Characterisation and traceability of extra virgin olive oil and table olive of Azapa variety marketed in Chile using Microsatellite Molecular Markers / Caracterización y trazabilidad de aceite de oliva virgen extra y aceituna de mesa de la variedad Azapa comercializados en Chile mediante marcadores moleculares microsatélites

Chile has two certified origin olive products: Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) from Huasco valley and the Azapa variety table olive from the Azapa valley. However, efficient methodologies are needed to determine the varieties and raw materials involved in the end products. In this study, we assessed the size of alleles from ten microsatellites in 20 EVOOs and in leaves and fruits of 16 olive varieties cultivated in Chile to authenticate their origins. The identification of varieties relied on specific allele sizes derived from microsatellites markers UDO99-011 and DCA18-M found in leaves and fruit mesocarp. While most Chilean single-variety EVOOs matched the variety declared on the label, inconsistencies were observed in single-variety EVOOs containing multiple varieties. Our findings confirm that microsatellites serve as a valuable as diagnostic tools for ensuring the quality control of Geographical Indication certification for Azapa olives and EVOO with Designation of Origin from Huasco.

Chile cuenta con dos productos de oliva de origen certificado: El aceite de oliva virgen extra (AOVE) del valle del Huasco y la aceituna de mesa de la variedad Azapa del valle de Azapa. Sin embargo, se necesitan metodologías eficientes para determinar las variedades y materias primas involucradas en los productos finales. En este estudio, evaluamos el tamaño de los alelos de diez microsatélites en 20 AOVEs y en hojas y frutos de 16 variedades de aceituna cultivadas en Chile para autentificar sus orígenes. La identificación de las variedades se basó en los tamaños alélicos específicos derivados de los marcadores microsatélites UDO99-011 y DCA18-M encontrados en las hojas y el mesocarpio de los frutos. Aunque la mayoría de los AOVEs chilenos monovarietales coincidían con la variedad declarada en la etiqueta, se observaron incoherencias en los AOVEs monovarietales que contenían múltiples variedades. Nuestros hallazgos confirman que los microsatélites sirven como valiosas herramientas de diagnóstico para asegurar el control de calidad de la certificación de Indicación Geográfica para aceitunas de Azapa y AOVE con Denominación de Origen de Huasco.

Unexplained recurrent high fever observed in a depressed adolescent.

BACKGROUND: Depressive episodes in adolescents are often accompanied by various physical symptoms, but few studies have explored the association between depression and fever, This case study is the first to report the relationship between unexplained recurrent high fever and depression. CASE PRESENTATION: H is a 15 year old adolescent female currently in junior year. 2 + months ago, H gradually felt depressed after a class change. Around the time, the patient suddenly developed chills with no obvious trigger and fever. H was treated with anti-infective and anti-viral treatments all of which did not show significant improvement. No significant abnormality was seen in any of the related examinations. Considering that the patient's anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms were obvious during the course of the disease, she was given venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release capsule 75 mg/d; tandospirone citrate capsule 10 mg Bid; alprazolam tablets 0.4 mg qn to improve mood and sleep; supplemented with transcranial repetitive magnetic stimulation therapy 2 times/d; visible light therapy 1 time/d and psychological counseling once. Over the 6 days of treatment, the patient's body temperature gradually returned to the normal range and her mood improved significantly. CONCLUSION: Depression should be considered a potential cause of unexplained recurrent fevers in adolescents, even when the temperature is significantly outside the normal range.

[Study on changes of Styrax varieties].

Styrax is a commonly used imported traditional Chinese medicinal material in China. It was introduced to China in the Han Dynasty and was first described as a traditional Chinese medicine in Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians(Ming Yi Bie Lu). In this paper, by combing ancient and modern Chinese and foreign herbal medicine books and modern literature, combined with the results of field investigations on the origin of Styrax, the changes of Styrax involving the name, quality evaluation, origin, place of origin, and harvesting and processing were systematically verified. The results show that since ancient times, the origin and place of origin of Styrax have been unclear. The medical scientists of all dynasties in China have evaluated the quality of Styrax from four aspects: texture, viscosity, odor concentration, and color. The varieties of Styrax changed twice. The first change may have occurred during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the base changed from Styrax officinalis to Liquidambar orientalis. The second change was in modern times, and the base changed from L. orientalis to L. styraciflua. At the same time, the place of origin changed for the first time, from Turkey, Syria, and other countries in southern Asia Minor to Honduras, Guatemala, and other countries in Central America and southern North America. This paper studied the historical evolution of Styrax in terms of quality evaluation, origin, place of origin, character, and harvesting and processing. At the same time, it summarized the application of Styrax in the western countries, which can provide a historical basis for the further development and utilization of Styrax.

