Daily higher tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes: A cohort study and updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tea is abundant in phytochemicals (such as polyphenols and theaflavins), which have a hypoglycemic effect. Previous studies investigating the relationship between tea consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have yielded inconsistent results. We hypothesized that tea consumption would be associated with a reduced risk of T2DM. This cohort study used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, involving a total of 5199 participants initially recruited in 1997 and subsequently followed until 2009. Consumption of any variety of tea was tracked using structured questionnaires, and T2DM was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association's criteria. We also performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for publications through September 2021, including 19 cohort studies comprising 1,076,311 participants. In our cohort study, the logistic regression model showed a relative risk (RR) of T2DM among tea drinkers of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.28) compared with non-tea drinkers. Although our updated meta-analysis showed no significant association between tea consumption and T2DM on the whole (pooled RR of 0.96 [0.91-1.00]), compared with the non-tea-drinking group, participants consuming 4 or more cups of tea per day had a 17% reduced risk of T2DM, with an RR of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.90). These data support our hypothesis that tea consumption at higher doses (e.g., ≥4 cups/day) is associated with a reduced risk of T2DM.

Nutritional Adequacy Assessment of the Japanese Diet Using the Number of Dishes Compared to Existing Dietary Diversity Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan.

The Japanese diet has attracted attention as a factor contributing to the Japanese population's longevity. A typical Japanese meal, traditionally called "ichiju-sansai," is composed of various dishes. This study assessed the nutritional adequacy of the Japanese diet using the number of dishes in all meals (NDAM) compared to existing dietary diversity indices (DDIs). This cross-sectional study used data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. A total of 25,976 participants aged ≥20 y were included in this study. NDAM was calculated for whole dishes or single foods (except supplements and beverages) from one-day weighted dietary records. The food variety score (FVS), number of foods, dietary diversity score (DDS), and number of food groups are some of the existing DDIs. NDAM had relatively high positive correlation coefficients with potassium, magnesium, and dietary fiber. The partial correlation coefficients with an indicator of the overall nutrient adequacy of NDAM was 0.42 for men and 0.42 for women. It was almost the same as that of the FVS (men: 0.44, women: 0.42) and DDS (men: 0.44, women: 0.43). On the other hand, NDAM, similar to existing DDIs, was also positively correlated with nutrient restriction in both sexes. These findings indicate that the nutrient adequacy of NDAM is similar to that of the existing DDIs. Because of the higher sodium intake and cholesterol intake in higher NDAM and existing DDIs, the effect of higher NDAM on health outcomes must be investigated in future studies.

Association between Selenium Intake and Optimal Sleep Duration: A National Longitudinal Study.

Inconsistent findings have been discovered in studies examining the link between dietary selenium (Se) and sleep. Data were obtained from 17,176 people aged 20 and over who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2004 to 2011. Face-to-face interviews were used to measure sleep duration in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011. To track dietary Se consumption, a 3-day, 24-h recall was undertaken. In the analysis, multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was employed. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of optimal sleep duration (7-9 h/day) in the regression of Model 4 were 1.00, 1.01 (0.89-1.15) and 1.19 (1.02-1.38) for the three tertiles of selenium consumption, respectively. Only overweight patients displayed a substantial positive connection between Se intake and the optimal sleep duration in the subgroup analysis. In summary, Se intake was significantly associated with optimal sleep duration.

