Impact of composted guava leaves and neem seeds on the growth and curcuminoid- and xanthorrhizol-yields of Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB / Impacto de folhas de goiabeira compostada e sementes de nim no crescimento e r endimento de curcuminóides e xanthorrizil de Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB

ABSTRACT: The compost from the waste of pharmaceutical industries, such as guava leaves (GL) and neem seeds (NS) is used in organic agriculture. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. is a widely recognized herbal medicine that grows natively in Indonesia. Curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol are the primary bioactive components of C. zanthorrhiza. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of GL and NS compost on the growth and bioactive yields of C. zanthorrhiza. Treatments consisted of cow manure, GL compost, NS compost, GL+NS compost, or a no compost control, at 2 and 4 kg per plant. Results demonstrated that the NS and GL+NS compost applied with 4 kg per plant had increased fresh rhizome yield compared with the other treatments. Composted NS at 2 kg per plant increased the plant height and pseudo stem diameter traits compared with the control treatment. The compost application of GL+NS at 2 and 4 kg per plant significantly increased the leaf length and number of shoots. All treatments showed unchanged the leaf width and number of leaves. The compost application of GL and NS (2 kg per plant) showed higher production of curcuminoidsthan the control. The compost consisting of GL (2 kg per plant), NS (4 kg per plant), and GL+NS also increased the production of xanthorrhizol compared with the control treatment. Results illustrated the practical application of GL and NS composts from industrial pharmaceutical extraction waste for the organic farming cultivation of C. zanthorrhiza.

RESUMO: O composto dos resíduos das indústrias farmacêuticas, como folhas de goiaba (GL) e sementes de nim (NS), é usado na agricultura orgânica. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. é um medicamento fitoterápico amplamente reconhecido que cresce de forma nativa na Indonésia. Os curcuminóides e o xanthorrizol são os principais componentes bioativos de C. zanthorrhiza. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do composto GL e NS no crescimento e produtividade bioativa de C. zanthorrhiza. Os tratamentos consistiram em esterco de vaca, composto GL, composto NS, composto GL + NS ou controle sem composto, em 2 e 4 kg por planta. Os resultados demonstraram que o composto NS e GL + NS aplicado com 4 kg por planta aumentou a produção de rizoma fresco, em comparação com os outros tratamentos. A NS compostada a 2 kg por planta aumentou as características de altura da planta e diâmetro do pseudoestêmico em comparação com o tratamento controle. A aplicação de composto de GL + NS em 2 e 4 kg por planta aumentou significativamente o comprimento das folhas e o número de brotações. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram alteração na largura e número de folhas. A aplicação de composto de GL e NS (2 kg por planta) apresentou maior produção de curcuminóide do que o controle. Os compostos constituídos por GL (2 kg por planta), NS (4 kg por planta) e GL + NS também aumentaram a produção de xanthorrizol em comparação com o tratamento controle. Os resultados ilustraram a aplicação prática de compostos GL e NS de resíduos de extração farmacêutica industrial para o cultivo orgânico de C. zanthorrhiza.

Nerve monitoring-guided selective hypoglossal nerve stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Selective stimulation of the upper airway is a new therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. The aim of the study was to determine if a selective nerve integrity monitoring (NIM) system could aid in precise placement of the cuff electrode in selective upper-airway stimulation. STUDY DESIGN: Single-center, prospective clinical trial. METHODS: Twenty patients who received a selective upper-airway stimulation system (Inspire Medical Systems, Maple Grove, MN) were implanted by using a NIM system. The tongue motions were recorded during surgery and 2 months postoperatively from the transoral view and by transnasal endoscopy. RESULTS: All patients exhibited consistent protrusion at tongue front and tongue base. The nerve monitoring system helped to place the cuff electrode around the protrusion and stiffening branches, while excluding the retractor branches of the hypoglossal nerve. CONCLUSION: This report demonstrated a novel use of a NIM system to identify the functional separation between inclusion and exclusion branches of the hypoglossal nerve for implantation of a selective upper-airway stimulation system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2852-2858, 2016.

Ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae / Extrato etanólico de Cymbopogon winterianus na mortalidade e no número de ovos de Tetranychus urticae

Plant extracts have been studied as a promising source of natural insecticides. This study assessed the effect of the ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella grass) in comparison with an insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in laboratory conditions. For the tests, the mites were sprayed with the aid of a Potter spray tower. To assess the mortality of females, LC50 value for extract of citronella grass and ICA was, respectively, 2.63 and 2.83%. With respect to the number of eggs, the greatest reduction was observed at a concentration of 5% for the evaluation period of 120h, both for the extract of citronella grass (86%) and for ICA (81%). These results suggest the potential of the ethanol extract of citronella grass to control of T. urticae. However, experiments, under field conditions, involving other populations of T. urticae should be performed to verify the efficacy of this extract as an alternative to be used in pest management programs.

Extratos vegetais têm sido estudados como uma fonte promissora de inseticidas naturais. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito do extrato etanólico de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (capim-citronela) em comparação com um inseticida contendo azadiractina (ICA) sobre a mortalidade e o número de ovos de Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), em condições de laboratório. Para a realização dos ensaios, os ácaros foram pulverizados com o auxílio da torre de Potter. Para o teste de avaliação da mortalidade de fêmeas, a CL50, para o extrato de capim-citronela e ICA, foi, respectivamente, 2,63 e 2,83%. Em relação ao número de ovos, a maior redução foi observada na concentração de 5% no intervalo de avaliação de 120h, tanto para o extrato de capim-citronela (86%) quanto para o ICA (81%). Estes resultados sugerem que o extrato etanólico de capim-citronela apresenta potencial para ser utilizado no controle de T. urticae. Entretanto, ainda devem ser realizados experimentos em condições de campo, envolvendo outras populações de T. urticae, para averiguar a eficácia deste extrato como alternativa a ser utilizada em programas de manejo da praga.

Potencial antioxidante de un extracto acuoso de hojas del NIM (Azadirachta Indica A Juss) / Antioxidant potential of an aqueous leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A Juss)

Introducción: la planta medicinal Azadirachta indica A. Juss conocida ancestralmente como el Árbol del Nim ha sido empleada desde la antigüedad para el tratamiento de múltiples afecciones, sin embargo, es en la actualidad con el desarrollo tecnológico que se han realizado las investigaciones científicas de sus propiedades terapéuticas. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial antioxidante de los extractos acuosos de hojas del Árbol del Nim. Métodos: el extracto de las hojas secas del Nim se obtuvo empleando un equipo Soxhlet y fue caracterizado mediante un análisis fitoquímico preliminar y espectroscopia UV/VIS. El contenido de fenoles totales fue determinado por el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteu y la determinación de la actividad antioxidante fue desarrollada por el método del reactivo de fosfomolibdeno. Resultados: el espectro UV/VIS del extracto acuoso obtenido exhibe un máximo de absorción a las longitudes de onda 217 y 245 nm, característicos de los principios activos de la planta (azadiractina y nimbina). El contenido de fenoles del extracto de la planta expresados en equivalentes de ácido tánico fue de 54,87 mg/g y mostró una actividad antioxidante a través del ensayo del fosfomolibdeno (215,01 mmol/g), comparable al ácido ascórbico.Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las hojas Árbol del Nim son una fuente rica en compuestos fenólicos con propiedades antioxidantes y un candidato potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos fitofármacos(AU)

