Effects of dietary supplementation of Anoectochilus roxburghii extract (ARE) on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, meat quality, and gut microbiota in broilers.

The broiler industry frequently encounters 2 common problems: excessive deposition of abdominal fat and poor quality of meat. However, there are limited nutritional manipulation strategies to address these issues. While Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl., a traditional Chinese herb, has been shown to have multiple beneficial effects in humans, its potential roles in broiler chickens remain unexplored. In this study, the effects of dietary supplementation with Anoectochilus roxburghii extract (ARE) on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, meat quality, blood indices, and gut microbiota were investigated in yellow-feather broiler chickens. A total of 90 twenty-one-day-old yellow-feather broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatments, and each treatment included 5 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.15, or 0.30% ARE for 6 wk. The results showed that the inclusion of ARE in the diet did not have any significant effect on meat yield (P > 0.05). However, it did lead to a reduction in abdominal fat deposition and an improvement in meat quality (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, the addition of ARE inhibited lipid biosynthesis and enhanced lipid breakdown in both the liver and adipose tissue of the broilers. Furthermore, ARE supplementation increased the antioxidase activities in the muscle and serum of the broilers (P < 0.05). In addition, the supplementation of ARE optimized the diversity and composition of the cecal microbiota, particularly by lowering the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05). Moreover, the abundance of some bacteria that were positively correlated with abdominal fat deposition was reduced by ARE, and vice versa (P < 0.05). Collectively, the results suggest that ARE is a promising candidate as a feed additive for reducing abdominal fat deposition and improving meat quality in the broiler industry.

Mulberry leaf extract reduces abdominal fat deposition via adenosine-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c/acetyl-CoA carboxylase signaling pathway in female Arbor Acre broilers.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in reducing abdominal fat accumulation in female broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were divided into 4 diet groups, with each group consisting of 8 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. The diets contained a basal diet and 3 test diets with supplementation of 400, 800, or 1,200 MLE mg/kg, respectively. The trial had 2 phases that lasted from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 56 d, respectively. The growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, fatty acid composition, serum biochemistry and mRNA expression of genes related to fat metabolism in liver were determined. The results showed that, 1) dietary supplementation with MLE had no significant impact on broilers final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or feed to gain ration (F/G) (P > 0.05), but linearly reduced abdominal fat accumulation in both experimental phases (P < 0.05); 2) the total contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosadienoic acid, were increased quadratically as a result of dietary supplements of 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg MLE (P < 0.01), while the total contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), such as teracosanoic acid were decreased (P < 0.01); 3) the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet linearly reduced total cholesterol (TC) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression in the liver was quadratically increased by the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylate), fatty acid synthase (FAS) were linearly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE can be employed as a viable fat loss feed supplement in fast-growing broiler diets since it reduces abdominal fat deposition in female AA broilers via the AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC signaling pathway. MLE can also be utilized to modify the fatty acid profile in female broilers (AA) at varied inclusion levels.

Supplementation of Zinc on Antioxidant Activity, Blood Profile, Mineral Availability, Abdominal Fat, Digestive and Accessory Organs of Sikumbang Janti Duck.

The present research aimed to evaluate the addition of zinc (Zn) on antioxidant activity, blood profile, mineral availability, and abdominal fat of Sikumbang Janti duck. A total of 96 female Sikumbang Janti ducks aged 8 weeks were used in this research. This study used a completely random design with four treatments and four replications (6 duck/replications). The treatments were as follows control diet (Z0), the addition of 30 mg Zn/kg (Z1), 60 mg Zn/kg (Z2), and 90 mg Zn/kg(Z3). Variables observed were antioxidant activity, blood profile, mineral content in the tibia, and abdominal fat. The results showed that Zn addition on feed significantly increased antioxidant activity (DPPH), Zn concentration in thigh, leukocytes, mineral availability (Ca, P, and Zn) (P<0.01), and decreased weight of abdominal fat in Sikumbang Janti duck (P<0.01). Blood profiles (except leukocytes) were not affected by the addition of Zn in the diet (P>0.05). It is concluded that the Z2 (60 mg Zn/kg) addition improves antioxidant activity, blood leukocytes, zinc content in thigh meat, mineral availability, and decreases abdominal fat weight of Sikumbang Janti duck.