Association between plain water intake and risk of hypertension: longitudinal analyses from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prospective association between plain water intake and the risk of hypertension based on a longitudinal cohort study in China. Methods: Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between plain water intake and hypertension. Restricted cubic spline model was use to evaluate non-linear relationship between plain water intake and hypertension. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were conducted based on age, gender, residence site, educational level and tea consumption. Results: A total of 3,823 participants (46.5% male) with a mean age of 46.8 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were assessed and divided into 4 groups based on plain water intake. There was a decreasing trend of hypertension risk as plain water intake increased. Logistic regression analyses indicated that participants consuming plain water ≥6 cups/day (1 cup ≈ 240 mL) had significantly lower risk of hypertension compared to those consuming ≤1 cup/day, even after adjustments for covariates. Restricted cubic spline curve revealed that participants consuming about 6-8 cups/day were at lower risk for developing hypertension. In subgroup analyses, the results were generally consistent with the main findings in participants who aged less than 60 years, who were male, who attained higher education and who were low tea consumers. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that there might be a favorable effect of plain water intake on preventing hypertension in a large cohort of Chinese adults from the general population. Drinking adequate amounts of plain water (about 6-8 cups/day) may reduce the risk of hypertension, particularly in the selected population. Further interventional studies are required to investigate the potential effect of increasing plain water intake on blood pressure regulation.

Unfavorable nutrient intakes in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.

Background: Nutrition in the first years of life is a cornerstone for child development and long-term health, yet there is a lack of current data on energy and nutrient intake among toddlers and preschoolers in Germany. Objective: To analyze energy and nutrient intake in toddlers (1- to 2-year-olds) and preschoolers (3- to 5-year-olds) in Germany and compare the results with the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) by the European Food Safety Authority. Design: Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food record data (3 + 1 day) of 890 children from the representative cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL), carried out in 2014-2017 as a module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents Wave 2. For the calculation of energy and nutrient intake, the German Nutrient Database BLS 3.02, LEBTAB, and a supplement database were used. Results: Median intakes of energy and most nutrients met or exceeded the DRVs in both toddlers and preschoolers. However, low intakes relative to DRVs were found for vitamin D (6-9% of DRV, including supplements) and iodine (57-65% of DRV). Age specific downward deviations were observed for iron intake in toddlers (75% of DRV) and for calcium intake in preschoolers (67-77% of DRV). In contrast, intakes were high for saturated fatty acids (SFA) (14-16 E%), mono-/disaccharides (60-87 g/day), and protein [2.1-2.6 g/(kg body weight*day)]. Conclusion: Nutrient imbalances in toddlers and preschoolers in Germany, which are partly age-related, give rise to concern. Research is needed to determine if routine vitamin D supplementation should be extended beyond infancy. Public health efforts to increase the rate of use of iodized salt and to reduce the intake of SFA and mono-/disaccharides in children's diets are to be strengthened.

Dietary supplement use in Greece: methodology and findings from the National Health and Nutrition Survey - HYDRIA (2013-2014).

The use of dietary supplements (DS) is increasing worldwide. There is limited evidence of their intake level and mode of consumption in association with the Greek population's dietary and lifestyle habits. Adults (n 4011, 1873 males and 2138 females) aged > 18 years old living in Greece were included in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Survey - HYDRIA. A dietary supplement user (DSU) was defined as anyone who reported one or more DS on either a Food Propensity Questionnaire, two 24-h dietary recalls, or a questionnaire completed during the blood sample collection examination. DS use was examined according to socio-economic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics and the participants' health and dietary status. DS use was reported by 31 % of the population (40 % women and 22 % men), and it was higher among individuals living in urban areas, men with good self-reported health status and women with a chronic medical condition and higher consumption of fruits. The types of DS more frequently reported were multivitamins with minerals (5·4 %), Ca (5·3 %), multivitamins (4·7 %) and Fe (4·6 %). MVM supplements were preferred by men, while Ca was more frequently reported by women and participants with low education levels. Plant- and oil-based supplement use was below 5 %. Whether DS intake benefits health must be explored. It should also be assessed if dietary supplement intake is as efficient as food intake.

Association of daily nutrient intake with breakfast and snack consumption among young Japanese adults aged 20-39 years: data from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey.