Introduction: the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica A Juss, traditionally known as neem tree, has been used since ancient times to treat numerous conditions. However, it is only at present and thanks to current technological development that scientific research has been conducted into its therapeutic properties. Objective: evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous leaf extracts of the neem tree. Methods: extract from neem dry leaves was obtained with a Soxhlet device and characterized by preliminary phytochemical analysis and UV/VIS spectroscopy. Total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdenum method. Results: the UV/VIS spectrum of the aqueous extract exhibited an absorption peak at wavelengths of 217 and 245 nm, characteristic of the active principles in the plant (azadirachtin and nimbin). Phenol content expressed as tannic acid equivalents was 54.87 mg/g, revealing an antioxidant activity in the phosphomolybdenum assay of 215.01 mol/g, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Conclusions: the results obtained show that neem leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, and a potential candidate for the development of new phytomedicines(AU)

Potencial antioxidante de un extracto acuoso de hojas del NIM (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) / Antioxidant potential of an aqueous leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss)

Introducción: la planta medicinal Azadirachta indica A. Juss conocida ancestralmente como el Árbol del Nim ha sido empleada desde la antigüedad para el tratamiento de múltiples afecciones, sin embargo, es en la actualidad con el desarrollo tecnológico que se han realizado las investigaciones científicas de sus propiedades terapéuticas. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial antioxidante de los extractos acuosos de hojas del Árbol del Nim. Métodos: el extracto de las hojas secas del Nim se obtuvo empleando un equipo Soxhlet y fue caracterizado mediante un análisis fitoquímico preliminar y espectroscopia UV/VIS. El contenido de fenoles totales fue determinado por el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteu y la determinación de la actividad antioxidante fue desarrollada por el método del reactivo de fosfomolibdeno. Resultados: el espectro UV/VIS del extracto acuoso obtenido exhibe un máximo de absorción a las longitudes de onda 217 y 245 nm, característicos de los principios activos de la planta (azadiractina y nimbina). El contenido de fenoles del extracto de la planta expresados en equivalentes de ácido tánico fue de 54,87 mg/g y mostró una actividad antioxidante a través del ensayo del fosfomolibdeno (215,01 mmol/g), comparable al ácido ascórbico. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las hojas Árbol del Nim son una fuente rica en compuestos fenólicos con propiedades antioxidantes y un candidato potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos fitofármacos(AU)

Introduction: the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss, traditionally known as neem tree, has been used since ancient times to treat numerous conditions. However, it is only at present and thanks to current technological development that scientific research has been conducted into its therapeutic properties. Objective: evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous leaf extracts of the neem tree. Methods: extract from neem dry leaves was obtained with a Soxhlet device and characterized by preliminary phytochemical analysis and UV/VIS spectroscopy. Total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdenum method. Results: the UV/VIS spectrum of the aqueous extract exhibited an absorption peak at wavelengths of 217 and 245 nm, characteristic of the active principles in the plant (azadirachtin and nimbin). Phenol content expressed as tannic acid equivalents was 54.87 mg/g, revealing an antioxidant activity in the phosphomolybdenum assay of 215.01 mol/g, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Conclusions: the results obtained show that neem leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, and a potential candidate for the development of new phytomedicines(AU)

Potencial antioxidante de un extracto acuoso de hojas del NIM (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) / Antioxidant potential of an aqueous leaf extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss)

INTRODUCCIÓN: la planta medicinal Azadirachta indica A. Juss conocida ancestralmente como el Árbol del Nim ha sido empleada desde la antigüedad para el tratamiento de múltiples afecciones, sin embargo, es en la actualidad con el desarrollo tecnológico que se han realizado las investigaciones científicas de sus propiedades terapéuticas. OBJETIVO: evaluar el potencial antioxidante de los extractos acuosos de hojas del Árbol del Nim. MÉTODOS: el extracto de las hojas secas del Nim se obtuvo empleando un equipo Soxhlet y fue caracterizado mediante un análisis fitoquímico preliminar y espectroscopia UV/VIS. El contenido de fenoles totales fue determinado por el ensayo de Folin-Ciocalteu y la determinación de la actividad antioxidante fue desarrollada por el método del reactivo de fosfomolibdeno. RESULTADOS: el espectro UV/VIS del extracto acuoso obtenido exhibe un máximo de absorción a las longitudes de onda 217 y 245 nm, característicos de los principios activos de la planta (azadiractina y nimbina). El contenido de fenoles del extracto de la planta expresados en equivalentes de ácido tánico fue de 54,87 mg/g y mostró una actividad antioxidante a través del ensayo del fosfomolibdeno (215,01 mmol/g), comparable al ácido ascórbico. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las hojas Árbol del Nim son una fuente rica en compuestos fenólicos con propiedades antioxidantes y un candidato potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos fitofármacos.