Unripe banana flour (Musa cavendishii) promotes increased hypothalamic antioxidant activity, reduced caloric intake, and abdominal fat accumulation in rats on a high-fat diet.

The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and redox status of supplementation with unripe banana flour (Musa cavendishii) in high-fat-fed Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups for 98 days: control-lab chow; unripe banana flour (UBF)-lab chow with added unripe banana flour; high-fat (HFD)-lab chow with added lard; unripe banana flour + high-fat (UBF + HFD)-lab chow with added unripe banana flour and lard. The HFD group showed higher caloric intake, weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, steatosis, and oxidative stress in the hypothalamus than the other groups. Conversely, the HFD + UBF group showed reduced caloric intake, weight gain, and abdominal adipose tissue accumulation compared to the HFD group. Notably, an improvement in the redox state of the hypothalamus was observed in the HFD + UBF group. However, this group showed a worsening redox state and fat accumulation in the liver. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide over the past 50 years, reaching pandemic levels. It is also possible that, although it is a multifactorial disease, the main cause of obesity development is still related to a high intake of high-fat diets. Therefore, it is imperative to establish alternatives for the control and treatment of obesity. Here, we showed that unripe banana flour can improve hypothalamic antioxidant activity, reduce caloric intake, and prevent abdominal fat accumulation. These outcomes indicate the anti-obesity potential of unripe banana flour and highlight the need for future studies. However, the damage observed in the liver indicated that, at the concentrations used in the present study, its use should be carefully evaluated.

Relação entre o perfil de adesão e as barreiras para a permanência no programa de extensão "yoga: awaken one" / Relationship between the membership profile and the barriers to stay in the "yoga: awaken one" extension program

Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre o perfil de adesão e barreiras percebidas por estudantes universitários para permanência no Programa de Extensão "Yoga: Awaken ONE". Métodos: Foram realizados dois cortes transversais com universitários da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. O primeiro foi composto por 16 indivíduos e investigou o perfil demográfico, socioeconômico, antropométrico, da aptidão física e da qualidade de vida dos universitários que ingressaram no Programa de Extensão. O segundo visou identificar as barreiras para permanência de 13 estudantes (dentre os 16 iniciais) que haviam se afastado do Programa após quatro meses do início. Resultados: Houve predominância de indivíduos do sexo feminino, dos cursos de graduação em Educação Física e Pedagogia e da classe socioeconômica C. A maioria dos participantes estava com indicadores adequados de gordura corporal. Observou-se grande proporção de indivíduos com indicadores baixos de flexibilidade e força muscular. Para a qualidade de vida, a menor mediana foi observada para o domínio meio ambiente e a maior para o domínio relações sociais. As principais barreiras percebidas para a prática de yoga pelos universitários foram "jornada de estudos extensa" e "jornada de trabalho extensa". Observou-se correlação do perfil sociodemográfico, indicadores de obesidade, variáveis hemodinâmicas, flexibilidade, força muscular e qualidade de vida com barreiras percebidas para permanência no Programa de Extensão universitária "Yoga: Awaken ONE". Conclusões: Estes achados sugerem que o perfil do público universitário pode ser determinante para a permanência ou evasão de programas de promoção de exercícios físicos e precisa ser considerado em propostas de programas de extensão universitária.

Objective: Investigate the relationship between the member adherence profile and barriers perceived by university students to remain in the "Yoga: Awaken ONE" Extension Program. Methods: Two cross-sections were carried out with university students from the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia. The first was composed of 16 individuals and investigated the demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, physical fitness, and quality of life profile of university students joining the Extension Program. The second aimed at identifying the barriers to remain in the program faced by 13 students (out of the initial 16) who had withdrawn from the Program four months after the beginning. Results: There was a predominance of female individuals, from undergraduate courses in Physical Education and Pedagogy, and from the C socioeconomic class. Most participants had adequate body fat indexes. There was a large proportion of individuals with low flexibility and muscle strength. For quality of life, the lowest median was observed for the environment domain, while the highest could be noted for the social relationship domain. The main barriers perceived for the practice of yoga by university students were "long study hours" and "long work hours". There was a correlation between sociodemographic profile, obesity indicators, hemodynamic variables, flexibility, muscle strength, and QOL with the perceived barriers to stay in the "Yoga: Awaken ONE" university extension program. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the profile of the university audience can be a determinant for the permanence or dropout of programs that promote physical exercise and therefore, it should be taken into consideration in proposals for university extension programs.