Eating frequency has been associated with nutrient intake and diet quality. The aim of this study was to examine the association between daily nutrient and food group intake and consumption of breakfast and/or snacks among young Japanese adults, as secondary analysis of the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan involved 1420 men and 1659 women aged 20-39 years. Dietary intake data were collected using a one-day semi-weighed household dietary record. Participants were classified into four groups based their breakfast and snack consumption, defined as the consumption of any food or beverage that contained energy based on participant-defined eating occasions; both breakfast and snack consumption (B+S+), breakfast consumption without snacking (B+S-), breakfast skipping and snack consumption (B-S+) and breakfast skipping without snacking (B-S-). The proportion of breakfast skippers among men and women was 11·8 % and 6·6 %, whereas that of snack consumers among men and women was 55·3 % and 68·2 %, respectively. Energy, Mg potassium (in both sexes), vitamin B2, Ca, (only men) and folate and dietary fibre (only women) intakes were higher among breakfast and snack consumers than in the B+S- group. The nutrient intake level of the B+S- group was similar to that of the B-S+ group, whereas the B-S- group had lower energy (both sexes), Cu, dietary fibre and potassium (only women) intakes than the B+S- group. Snack consumption could supplement nutrients that may not be adequately consumed by three meals among young Japanese adults.

Selenium Intake and its Interaction with Iron Intake Are Associated with Cognitive Functions in Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study.

Studies on the relation between selenium intake and cognitive function are inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the associations between dietary selenium intake and cognitive function among Chinese adults and tested the interaction effect of selenium intake and iron intake on cognition. Data from 4852 adults aged 55 years and above who attended the 1991-2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were used. Cognitive function was assessed through face-to-face interviews in 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2006. A 3-day, 24-hour recall was used to collect dietary selenium intake. Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used in the analyses. In fully adjusted regression models, the regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) were 0.00, 0.29 (-0.12-0.70), 0.26 (-0.18-0.70), and 0.50 (0.02-0.97) across the quartiles of selenium intake. In the subgroup analysis, the positive association between selenium intake and cognitive function was only observed in the participants who live in the southern region but not those in the northern region. The selenium-intake-to-iron-intake ratio was inversely associated with low global cognition scores. Furthermore, only those with a normal BMI had a positive association between selenium and cognition. In conclusion, high selenium intake was linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of cognition decline in Chinese adults among those with low iron intake. A substantial interaction was found between selenium intake and BMI or region.

Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension According to 40-Year-Old Life Expectancy at Prefectures in Japan from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys.

The prevalence of hypertension has been decreasing in Japan due to improved medical treatment and a decrease in dietary salt intake. However, disparities in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension are expected to occur in different regions. This study aimed to investigate the trends in the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension at the prefectural level of life expectancy among Japanese population. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey and analysed the individual survey information of individuals aged 40-69 years by dividing it into six terms, i.e., 1995-1997, 1999-2001, 2003-2005, 2007-2009, 2012, and 2016. Prefectures were classified into four groups according to their 40-year-old life expectancy in 2000. Outcome values were standardised to the population by 10-year age groups in 2010, and they were tested by two-way analysis of variance according to six terms and life expectancies. The prevalence of hypertension tended to decrease, especially among women, whereas the treatment and control tended to improve from the first to the sixth period in both men and women. The prevalence and treatment of hypertension in men with longer life expectancy tended to be lower than that in other groups, and there was no obvious difference in the control. In women, there were no obvious differences in the prevalence, treatment, or control. Reducing the prevalence of hypertension by improving lifestyle factors, such as high salt intake in each prefecture with a relatively short life expectancy, may be important to resolve the disparity in life expectancy among prefectures.

Vitamin D Biofortification of Pork May Offer a Food-Based Strategy to Increase Vitamin D Intakes in the UK Population.

Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent worldwide, with many populations failing to achieve the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for vitamin D (10-20 µg/day). Owing to low vitamin D intakes, limited exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced dermal synthesis, lack of mandatory fortification and poor uptake in supplement advice, additional food-based strategies are warranted to enable the UK population to achieve optimal vitamin D intakes, thus reducing musculoskeletal risks or suboptimal immune functioning. The aims of the current study were to (1) determine any changes to vitamin D intake and status over a 9-year period, and (2) apply dietary modeling to predict the impact of vitamin D biofortification of pork and pork products on population intakes. Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (Year 1-9; 2008/09-2016/17) were analyzed to explore nationally representative mean vitamin D intakes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (n = 13,350). Four theoretical dietary scenarios of vitamin D pork biofortification were computed (vitamin D content +50/100/150/200% vs. standard). Vitamin D intake in the UK population has not changed significantly from 2008 to 2017 and in 2016/17, across all age groups, 13.2% were considered deficient [25(OH)D <25 nmol/L]. Theoretically, increasing vitamin D concentrations in biofortified pork by 50, 100, 150, and 200%, would increase vitamin population D intake by 4.9, 10.1, 15.0, and 19.8% respectively. When specifically considering the impact on gender and age, based on the last scenario, a greater relative change was observed in males (22.6%) vs. females (17.8%). The greatest relative change was observed amongst 11-18 year olds (25.2%). Vitamin D intakes have remained stable in the UK for almost a decade, confirming that strategies are urgently required to help the population achieve the RNI for vitamin D. Biofortification of pork meat provides a proof of concept, demonstrating that animal-based strategies may offer an important contribution to help to improve the vitamin D intakes of the UK population, particularly adolescents.

Do Older Women of Reproductive Age Have Better Diet Quality than Younger Women of Reproductive Age?

There is increasing recognition of the importance of nutrition for reproductive health, but little is known regarding the diet quality of younger vs. older reproductive aged women, and how their intakes relate to dietary recommendations. The purpose of the study was to examine the diets of younger (19-35 years old) compared to older (35-50 years old) reproductive aged women, and how they align with dietary recommendations. Women aged 19-50 years from the 2011-13 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were included (n = 2323). Dietary intakes were assessed by a single 24-h dietary recall and were compared to (i) Australian Dietary Guidelines; (ii) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution for protein, carbohydrates, and fat; and (iii) Dietary Guideline Index (DGI). Regression analyses comparing younger and older women against recommendations were undertaken, with confounders determined a priori. There was no difference between older and younger women in meeting food group recommendations, with 26% of all women meeting recommendations for fruit, and meat and alternatives, and <20% meeting recommendations for vegetables and alternatives, grains, and dairy. Although there was no difference between older and younger women in total DGI score (mean (SE) 75.6 (1.7) vs. 74.5 (2.5), p > 0.05), older women had higher component scores in limiting saturated fat, consuming low-fat milk, and limiting adding salt during cooking. Continued health promotion for women of reproductive age should be a key priority to improve their own health and that of future generations.

Regional Difference in the Association between the Trajectory of Selenium Intake and Hypertension: A 20-Year Cohort Study.

The effect of selenium on hypertension is inconclusive. We aimed to study the relationship between selenium intake and incident hypertension. Adults (age ≥20 years) in the China Health and Nutrition Survey were followed up from 1991 to 2011 (N = 13,668). The latent class modeling method was used to identify trajectory groups of selenium intake. A total of 4039 respondents developed hypertension. The incidence of hypertension was 30.1, 30.5, 30.6, and 31.2 per 1000 person-years among participants with cumulative average selenium intake of 21.0 ± 5.1, 33.2 ± 2.8, 43.8 ± 3.6, and 68.3 ± 25.2 µg/day, respectively. Region and selenium intake interaction in relation to hypertension was significant. In the multivariable model, cumulative intake of selenium was only inversely associated with the incident hypertension in northern participants (low selenium zone), and not in southern participants. Compared to selenium intake trajectory Group 1 (stable low intake), all three trajectory groups had a low hazard ratio for hypertension among the northern participants. However, Group 4 (high intake and decreased) showed an increasing trend of hypertension risk in the south. In conclusion, the association between selenium intake and the incidence of hypertension varied according to regions in China. In the low soil selenium zone, high selenium intake might be beneficial for hypertension prevention.