INTRODUCTION: the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss, traditionally known as neem tree, has been used since ancient times to treat numerous conditions. However, it is only at present and thanks to current technological development that scientific research has been conducted into its therapeutic properties. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous leaf extracts of the neem tree. METHODS: extract from neem dry leaves was obtained with a Soxhlet device and characterized by preliminary phytochemical analysis and UV/VIS spectroscopy. Total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdenum method. RESULTS: the UV/VIS spectrum of the aqueous extract exhibited an absorption peak at wavelengths of 217 and 245 nm, characteristic of the active principles in the plant (azadirachtin and nimbin). Phenol content expressed as tannic acid equivalents was 54.87 mg/g, revealing an antioxidant activity in the phosphomolybdenum assay of 215.01 mol/g, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. CONCLUSIONS: the results obtained show that neem leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, and a potential candidate for the development of new phytomedicines.

Dinámica de nutrientes en plantaciones forestales de Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) establecidas para restauración de tierras degradadas en Colombia / Nutrient dynamics in forest plantations of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) established for resto- ration of degraded lands in Colombia

Azadirachta indica is a tree species which use is steadily increasing for restoration of tropical and subtropical arid and degraded lands throughout the world. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the potential of these plantations as an active restoration model for the recovery of soils under desertification in arid lands of Colombia. Litter traps and litter-bags were installed in twenty 250m² plots. Green leaves and soil samples inside and outside this species plantations were taken, and their elemental concentrations were determined. Litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and foliar nutrient resorption were moni- tored for one year. The annual contributions of organic material, such as fine litterfall, represented 557.54kg/ha, a third of which was A. indica leaves. The greatest potential returns of nutrients per foliar litterfall were from Ca (4.6kg/ha) and N (2.4kg/ha), and the smallest potential returns came from P (0.06kg/ha). A total of 68% of the foliar material deposited in litter-bags disappeared after one year. The greatest release of nutrients was that of K (100%), and the least was that of N (40%). P was the most limiting nutrient, with low edaphic availability and high nutrient use efficiency from Vitousek´s index (IEV=3176) and foliar nutrient resorption (35%). Despite these plantations are young, and that they have not had forestry management practices, as an active restoration model, they have revitalized the biogeochemical cycle, positively modifying the edaphic parameters according to the increases in organic material, P and K of 72%, 31% and 61%, respectively. Furthermore, they improved the stability of aggregates and the microbe respiration rates. The forest plantation model with exotic species has been opposed by different sectors; however, it has been acknowledged that these projects derive many benefits for the restoration of biodiversity and ecosystemic functions. The conditions of severe land degradation demand the initial use of species, such as A. indica, that can adapt quickly and successfully, and progressively reestablish the biogeochemical cycle.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Nim) ha sido ampliamente empleada en procedimientos de restauración, por lo tanto se evaluó el potencial de sus plantaciones para restaurar tierras secas degradadas por sobrepastoreo, vía reactivación del ciclo biogeoquímico. En 20 parcelas de 250m², se instalaron trampas de hojarasca y litter-bags. Se tomaron muestras de hojas maduras y de suelos dentro y fuera de las plantaciones, y se determinaron sus contenidos elementales. Fueron monitoreados la caída de hojarasca, la descomposición de hojarasca y la reabsorción de nutrientes foliares durante un año. Los aportes anuales de hojarasca fina representaron 557.54kg/ha (33% hojas de Nim). Los mayores retornos potenciales de nutrientes vía foliar fue- ron de Ca (4.6kg/ha) y N (2.4kg/ha) y los menores de P (0.06kg/ha). El 68% del material se descompuso tras un año. La mayor liberación de nutrientes fue de K (100%) y la menor de N (40%). El P fue el nutriente más limitante, con baja disponibilidad edáfica y alta eficiencia en su uso según el Índice de Vitousek (IEV=3 176) y la reabsorción foliar (35%). Estas plantaciones juveniles demostraron efectividad en la reactivación del ciclo biogeoquímico, que mejoraron parámetros edáficos, según incrementos de materia orgánica, P y K; 72%, 31% y 61%, respectiva- mente. Además mejoraron la estabilidad de agregados y las tasas de respiración microbiana.