Dietary fiber modulates abdominal fat deposition associated with cecal microbiota and metabolites in yellow chickens.

Excessive deposition of abdominal fat is a public concern in the yellow chicken industry related to human nutrition. The common practice of nutritionists is to increase the fiber content in feed to control abdominal fat deposition of chickens. Corncob meal (CCM) is the cheapest ingredient widely used in animal diets. The possible effects of CCM on chicken abdominal fat deposition and the possible mechanism involving cecal microbiota remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of CCM in modulating abdominal fat deposition and the role of the cecal microbiota and their metabolites. A total of 200 ninety-day-old Huxu female chickens were divided into 2 dietary treatments, each with 10 replicates of 10 birds, and were fed two finisher diets, from 90 to 135 d. The diets were a typical corn-soybean control diet (CON) and that diet with CCM partially replacing corn and corn gluten meal. Results showed that the CCM diet markedly decreased live weight and abdominal fat percentage (P < 0.05); chickens fed the CCM diet exhibited lower (P < 0.01) expression in abdominal fat of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) but higher (P < 0.05) expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). The CCM increased the abundance of Akkermansia (P < 0.05) and markedly reduced the relative cecal abundance of Phascolarctobacterium (P < 0.01), Rikenellaceae (P < 0.05), and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.01). The metabolomic and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the CCM diet increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of butyrate in cecal contents. The majority of the metabolites in cecal digesta with differences in abundance were organic acids. The CCM diet increased (P < 0.05) contents of (R)-5-diphosphomevalote, pantothenic acid, 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone 7-phosphate, D-ribose 5-diphosphate, arbutin 6-phosphate, D-ribitol 5-phosphate, undecanoic acid, nicotinic acid, 4-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, while decreasing (P < 0.05) those of oleic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, and L-fuculose 1-phosphate. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the dietary CCM treatment significantly decreased abdominal fat and altered the cecal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the yellow chickens.

Effect of Standardized Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. Leaves Extract on Body Weight and Body Fat Reduction in Overweight or Obese Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Obesity is a major health problem that is caused by body fat accumulation and that can lead to metabolic diseases. Owing to several side effects of the currently used antiobesity drugs, natural plants have risen as safe and potential candidates to alleviate obesity. We have previously reported the antiobesity effect of Hydrangea serrata (Thunb.) Ser. leaves extract (WHS) and its underlying mechanisms. As an extension of our preclinical studies, this study aimed to investigate the effect of WHS on body weight and body fat reduction in overweight or obese humans. A total of 93 healthy overweight or obese males and females, aged 19-65 years, with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 25 and <32 kg/m2, were recruited and received either an oral administration of 600 mg of WHS, or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. Daily supplementation with WHS decreased body weights, body fat masses, and BMIs compared with the placebo-treated group. The hip circumferences, visceral fat areas, abdominal fat areas, and visceral-to-subcutaneous ratios decreased after WHS supplementation. No significant side effects were observed during or after the 12 weeks of WHS intake. In conclusion, WHS, which has beneficial effects on body weight and body fat reduction, could be a promising antiobesity supplement that does not produce any side effects.