Current intake levels of potatoes and all-cause mortality in China: A population-based nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE: Current levels of potato consumption in relation to mortality in Chinese people remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the intakes of total potatoes, fried potatoes, non-fried potatoes, and sweet potatoes as dietary carbohydrate sources in relation to all-cause mortality in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). METHODS: Overall 14 117 participants ≥20 y of age were included, with a median follow-up of 14 y. The cumulative average consumption of potatoes and other foods were calculated and validated using weighing methods in combination with 3-d, 24-h dietary recalls at both household and individual levels. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models after multivariate adjustment. RESULTS: We documented 1007 deaths among the participants. The low and moderate intakes of total potatoes, fried potatoes, and non-fried potatoes were inversely associated with mortality. Compared with non-consumers, the intakes of total potatoes (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.38-0.59), fried potatoes (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.34-0.56), and non-fried potatoes (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.37-0.61) at low consumption levels were most significantly related to lower mortality. Sweet potato consumption was inversely associated with mortality after full adjustment (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.96) compared with non-consumers. Substituting grains and mixed beans for potatoes with equal amounts at high consumption levels strengthened the inverse associations. CONCLUSION: In the CHNS, current low and moderate, but not high levels of total potato and fried/non-fried potato consumption as well as sweet potato consumption were inversely associated with all-cause mortality among Chinese people.

Vitamin D Serum Levels in the UK Population, including a Mathematical Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Vitamin D Fortified Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals: Application of the NDNS Database.

Vitamin D status is relatively poor in the general population, potentially leading to various conditions. The present study evaluates the relationship between vitamin D status and intake in the UK population and the impact of vitamin D fortified ready-to-eat cereals (RTEC) on this status via data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS: 2008-2012). Four cohorts were addressed: ages 4-10 (n = 803), ages 11-18 (n = 884), ages 19-64 (n = 1655) and ages 65 and higher (n = 428). The impact of fortification by 4.2 µg vitamin D per 100 g of RTEC on vitamin D intake and status was mathematically modelled. Average vitamin D daily intake was age-dependent, ranging from ~2.6 (age range 4-18 years) to ~5.0 µg (older than 64 years). Average 25(OH)D concentration ranged from 43 to 51 nmol/L, the highest in children. The relationship between vitamin D intake and status followed an asymptotic curve with a predicted plateau concentration ranging from 52 in children to 83 nmol/L in elderly. The fortification model showed that serum concentrations increased with ~1.0 in children to ~6.5 nmol/L in the elderly. This study revealed that vitamin D intake in the UK population is low with 25(OH)D concentrations being suboptimal for general health. Fortification of breakfast cereals can contribute to improve overall vitamin D status.

Plant-sourced cooking oil consumption is associated with lower total mortality in a longitudinal nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Evidence linking individual cooking oil consumption with total mortality is limited in China. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of intakes of plant-sourced and animal-sourced cooking oils with total mortality in a Chinese nationwide cohort. METHODS: We analyzed data from 14,305 adults aged ≥20 y at entry in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The 3-day 24-h dietary records were used to collect dietary information. Cox proportional hazards regression models were established to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause death. RESULTS: Overall 1006 deaths were documented during a median of 14 years (199,091 person-years) of follow-up. Multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of total mortality via comparing the highest tertile of cooking oil consumption with no consumption were 0.86 (0.70-1.06) for lard, 0.59 (0.47-0.74) for peanut oil, 0.71 (0.54-0.93) for soybean oil, 0.76 (0.61-0.94) for canola oil, 0.71 (0.50-0.99) for salad oil, and 0.59 (0.44-0.79) for other plant cooking oils. Replacing animal cooking oils with 1 tablespoon/d of total plant cooking oils or other plant cooking oils was related to 4% or 17% lower total mortality, respectively, while consumption of peanut oil or salad oil in replacement of animal cooking oils had a marginal inverse association with total mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Intakes of plant-sourced cooking oils, including peanut oil, soybean oil, canola oil, salad oil, and other plant cooking oils and substituting plant cooking oils for animal cooking oils were associated with lower total mortality among general Chinese population (NCT03259321).