Actividad garrapaticida de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (nim) / Tick control activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem)

Introducción: la infestación por garrapatas constituye en muchos países un grave problema que limita la producción agropecuaria, altera la salud de animales productores de alimento, de animales de compañía y quizá en muchas ocasiones también del ser humano. La planta Azadirachta indica A. Juss. es una de las más estudiadas por su amplia actividad biocida, en particular para artrópodos. Por considerarse fuente de acaricidas biodegradables, la actividad garrapaticida de sus extractos obtenidos, sobre todo de hojas y semillas, ha sido investigada de modo insistente; sin embargo, la información potencialmente útil continúa estando dispersa, variable desde el punto de vista metodológico o de su eficacia, y no pocas veces contradictoria. Objetivo: recopilar y analizar la información publicada disponible sobre el efecto garrapaticida de Azadirachta indica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre la base del motor de búsqueda Google y la base de datos PubMed a partir del año 2000, con el fin de organizar la información disponible sobre la actividad garrapaticida de la planta. Resultados: se logró recopilar y organizar información sobre la actividad garrapaticida de Azadirachta indica A. Juss., considerando especialmente parte de la planta empleada, tipo de extracto elaborado, productos disponibles, metodología para su preparación, tipo de ensayo in vivo o in vitro, dosificación, efectos sobre el parásito y eficacia. Conclusiones: puede considerarse la planta lo suficiente bien estudiada en cuanto a sus efectos garrapaticidas, se requiere probar la incorporación de sus extractos a productos como baños, champús, jabones y otros, así como comprobar la persistencia de sus propiedades y eficacia.

Introduction: tick infestation is a serious problem in many countries, for it affects agricultural yield and the health of food-producing animals, pets and on many occasions even human beings. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is one of the most widely studied plants, due to its broad biocide activity, particularly against arthropods. Considered a source of biodegradable acaricides, the tick control activity of the extracts obtained mainly from its leaves and seeds has been widely studied. However, potentially useful information about the subject is still scattered, methodologically variegated, of varying effectiveness and often contradictory. Objective: collect and analyze the available published information about the tick control effect of Azadirachta indica. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted based on Google search engine and PubMed database as of the year 2000, with the purpose of organizing the information available about the tick control activity of the plant. Results: information about the tick control activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. was gathered and organized according to the plant section used, type of extract obtained, available products, preparation methodology, in vivo or in vitro assay type, dosing, effects on the parasite and effectiveness. Conclusions: the tick control effects of the plant may be considered to be sufficiently studied. Incorporation of its extracts into products such as baths, shampoo, soap and others, require further research. Persistence of its properties and effectiveness should also be verified.

Effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) and Melia azedarach L. (Santa Barbara or cinnamon) on the intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii / Efeito de extrato aquoso de folhas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (nim) e Melia azedarach L. (canela ou Santa Bárbara) sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular de Toxoplasma gondii

Melia azedarach (cinnamon) and Azadirachta indica (neem) have a variety of biologically active ingredients against virus, bacteria and protozoan parasites; however, little is known about their action on Toxoplasma gondii intracellular development. Toxoplasma gondii infects all eukaryotic cells, where it establishes and multiplies inside a modified vacuole called the parasitophorous vacuole until the cell ruptures, re-infecting other cells and establishing the infection. There are no efficient chemotherapies for the elimination of T. gondii, minimizing side effects. In this study, we performed in vitro assays with neem and cinnamon aqueous extracts against the intracellular development of T. gondii tachyzoites. After treatment with neem and cinnamon for 24 h, the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites drastically decreased. This effect was concentration-dependent. During the incubation of the extracts, progressive morphological and ultrastructure alterations led to intense vesiculation and complete elimination of the parasite from the intracellular medium. However, during the treatment with extracts, no morphological effects were observed in the structure of the host cell. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of neem and cinnamon were capable of interfering with and eliminating the intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii.

Melia azedarach (canela) e Azadirachta indica (nim) apresenta grande variedade de ingredientes biologicamente ativos contra vírus, bactérias e protozoários, mas nenhum efeito sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii é conhecido. Toxoplasma gondii infecta todos os tipos de células Eucarióticas, onde se estabelece no meio intracelular em vacúolo modificado conhecido como vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste vacúolo ocorre a replicação levando a ruptura da célula hospedeira e reinfecção de novas células, perpetuando a infecção. A quimioterapia utilizada não é capaz de eliminar o parasita além de induzir fortes efeitos colaterais. Neste estudo, nós demonstramos o efeito in vitro de extratos aquosos da canela e nim sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do taquizoíto do Toxoplasma gondii. Após tratamento de nim e canela por 24 h, a porcentagem de infecção e o número de taquizoítos intracelulares decaiu drasticamente. Este efeito foi concentração-dependente. Durante incubação dos extratos, uma progressiva desorganização morfológica e ultraestrutural levaram a formação de intensa vesiculação e completa destruição do parasita, que passou a uma estrutura amorfa, antes da completa eliminação do meio intracelular. No entanto durante o tratamento com os extratos, efeitos morfológicos não foram observados nas estruturas da célula hospedeira. Estes resultados sugerem que os extratos aquosos de nim e canela foram capazes de interferir e eliminar o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii.

Atividade inseticida in vitro do óleo de sementes de nim sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) / In vitro insecticidal activity of seed neem oil on Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Lutzomyia longipalpis é o principal vetor da Leishmaniose visceral no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo de sementes de nim (Azadirachta indica) sobre ovos, larvas e adultos do vetor. Os insetos foram capturados no campo e mantidos no laboratório a ± 27 °C e 80 por cento de umidade relativa. Cinco tratamentos com diferentes concentrações foram realizados, usando-se dois controles negativos, um com água destilada e outro com Tween 80 (3 por cento) e um controle positivo com cipermetrina. Os ovos foram borrifados com o óleo em diferentes concentrações e avaliou-se o número de larvas eclodidas por 10 dias consecutivos. A mortalidade das larvas foi observada até a pupação, e a mortalidade dos adultos foi observada após 24, 48, e 72 horas. A análise estatística foi feita pelo teste de Tukey a 5 por cento de probabilidade. No teste com ovos, a maior concentração obteve 65,16 ± 3,24 por cento de eficácia. O teste com larvas apresentou 67,75 ± 2,21 por cento de eficácia na concentração de 100 mg.mL-1. Com adultos, a eficácia na concentração de 100 mg.mL-1 foi de 96,64 ± 4,11 por cento, após 24 horas. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de triterpenos. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial uso desse óleo no controle deste vetor.