Microarray Analysis of Paramylon, Isolated from Euglena Gracilis EOD-1, and Its Effects on Lipid Metabolism in the Ileum and Liver in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

We previously showed that supplementation of a high fat diet with paramylon (PM) reduces the postprandial glucose rise, serum total and LDL cholesterol levels, and abdominal fat accumulation in mice. The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism of PM using microarray analysis. Male mice (C57BL/BL strain) were fed an experimental diet (50% fat energy) containing 5% PM isolated from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 for 12 weeks. After confirming that PM had an improving effect on lipid metabolism, we assessed ileal and hepatic mRNA expression using DNA microarray and subsequent analysis by gene ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The results suggested that dietary supplementation with PM resulted in decreased abdominal fat accumulation and serum LDL cholesterol concentrations via suppression of the digestion and absorption pathway in the ileum and activation of the hepatic PPAR signaling pathway. Postprandial glucose rise was reduced in mice fed PM, whereas changes in the glucose metabolism pathway were not detected in GO classification and KEGG pathway analysis. PM intake might enhance serum secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations via promotion of the immunoglobulin production pathway in the ileum.

Brown Seaweed Sargassum siliquosum as an Intervention for Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Rats.

The therapeutic potential of Sargassum siliquosum grown in Australian tropical waters was tested in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 12 rats and each group was fed a different diet for 16 weeks: corn starch diet (C); high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) containing fructose, sucrose, saturated and trans fats; and C or H diets with 5% S. siliquosum mixed into the food from weeks 9 to 16 (CS and HS). Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, fatty liver and left ventricular fibrosis developed in H rats. In HS rats, S. siliquosum decreased body weight (H, 547 ± 14; HS, 490 ± 16 g), fat mass (H, 248 ± 27; HS, 193 ± 19 g), abdominal fat deposition and liver fat vacuole size but did not reverse cardiovascular and liver effects. H rats showed marked changes in gut microbiota compared to C rats, while S. siliquosum supplementation increased gut microbiota belonging to the family Muribaculaceae. This selective increase in gut microbiota likely complements the prebiotic actions of the alginates. Thus, S. siliquosum may be a useful dietary additive to decrease abdominal and liver fat deposition.

Diet Supplementation with Fish-Derived Extracts Suppresses Diabetes and Modulates Intestinal Microbiome in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity.

Metabolic syndrome-related diseases affect millions of people worldwide. It is well established that changes in nutritional habits and lifestyle can improve or prevent metabolic-related pathologies such as type-2 diabetes and obesity. Previous reports have shown that nutritional supplements have the capacity to limit glucose intolerance and suppress diabetes development. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with fish-derived extracts on obesity and type 2 diabetes and their impact on gut microbial composition. We showed that nutritional supplements containing Fish Complex (FC), Fish Complex combined with Cod Powder (FC + CP), or Cod Powder combined with Collagen (CP + C) improved glucose intolerance, independent of abdominal fat accumulation, in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition, collagen-containing supplements distinctly modulate the gut microbiome in high-fat induced obesity in mice. Our results suggest that fish-derived supplements suppress diet-induced type 2 diabetes, which may be partly mediated through changes in the gut microbiome. Thus, fish-derived supplements and particularly the ones containing fish collagen have potential beneficial properties as dietary supplements in managing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome via modulation of the gut microbiome.

Efficacy and Safety of Simultaneous Application of HIFEM and Synchronized Radiofrequency for Abdominal Fat Reduction and Muscle Toning: A Multicenter Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation Study.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency and high-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) field procedure are well-known, stand-alone, body-shaping modalities, yet their simultaneous application has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel device simultaneously delivering HIFEM and radiofrequency for subcutaneous fat reduction and muscle toning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one subjects with an average age of 39.7 ± 11.5 years were recruited. The subjects received 3 abdominal treatments (one per week). Magnetic resonance imaging images of the treated area were evaluated at baseline and at 1-, 3-, and 6-month visits for changes in subcutaneous fat, muscle thickness, and abdominal separation (AS). Anthropometric data and digital photographs were collected. Subject satisfaction and therapy comfort were evaluated. RESULTS: The muscle mass increase peaked at 3 months, showing 26.1% thickening. The fat thickness reduction was most prominent at 3 months, showing a 30.8% reduction. The AS decreased by 18.8% at 3 months after treatment. The waist circumference reduced by 5.87 ± 3.64 cm at a 3-month follow-up. Six-month data showed maintenance of these outcomes. The treatment was considered as comfortable with high patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The analysis of magnetic resonance imaging images and waist measurements showed that the therapy combining HIFEM and radiofrequency is highly effective in reducing subcutaneous fat and muscle thickening.