Cooking Oil Consumption Is Positively Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Chinese Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that the relations between intakes of individual fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) vary. However, associations between intakes of different cooking oils as sources of fatty acids and incident T2D remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate relations between intakes of individual cooking oils and incident T2D in a nationwide Chinese cohort. METHODS: Overall 15,022 Chinese adults aged ≥20 y from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) without self-reported T2D at entry in the 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, or 2009 rounds were followed up until 2011. Consumption of various cooking oils/fats including lard, peanut oil, soybean oil, canola oil, sesame oil, and refined blended plant oil was assessed using 3-d 24-h records in each survey and the cumulative mean intake was calculated. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to estimate the HRs of T2D. RESULTS: A total of 1014 cases were recorded after a median follow-up of 14 y. The intakes of animal and plant cooking oils/fats were both associated with higher T2D risk. Compared with nonconsumers, multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for the highest tertiles were 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) for lard, 1.36 (1.10, 1.66) for peanut oil, 1.14 (0.91, 1.43) for soybean oil, 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) for canola oil, 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) for sesame oil, and 1.42 (1.12, 1.82) for refined blended plant oil. Substituting 1 tablespoon/d (8 g · 2000 kcal-1 · d-1) of soybean oil for the sum of lard, peanut oil, refined blended plant oil, and other plant oils was associated with a 3% (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) lower risk of T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Intakes of lard, peanut oil, and refined blended plant oil but not soybean oil, canola oil, and sesame oil are associated with higher T2D risk. Reducing the consumption of cooking oils in general may be protective against T2D among the Chinese population.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03259321.

Food, water, energy, and macronutrient intake of non-breastfed infants and young children (0-3 years).

PURPOSE: The French Nutri-Bébé 2013 study aimed to assess the nutritional intake of infants and young children in comparison with the recommendations of the 2013 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled a random sample of families selected according to the Quota sampling method. A 3-day dietary record was conducted and supervised by two face-to-face interviews. All foods and beverages consumed were qualitatively and quantitatively reported in a diary, and their composition calculated using a food composition database. RESULTS: A total of 1035 non-breastfed children were included. Formula was abandoned early, amounting to approximately 50% of the total food intake at 7 months in 50% of infants and 22% at 1 year. A similar trend was observed for specific complementary foods. After 1 year, 50% of children consumed cow's milk, which was semi-skimmed in 88% of cases. Drinking water intake was low. Protein intake reached 1.4 times the average requirements before 3 months, 2 times at 8-9 months, and > 4 times at 30-35 months. Fat intake was below the EFSA adequate intake (AI) in > 90% of children. Alpha-linolenic acid intake was equal to or greater than the AI in all infants < 3 months, 85% of children at 6 months, 34% at 12-17 months, and 8% >24 months. Regardless of age, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was less than the AI. CONCLUSION: Strong discrepancies are observed between the actual and recommended intake in young, non-breastfed children namely, a high-protein intake, and a low fat intake, especially DHA.

Caffeine Consumption in Switzerland: Results from the First National Nutrition Survey MenuCH.