Identification of Panax notoginseng origin using terahertz precision spectroscopy and neural network algorithm.

Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng), a Chinese herb containing various saponins, benefits immune system in medicines development, which from Wenshan (authentic cultivation) is often counterfeited by others for large demand and limited supply. Here, we proposed a method for identifying P. notoginseng origin combining terahertz (THz) precision spectroscopy and neural network. Based on the comparative analysis of four qualitative identification methods, we chose high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and THz spectroscopy to detect 252 samples from five origins. After classifications using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) model, we found that the performance of THz spectra was superior to that of HPLC. The underlying mechanism is that there are clear nonlinear relations among the THz spectra and the origins due to the wide spectra and multi-parameter characteristics, which makes the accuracy of five-classification origin identification up to 97.62%. This study realizes the rapid, non-destructive and accurate identification of P. notoginseng origin, providing a practical reference for herbal medicine.

Discrimination of opium from Afghanistan and Myanmar by infrared spectroscopy coupled with machine learning methods.

Afghanistan and Myanmar are two overwhelming opium production places. In this study, rapid and efficient methods for distinguishing opium from Afghanistan and Myanmar were developed using infrared spectroscopy (IR) coupled with multiple machine learning (ML) methods for the first time. A total of 146 authentic opium samples were analyzed by mid-IR (MIR) and near-IR (NIR), within them 116 were used for model training and 30 were used for model validation. Six ML methods, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were constructed and compared to get the best classification effect. For MIR data, the average of precision, recall and f1-score for all classification models were 1.0. For NIR data, the average of precision, recall and f1-score for different classification models ranged from 0.90 to 0.94. The comparison results of six ML models for MIR and NIR data showed that MIR was more suitable for opium geography classification. Compared with traditional chromatography and mass spectrometry profiling methods, the advantages of MIR are simple, rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The developed IR chemical profiling methodology may find wide application in classification of opium from Afghanistan and Myanmar, and also to differentiate them from opium originating from other opium producing countries. This study presented new insights into the application of IR and ML to rapid drug profiling analysis.

Plant-Origin Components: New Players to Combat Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes intrahospital complications such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary infections, bacteraemia, and, in some cases, death. Since this bacterium has a higher frequency than other Gram-negative pathogens, it has become an important pathogen to the health sector. The adaptative genome of Kpn likely facilitates increased survival of the pathogen in diverse situations. Therefore, several studies have been focused on developing new molecules, synergistic formulations, and biomaterials that make it possible to combat and control infections with and dispersion of this pathogen. Note that the uncontrolled antibiotic administration that occurred during the pandemic led to the emergence of new multidrug-resistant strains, and scientists were challenged to overcome them. This review aims to compile the latest information on Kpn that generates intrahospital infections, specifically their pathogenicity-associated factors. Furthermore, it explains the natural-product-based treatments (extracts and essential oils) developed for Kpn infection and dispersion control.

Origin, development and advantageous disease spectrum of the "Zhibian (BL 54) through Shuidao (ST 28)" needling technique. / "秩边透水道"é’ˆæ³•æºæµæŽ¢æžåŠä¼˜åŠ¿ç— è°±.

This paper systematically reviews the historical evolution of the "Zhibian (BL 54) through Shuidao (ST 28)" needling technique by examining the history of the Mang needle, controversies and positioning of the Zhibian (BL 54), and the formation and essentials of the needling technique. Furthermore, the advantageous disease spectrum of this needling technique is summarized, and speculates on potential advantageous disease spectrum from the neural mechanisms of obtaining qi and achieving efficacy. Lastly, this paper discusses the inadequacies in the research on " Zhibian (BL 54) through Shuidao (ST 28)" needling technique, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding and reference for further research on this technique.