Lutein attenuates excessive lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and abdominal adipose tissue of rats by the SIRT1-mediated pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is now a worldwide disease and is mainly attributable to increased body fat deposition. In a growing number of epidemiological studies, lutein has been revealed to have different degrees of anti-obesity properties, but the potential underlying mechanisms that have been reported are limited. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the protective effects of lutein against excessive lipid accumulation, and we explored the role of SIRT1 and SIRT1-mediated pathways both in abdominal adipose tissue and mature 3T3-L1 cells during lutein administration. METHODS: In our design, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either control or high-fat diets with or without 25 mg/kg·bw/day lutein for 5 weeks. Additionally, differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were incubated with 40 µM lutein or 10 µM Ex527 for 24 h. RESULTS: Lutein supplementation decreased the body weight, abdominal fat index ratio, frequency and mean area of larger adipocytes in HE staining induced by the high-fat diet and then activated the expression of SIRT1 and thus upregulated FoxO1, ATGL, and HSL expression and downregulated SREBP-1, FAS, and ACC expression both in abdominal adipose tissue and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. However, coincubation with Ex527 and lutein suppressed the activation of SIRT1 and reversed the expression of FoxO1, ATGL, HSL, SREBP-1, FAS, and ACC in comparison to those in the Lut group. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we suggest that the effects of lutein on attenuating excessive lipid accumulation are dependent on the SIRT1-mediated pathway in vivo and in vitro, which indicates that lutein administration may be a potential strategy for preventing excessive lipid accumulation and obesity.

Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, but Not without Exercise Training.

While exercise training (ET) is an efficient strategy to manage obesity, it is recommended with a dietary plan to maximize the antiobesity functions owing to a compensational increase in energy intake. Capsiate is a notable bioactive compound for managing obesity owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure. We aimed to examine whether the antiobesity effects of ET can be further enhanced by capsiate intake (CI) and determine its effects on resting energy expenditure and metabolic molecules. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) and fed high-fat diet. Mild-intensity treadmill ET was conducted five times/week; capsiate (10 mg/kg) was orally administered daily. After 8 weeks, resting metabolic rate and metabolic molecules were analyzed. ET with CI additively reduced the abdominal fat rate by 18% and solely upregulated beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue (p = 0.013) but did not affect the metabolic molecules in skeletal muscles. Surprisingly, CI without ET significantly increased the abdominal fat rate (p = 0.001) and reduced energy expenditure by 9%. Therefore, capsiate could be a candidate compound for maximizing the antiobesity effects of ET by upregulating beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue, but CI without ET may not be beneficial in managing obesity.

Carya cathayensis leaf extract attenuates ectopic fat deposition in liver, abdomen and aortic arch in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet.

BACKGROUND: Carya cathayensis1is a commercially cultivated plant in the Zhejiang Province, China. Its nuts exhibit properties of tonifying kidneys and relieving asthma. There have been a few pharmacological studies addressing the function of the leaves of this plant. Our previous studies on C. cathayensis leaf extract (CCE) showed a significant inhibitory effect on weight gain in mice fed a high-fat diet, particularly in female mice. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: To investigate the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ectopic adipose tissue deposition by CCE in ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet. STUDY DESIGN: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and treated with CCE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, oral) or estradiol (1 mg/kg body weight, oral) for 8 weeks. METHODS: CCE was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify major components. Body weight gain, abdominal fat coefficient, and aortic arch fat coefficient were determined; serum was collected for biochemical analysis; tissues were collected for histopathological examination, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and western blotting. RESULTS: The total flavonoid content was determined to be 57.30% in the CCE and comprised chrysin, cardamomin, pinostrobin chalcone, and pinocembrin. Compared with the model group (OVX), CCE treatment reduced body weight gain, abdominal and aortic arch fat coefficients, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA) levels; decreased lipid droplets in liver cells; decreased fat accumulation in the aortic arch blood vessel wall and increased its smoothness; decreased the diameter of abdominal fat cells; and reduced serum leptin and adiponectin levels significantly. Serum adiponectin levels significantly correlated with serum TG and hepatic TC levels. Leptin levels positively correlated with serum TG levels and negatively correlated with hepatic TG. Leptin mRNA, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) mRNA, and protein expression levels in abdominal adipose tissue were significantly down-regulated. Adiponectin mRNA levels were slightly reduced but not significantly. CONCLUSION: CCE attenuated ectopic fat deposition induced by deficient estrogen and a high-fat diet in rats; this may be associated with activated leptin sensitivity, improved leptin resistance, and regulated adiponectin levels. CCE may improve adipose function to regulate adipocyte differentiation by down-regulating PPARγ. Overall, these results suggest that CCE is a potential phytoestrogen.

