measurements were taken every six months. RESULTS: The global cognitive function, functionality and behavioral disorders measurements indicated that patients from the experimental group based on mindfulness were stable during the two years, while patients from the control group, as well as the other experimental groups, showed a mild but significant worsening of their mental capacities. CONCLUSION: The mindfulness based neuropsychological program showed better cognitive and functional stability, as well as significant improvement in the psychopathological condition of mild to moderate Alzheimer' patients. These results support the idea that a mindfulness based intervention can produce a clinically relevant improvement in the treatment of dementia. More research is needed to confirm these data.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Aged, 80 and over , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Mindfulness , Neuropsychology , Psychotherapy
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