Geographical Origin Authentication-A Mandatory Step in the Efficient Involvement of Honey in Medical Treatment.

Nowadays, in people's perceptions, the return to roots in all aspects of life is an increasing temptation. This tendency has also been observed in the medical field, despite the availability of high-level medical services with many years of research, expertise, and trials. Equilibrium is found in the combination of the two tendencies through the inclusion of the scientific experience with the advantages and benefits provided by nature. It is well accepted that the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey are closely related to the botanical origin of the plants at the base of honey production. Despite this, people perceive honey as a natural and subsequently a simple product from a chemical point of view. In reality, honey is a very complex matrix containing more than 200 compounds having a high degree of compositional variability as function of its origin. Therefore, when discussing the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey, the importance of the geographical origin and its link to the honey's composition, due to potential emerging contaminants such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs), should also be considered. This work offers a critical view on the use of honey as a natural superfood, in a direct relationship with its botanical and geographical origin.

Rapid identification of Radix Astragali origin by using fluorescence probe combined with chemometrics.

Fluorescent probes for metal ion recognition can be divided into selective probes, weakly selective probes, and non-selective probes roughly. Weakly selective probes are not often used for quantitative analysis of metal ions due to their overlapping spectra resulting from simultaneous interactions with multiple metal ions. Conversely, the different metal ions contained in herbal medicine extracts from different geographical origins will produce corresponding fluorescence fingerprint profiles after interaction with weakly selective fluorescence probes. The performance can be used in the study of origin tracing of food or Chinese herbal medicine. Weakly selective fluorescent probes of benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and attempted to be used in the origin tracing of Radix Astragali in this work. Radix Astragali from different origins will produce different fluorescence fingerprint spectra due to the difference of metal ions and content in combination with the probe. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with N-way partial least squares discriminant analysis (N-PLS-DA), and unfolded partial least squares discriminant analysis (U-PLS-DA) were used to identify the origin of 150 Radix Astragali samples from five geographical origins. The prediction results showed that the correct recognition rates of the U-PLS-DA model and N-PLS-DA model are 95.92% and 93.88%, respectively. In comparison, the results of U-PLS-DA are slightly better than those of N-PLS-DA. These findings indicate that EEM fluorescence spectroscopy based on weakly selective fluorescent probes combined with multi-way chemometrics provides a good idea for the origin tracing of traditional Chinese medicine.

Molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of self-incompatibility in angiosperms.

As an intraspecific outcrossing mechanism, self-incompatibility (SI) widely adopted by hermaphroditic plants is usually controlled by a polymorphic multi-allelic S locus. Typically, six molecular types of SI have been found, including type-I controlled by the pistil S S-RNase and pollen S SLFs commonly spread in Plantaginaceae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae, type-II by SRK and SCR in Brassicaceae, type-III by PrsS and PrpS in Papaveraceae, type-IV by CYP-GLO2-KFB-CCM-PUM in Primulaceae, type-V by TsSPH1-TsYUC6-TsBAHD in Turneraceae and type-VI by HPS10-S and DUF247I-S in Poaceae, with type-I characterized as a non-self recognition system but types-II, -III and -VI self ones. Furthermore, remarkable progresses have been made in their origin and evolutionary mechanisms recently. Among them, type-I SI possessed a single origin in the most recent common ancestor of eudicots and types II-V dynamically evolved following its losses, while type-VI SI exclusively existed in monocot Poaceae may be regained after the loss of the ancient type-I. Here, we mainly review the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of angiosperm SI systems, thus providing a helpful reference for their theoretical research and breeding application.

The terroir of Brazilian Coffea canephora: Characterization of the chemical composition.

FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were used in the chemical study of the terroirs of Coffea canephora. Conilon coffees from Espírito Santo and Amazon robusta from Matas of Rondônia, were separated by PCA, with lipids and caffeine being the markers responsible for the separation. Coffees from Bahia, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo did not exhibit separation, indicating that the botanical variety had a greater effect on the terroir than geographic origin. Thus, the genetic factor was investigated considering the conilon and robusta botanical varieties. This last group was composed of hybrid robusta and apoatã. The DD-SIMCA favored the identification of the genetic predominance of the samples. PLS-DA had a high classification performance regarding the conilon, hybrid robusta, and apoatã genetic nature. Lipids, caffeine, chlorogenic acids, quinic acid, trigonelline, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were identified as chemical markers that discriminated the genetic groups.

Herbal Textual Research on Olibanum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting the ancient and moderm literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Olibanum， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. According to the herbal textual research， the results showed that Olibanum was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Xunluxiang in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， until Ruxiang had been used as the correct name since Bencao Shiyi（《本草拾遗》） in Tang dynasty. The main origin was Boswellia carterii from Burseraceae family. The mainly producing areas in ancient description were ancient India and Arabia， while the modern producing areas are Somalia， Ethiopia and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The medicinal part of Olibanum in ancient and modern times is the resin exuded from the bark， which has been mainly harvested in spring and summer. It is concluded that the better Olibanum has light yellow， granular， translucent， no impurities such as sand and bark， sticky powder and aromatic smell. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including cleansing（water flying， removing impurities）， grinding（wine grinding， rush grinding）， frying（stir-frying， rush frying， wine frying）， degreasing， vinegar processing， decoction. In modern times， the main processing methods are simplified to cleansing， stir-frying and vinegar processing. Nowadays， the commonly used specifications include raw， fried and vinegar-processed products. Among the three specifications， raw products is the Olibanum after cleansing， fried products is a kind of Olibanum processed by frying method， vinegar-processed products is the processed products of pure frankincense mixed with vinegar. Based on the research results， it is recommended to select the resin exuded from the bark of B. carterii for the famous classical formulas such as Juanbitang containing Olibanum， processing method should be carried out in accordance with the processing requirements of the formulas， otherwise used the raw products if the formulas without clear processing requirements.

Herbal Textual Research on Farfarae Flos in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Farfarae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos. According to the research， the results showed that Farfarae Flos was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Kuandonghua in Shennong Bencaojing（《神农本草经》）， and the name was used and justified by later generations. The main origin was the folwer buds of Tussilago farfara， in addition， the flower buds of Petasites japonicus were used as medicine in ancient times. The ancient harvesting time of Farfarae Flos was mostly in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar， and the modern harvesting time is in December or before the ground freeze when the flower buds have not been excavated. Hebei， Gansu， Shaanxi are the authentic producing areas with the good quality products. Since modern times， its quality is summarized as big， fat， purple-red color， no pedicel is better. Processing method from soaking with licorice water in the Northern and Southern dynasties to stir-frying with honey water followed by micro-fire in the Ming dynasty， and gradually evolved to the modern mainstream processing method of honey processing. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried flower buds of T. farfara， a Compositae plant， should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos， and the corresponding processed products should be selected according to the specific processing requirements of the formulas， and raw products are recommended for medicinal use without indicating processing requirements.

Herbal Textual Research on Bletillae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In order to provide basic information for the utilization and development of famous classical formulas containing Bletillae Rhizoma， this article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， harvesting and processing of Bletillae Rhizoma by reviewing the ancient materia medica， prescription books， medical books and modern literature. The research results showed that Baiji（白及） was the main name， some scholars took Baiji（白芨） as its main name， and there were many other names such as Baiji（白给）， Baigen（白根）， Baiji（白苙）. The mainstream source of Bletillae Rhizoma was the tubers of Bletilla striata， and drying， large， white， solid， root-free and skin removed completely were the good quality standards. With the promotion of wild to cultivated medicinal materials， there were certain differences between their traits， and the quality evaluation indexes should be adjusted accordingly. The origin of records in the past dynasties was widely distributed， with Guizhou and Sichuan having high production and good quality in modern times. The harvesting period is mostly in spring and autumn， and harvested in autumn was better. The processing and processing technology is relatively simple， and it was used fresh or powdered in past dynasties， while it is mainly sliced for raw use in modern times. Based on the results， it is suggested that the tubers of Bletilla striata of Orchidaceae should be used in the famous classical formulas， and it should be uniformly written as Baiji（白及）. And if the original formula indicates the requirement of processing， it should be operated according to the requirement， if the requirement of processing is not indicated， it can be used in raw form as medicine.