Giblets and abdominal fat of pomegranate seed oil fed chickens as a source of bioactive fatty acids.

The aim of present study was to determine whether chickens' (broilers Ross 308, n = 180, sex ratio 1:1) diet modification with different doses of grape or pomegranate seed oil will favourable change fatty acids and cholesterol content in selected giblets (liver and heart) or wastes (adipose tissue). It was also verify whether generated changes would make the giblets and wastes more valuable as dietary components or by-products for food industry. From 22 to 42 day of life, five diets were administered to chickens. Control grower diet (CON) contained 5% of soy oil, whereas in the experimental grower diets part of soy oil (1.5% or 2%) was replaced with specific amount of grape or pomegranate seed oil (GRAP 1.5; GRAP 2.0; POM 1.5; POM 2.0 respectively). Fatty acids and cholesterol content were determined with gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. Pomegranate seed oil improved fatty acids profile more favourably than grape seed oil, which makes it a valuable additive in chickens' feeding. Abdominal fat of pomegranate seed oil supplemented chickens appeared to be the richest sources of rumenic acid and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which allows to suggest its use in manufacturing of meat products to obtain foodstuffs rich in those essential nutrients. In principal component analysis (PCA), two principal components: PC1 and PC2, which were enough to explain 29.91% of variance of initial variables, allowed to a good separation of chickens fed with both doses of pomegranate seed oil from animals from control and grape seed oil fed groups. Because poultry addresses all nutritional, institutional and consumer requirements, enrichment of giblets in rumenic acid by pomegranate seed oil incorporation into chickens' diet may provide a valuable dietary source of bioactive fatty acids for consumers, especially of low-income countries.

Soybean lecithin as an alternative energy source for grower and finisher broiler chickens: impact on performance, fatty acid digestibility, gut health, and abdominal fat saturation degree.

An experiment was performed to assess the inclusion of soybean lecithin (SL) in the replacement of soybean oil (SO), for grower and finisher broiler chicken diets (up to 15 d of life), and its effects on performance, fatty acid (FA) absorption, gut health, and saturation degree of the abdominal fat pad (AFP). A total of 1,440 female Ross-308 chickens were distributed in 60 pens and were fed 5 experimental diets. The control diet (T1) was supplemented with SO (grower and finisher diets at 2.00%), and 4 levels of SL were included in replacement: T2 (0.25% in grower and 0.50% in finisher diets), T3 (0.50% in grower and 1.00% in finisher diets), T4 (0.75% in grower and 1.50% in finisher diets), and T5 (1.00% in grower and 2.00% in finisher diets). At day 39, titanium dioxide was added to finisher diets at 5 g/kg to perform a digestibility balance. At day 46, AFP, tissue, and gut digesta samples were collected to characterize FA digestibility, adipose saturation degree, microbial groups, and histomorphometry. No effects were associated with SO replacement by SL on performance (P > 0.05), ileal digestibility of total, saturated and monounsaturated FA (P > 0.05), nor jejunal morphology (P > 0.05). Total replacement of SO by SL reduced ileal absorption of polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.02) and increased jejunal Lactobacillus spp. counts (P = 0.049). Higher levels of SL inclusion (T4 and T5) lowered polyunsaturated FA concentration of the AFP (P = 0.002) and, thus, slightly reduced its unsaturated-to-saturated FA ratio (P = 0.005). Soybean lecithin inclusion did not modify performance parameters, total FA absorption, nor jejunal morphology, however caused changes on polyunsaturated FA absorption, jejunal microbiota, and saturation degree of the AFP. The study demonstrates that soybean lecithin can be included, in combination with or in replacement of soybean oil, as an alternative energy source for grower (up to a 1%) and finisher broiler diets (up to 2%).