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effect of oil from (Azadirachta indica) neem seeds on eggs, larvae and adults of the vector. The insects were captured in the field and kept in the laboratory at ± 27 °C and 80 percent relative humidity. Five treatments with different concentrations were performed using two negative controls (distilled water and Tween 80) and a positive control. The eggs were sprayed with the oil at different concentrations and the number of hatched larvae evaluated for 10 days. Mortality of larvae was observed to pupation and adult mortality was observed after 24, 48, and 72 hours. Statistical analysis was performed by Tukey test at 5 percent probability. The highest oil concentration of eggs obtained 65.16 ± 3.24 percent efficacy for reducing egg hatching. The test with larvae showed 67.75 ± 2.21 percent efficacy at a concentration of 100 mg.mL-1. In adults, the efficacy of the 100 mg.mL-1 concentration was 96.64 ± 4.11 percent after 24 hours. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of triterpenes. These results demonstrate the potential use of this oil in the control of this vector.

Ação de extrato e óleo de nim no controle de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) em laboratório / Action of extract and oil neem in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory

Extratos vegetais orgânicos e óleos emulsionáveis de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (nim) foram estudados com o objetivo de avaliar seus efeitos no controle de fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) em laboratório. Foram utilizados extratos orgânicos hexânicos e alcoólicos a 2 por cento (peso/volume), em testes de imersão, durante 5 minutos, preparados com sementes, solubilizados em dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a 1 por cento. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições, cada uma delas representada por 5 carrapatos. O grupo controle consistiu de fêmeas sem tratamento. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se indicar que os tratamentos extrato de semente (hexano) e óleo emulsionável I¹, em concentração a 2 por cento, possuem significativo potencial adjuvante de controle do carrapato bovino, pois ocasionam a mortalidade nos primeiros dias após o tratamento e interferem na reprodução, mostrando ser uma alternativa aos carrapaticidas normalmente utilizados.

Organic plant extracts and emulsified oil of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem) were studied to evaluate its effects in control of engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in the laboratory. Hexane and alcoholic organic extracts, 2 percent (weight/volume) were used in tests of immersion for 5 minutes, prepared with seeds, solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to 1 percent. The experiment was entirely randomized, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replicates, each represented by 5 ticks. Control groups consisted of untreated females. Based on the results of this work, we can indicate that the seed extract (hexanic fraction) and óleo emulsionável I1 concentration to 2 percent have significant adjuvant potential to control the cattle tick, because, cause the mortality in the first days after the treatment and interfere in the reproduction, showing to be an alternative to acaricides normally used.

Ação de extrato e óleo de nim no controle deRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) em laboratório / Action of extract and oil neem in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Extratos vegetais orgânicos e óleos emulsionáveis de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (nim) foram estudados com o objetivo de avaliar seus efeitos no controle de fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) em laboratório. Foram utilizados extratos orgânicos hexânicos e alcoólicos a 2% (peso/volume), em testes de imersão, durante 5 minutos, preparados com sementes, solubilizados em dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a 1%. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições, cada uma delas representada por 5 carrapatos. O grupo controle consistiu de fêmeas sem tratamento. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, pode‑se indicar que os tratamentos extrato de semente (hexano) e óleo emulsionável I1, em concentração a 2%, possuemsignificativo potencial adjuvante de controle do carrapato bovino, pois ocasionam a mortalidade nos primeiros dias após o tratamento e interferem na reprodução, mostrando ser uma alternativa aos carrapaticidas normalmente utilizados.

Organic plant extracts and emulsified oil of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) (neem) were studied to evaluate its effects in control of engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in the laboratory. Hexane and alcoholic organic extracts, 2% (weight/volume) were used in tests of immersion for 5 minutes, prepared with seeds, solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to 1%. The experiment was entirely randomized, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replicates, each represented by 5 ticks. Control groups consisted of untreated females. Based on the results of this work, we can indicate that the seed extract (hexanic fraction) and óleo emulsionável I1 concentration to 2% have significant adjuvant potential to control the cattle tick, because, cause the mortality in the first days after thetreatment and interfere in the reproduction, showing to be an alternative to acaricides normally used.