Herbal Textual Research on Tsaoko Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the origin， scientific name， medicinal parts， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing and other aspects of Tsaoko Fructus by consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books in the past dynasties and combining with the modern literature， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus. According to the research， the name of Caoguo（草果） was first used in the Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang（《太平惠民和剂局方》） in the Northern Song dynasty， Tsaoko Fructus is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties， and there are also aliases such as Caokou， Doukou， Loukou， Laokou and Caodoukou. The mainstream source of Tsaoko Fructus used in the past dynasties is the dried mature fruit of Amomum tsaoko of Zingiberaceae， but Tsaoko Fructus was often used as a nickname for Amomi Fructus Rotundus or Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen during the Song dynasty. Bencao Pinhui Jingyao（《本草品汇精要》） in the Ming dynasty was the earliest materia medica that recorded Tsaoko Fructus as a separate medicinal herb in sections. Under the influence of early ancient books， there were some books that confused Tsaoko Fructus with other Zingiberaceae plants during the Qing dynasty， it was not until modern times that Tsaoko Fructus was distinguished from other plants. The origin of Tsaoko Fructus is Yunnan and Guangxi， and then gradually expanded to Guizhou and other places. Now Yunnan is the province with the largest planting area of Tsaoko Fructus， and has become the main producing area. Since modern times， it has been recorded in the literature that the quality of Tsaoko Fructus is mainly characterized by large， full， red-brown and strong in smell. According to ancient records， the harvest time of Tsaoko Fructus was in the eighth month of the lunar calendar， and they were mostly used for peeling or simmering. Currently， the harvest period of Tsaoko Fructus is October to November， and then sun-dried or dried after harvesting. The records of the properties and functional indications of Tsaoko Fructus are basically consistent with the ancient and modern documents， which is warm in nature， pungent in flavor， belonging to the spleen and stomach meridians， moderate in dryness and dampness， intercepting malaria and eliminating phlegm， used for internal resistance of cold and dampness， abdominal distension and pain， fullness and vomiting， malaria cold and fever， and plague fever. Based on the research results， it is suggested that A. tsaoko should be used as the medicinal base for the development of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus， processing method can be according to the requirements of the prescription， and if the requirements of concoction are not indicated， it can be used in the form of raw products.

Application of the FTIR technique as a non-invasive tool to discriminate Portuguese olive oils with Protected Designation of Origin.

Three Portuguese olive oils with PDO ('Azeite do Alentejo Interior', 'Azeites da Beira Interior' and 'Azeite de Trás-os-Montes') were studied considering their physicochemical quality, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stability, total phenols content, gustatory sensory sensations and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. All oils fulfilled the legal thresholds of EVOOs and the PDO's specifications. Olive oils from 'Azeite da Beira Interior' and 'Azeite de Trás-os-Montes' showed greater total phenols contents and antioxidant capacities, while 'Azeites da Beira Interior' presented higher oxidative stabilities. Linear discriminant models were developed using FTIR spectra (transmittance and the 1st and 2nd derivatives), allowing the correct identification of the oils' PDO (100 % sensitivity and specificity, repeated K-fold-CV). This study also revealed that multiple linear regression models, based on FTIR transmittance data, could predict the sweet, bitter, and pungent intensities of the PDO oils (R2 ≥0.979±0.016; RMSE≤0.26±0.05, repeated K-fold-CV). This demonstrates the potential of using FTIR as a non-destructive technique for authenticating oils with PDO.

Geographical origin discriminatory analysis of onions: Chemometrics methods applied to ICP-OES and ICP-MS analysis.