Caffeine is a natural psychostimulant with a potentially positive impact on health when consumed in moderation and a negative impact at high dose (> 400 mg/day). So far, no study has examined self-reported caffeine consumption in Switzerland. Our objectives were to determine 1) the caffeine consumption per adult, 2) the main sources of caffeine intake in the Swiss diet, and 3) the timing of caffeine consumption during the day. We used data from the 2014-2015 national nutrition survey menuCH (adults aged 18 to 75 years old, n = 2057, weighted n = 4,627,878), consisting of two 24-hour dietary recalls. Caffeine content in consumed foods was systematically assessed using laboratory analyses in samples of Swiss caffeinated beverages, information from food composition databases, and estimations from standard recipes. Mean (± SD) daily caffeine consumption per person and percentile 95 were 191 mg/day (± 129) and 426 mg/day, respectively. We observed differences in mean caffeine consumption across age groups (18-34 y: 140 mg/day; 50-64 y: 228 mg/day), linguistic regions (German-speaking: 204 mg/day; French-speaking: 170 mg/day, Italian-speaking: 136 mg/day), and smoking status (never smokers: 171 mg/day; current smokers: 228 mg/day). The three main sources of caffeine intake were 1) coffee (83% of total caffeine intake), 2) tea (9%) and 3) soft drinks (4%). Caffeine consumption was highest between 06:00 and 09:00 (29%) and the circadian rhythm slightly differed across linguistic regions and age groups. The mean caffeine consumption in the Swiss adult population was similar to that reported in neighbouring countries.

Current level of fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes and risk of Type 2 diabetes in China.

Whether fish and marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes are linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk remains unclear in China. We aimed to assess the long-term associations in a nationwide cohort. Overall 15,100 Chinese adults, aged ≥20 years, were included from China Health and Nutrition Survey. The cumulative averages of fish and marine omega-3 PUFA intakes were evaluated based on 3-day 24-h records. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of T2D risk. Overall 1017 T2D cases were documented over a median of 14 years of follow-up. Compared with non-fish consumers, low and moderate fish consumption were associated with higher T2D risk whereas high fish consumption was not associated. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for low and moderate fish consumption were 1.43 (1.09, 1.86) and 1.42 (1.07, 1.85) respectively in men, and were 1.58 (1.22, 2.02) and 1.39 (1.08, 1.83) respectively in women. In meat substitution analyses, low and moderate fish consumption was related to 55% and 69% higher T2D risk for men, and was associated with 68% and 54% higher T2D risk for women, respectively. Fried but not non-fried fish intake was associated with higher T2D risk. Intake of marine omega-3 PUFAs was dose-dependently associated with higher T2D risk for both men and women (P-trend<0.001). Overall low and moderate intakes of fish, especially fried fish, and marine omega-3 PUFAs were associated with higher T2D risk. Current level of fish and marine omega-3 PUFA consumption is not protective against T2D incidence among Chinese people.

Association of serum vitamin D status with dietary intake and sun exposure in adults.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Serum 25(OH)D deficiency is becoming an epidemic. The aim was to assess vitamin D status of the adult Greek population in relation to intake, sun exposure and other factors, using data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). METHODS: Data from 1084 adult participants (37.8% males) were analyzed. Vitamin D intake was assessed using 24-h recalls. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was evaluated and related to anthropometric measurements and other covariates including supplements used, by sex. Variables significantly associated with 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml were assessed using simple and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Median vitamin D intake from food was 1.23 mcg/day (0.60, 2.44), with 9.1% consuming supplements. Median serum 25(OH)D was 16.72 ng/ml, with no sex differences (P = 0.923). The odds of having 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml significantly decreased with being very active (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35, 0.98), increasing length of sun exposure [1-3 h/day (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.44, 0.80), >3 h/day (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.24, 0.55)], and skin colour [light to medium skin (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24, 0.91), fairly dark skin colour (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.17, 0.67) and dark or very dark skin colour (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.15, 0.75)], compared to respective baseline levels. The odds significantly increased with obesity (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.24, 3.08), and spring season of blood sample collection (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.22, 2.50). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in Greek adults. Relevant public health policies are highly recommended, which could include vitamin D fortification. and suggestion for increased but safe sun exposure.