Geographical origin is an important determinant of agricultural product quality and safety. Herein, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis was applied to determine the inorganic elemental content of onions and identify their geographical origin (Korean or Chinese). Chemometric, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to the ICP results. OPLS-DA distinguished each group, and 17 elements with variable importance in projection (VIP) values of ≥ 1 were selected. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve had an area under the curve (AUC) of 1, indicating excellent discriminatory power. Differences in elemental content between groups were visually observed in a heatmap, and the country of origin was determined with 100% accuracy using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). This method accurately distinguishes between Korean and Chinese onions and is expected to be beneficial for identifying agricultural products.

Origin traceability of Cordyceps sinensis based on trace elements and stable isotope fingerprints.

Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of valuable Chinese herbal medicine, and its quality and price depend on the place of origin. Building a traceability system for Cordyceps sinensis products is an effective way to protect Cordyceps sinensis geographical indication products and consumers. In this study, concentrations of 45 trace elements and stable C, N, and Pb isotopes were used to distinguish Cordyceps sinensis samples from different habitats and different varieties (natural and artificial). The results showed that there were significant differences in the isotope compositions of N and Pb and trace elements contents in the Cordyceps sinensis samples from different sources. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to select effective traceability indicators, and three discriminant models were successfully established. A combination of Co, Sr, Cu, Tl, and Zr indexes was selected to distinguish the naturally grown samples from the artificially cultivated ones, with an overall cross-validation correctness rate of 90.0 %; while a combination of As, Cu, Rb, Tl, W, and Zr indexes was adopted to distinguish the naturally grown samples from different regions, with a corresponding 100.0 % overall cross-validation correctness rate. To simultaneously distinguish samples between natural and artificial and between different regions, a combination of As, Cu, Rb, Tl, U, W, and δ15N indexes was employed, with an overall cross-validation correctness rate of 89.3 %.

Muddied Waters: The Use of "Residual" And "Legacy" Phosphorus.

Phosphorus (P) inputs to the biosphere have quadrupled in less than a century due to intensification of rock phosphate mining and the use of P fertilizers for crop production. Accumulation of P in soils can increase P transfers across the soil-water continuum that impair aquatic ecosystem function and water resource quality for society. However, what this accumulated P is called, and subsequent connotations of magnitude versus mechanism at pedon versus watershed scale, varies in the literature. We argue that the two commonly used terms of "residual" and "legacy" P, though often used interchangeably, hold distinct meanings and connotations. Tracing the historical origins and trajectories of these terms reveals that "residual P" refers to the magnitude of fertilizer P that remains in the soil after crop harvest, whereas "legacy P" refers to the mechanism of P transfer across the watershed and its long-term impacts on water quality. The use of "legacy P" in many cases refers to the residuality of anthropogenic P inputs, and thus should be "residual P". We recommend that the term "residual P" be used when referring to the accumulation of P in soils under agricultural management from past inputs, and the term "legacy P" be used when referring to the transfer of P within watersheds. The intentional and thus consistent use of residual versus legacy P stands to provide important nuance in the environmental sciences and overlapping fields of agronomy and biogeochemistry.

Atypical Adult Still's Disease Complicated by Hemophagocytic Syndrome in an Older Patient: A Case Report.

Hyperferritinemia can occur in various diseases, making the differential diagnoses diverse and often fatal. The macrophage-activated syndrome (MAS) is a differential diagnosis of hyperferritinemia in which systemic macrophages are activated and cause various symptoms. Many cases are complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome, causing pancytopenia, which can be fatal. Furthermore, it is challenging to diagnose hyperferritinemia in elderly patients, and the disease may develop into a fever of unknown origin. We report the case of a 93-year-old man with aspiration pneumonia, followed by intermittent prolonged fever complicated by abnormal hyperferritinemia and leukopenia. Based on his general condition, he was diagnosed with atypical adult Still's disease and treated with steroid pulses and tocilizumab, temporarily relieving his symptoms. However, the patient eventually developed sepsis and could not be saved. Diagnosis of hyperferritinemia in the elderly population is complex and requires immediate attention. However, invasive intervention may lead to the deterioration of an elderly patient's condition. In the context of medical care for the elderly at a community hospital, it is necessary to provide comprehensive care for those in critical condition, considering the degree of invasiveness of examinations and procedures.