Dietary corn-resistant starch suppresses broiler abdominal fat deposition associated with the reduced cecal Firmicutes.

This study investigated the effects of dietary corn-resistant starch on lipid metabolism of broilers and its potential relationship with cecal microbiota modulation. A total of three hundred twenty 1-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned into 5 dietary treatments: 1 normal corn-soybean (NC) diet, 1 corn-soybean-based diet supplementation with 20% corn starch (CS), and 3 corn-soybean-based diets supplementation with 4, 8, and 12% corn resistant starch (RS) (identified as 4%RS, 8%RS, and 12%RS, respectively). Each group had 8 replicates with 8 broilers per replicate. The experiment lasted 21 d. The results showed that the abdominal fat percentage were lower in birds from 8%RS and 12%RS groups (0.75 and 0.58%, respectively) than those from NC and CS groups (1.20 and 1.28%, respectively; P < 0.05). The birds from 8%RS and 12%RS groups exhibited lower concentrations of blood triglyceride and nonestesterified fatty acid than those in the NC and CS groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, birds fed diets supplementation with 12% RS decreased the relative mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, ATP citrate-lyase, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in liver, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in abdominal adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Microbiota analysis revealed that birds fed diets supplementation with 8 and 12% RS decreased the abundance of cecal Firmicutes by 23.08 and 20.47% and increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes by 24.33 and 21.92%, respectively, compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). In addition, correlation analysis revealed that many Firmicutes members had highly positive relationship with blood lipid levels and fat storage capacity, which might contribute to the lower abdominal fat phenotype. Overall, broilers receiving diets containing a higher concentration of RS harbor less Firmicutes, which decreased liver fatty acid synthesis and suppress abdominal fat deposition of birds during the starter phase. These findings provide a profound understanding about the relationship between gut microbial composition and lipid metabolism in broilers.

Quercetin Improving Lipid Metabolism by Regulating Lipid Metabolism Pathway of Ileum Mucosa in Broilers.

This study is aimed at evaluating the regulatory mechanism of quercetin on lipid metabolism in the ileum of broilers to better understand these pathways decreasing abdominal fat. 480 chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups (control, 0.02% quercetin, 0.04% quercetin, and 0.06% quercetin). Breast muscle, thigh muscle, and abdominal fat pad were removed and weighed at 42 d of age. Serum was obtained by centrifuging blood samples from the jugular vein (10 ml) to determine high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), leptin, and adiponectin using ELISA. About 5 g of the ileum was harvested and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA-seq. Then, the confirmation of RNA-seq results by the Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method was evaluated using Pearson's correlation. Compared with control, abdominal fat percentage was significantly decreased with increasing quercetin supplementation, and the best result was obtained at 0.06% dietary quercetin supplementation (P < 0.01). Breast muscle percentage was significantly decreased at 0.02% quercetin (P < 0.01), and thigh muscle percentage tended to increase (P = 0.078). Meanwhile, 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin significantly decreased TG (P < 0.01), TC (P < 0.01), and LDL content (P < 0.05) in serum. Serum leptin and adiponectin contents were significantly increased by 0.04% and 0.06% dietary quercetin supplementation, compared with the control (P < 0.01). Analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were used to identify differently expressed genes and lipid metabolism pathways. Quercetin decreased abdominal fat percentage through regulating fat digestion and absorption, glycerophospholipid metabolism, AMPK signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, and cholesterol metabolism.

Effects of the Non-Alcoholic Fraction of Beer on Abdominal Fat, Osteoporosis, and Body Hydration in Women.

Several studies have shown that binge drinking of alcoholic beverages leads to non-desirable outcomes, which have become a serious threat to public health. However, the bioactive compounds in some alcohol-containing beverages might mitigate the negative effects of alcohol. In beer, the variety and concentration of bioactive compounds in the non-alcoholic fraction suggests that its consumption at moderate levels may not only be harmless but could also positively contribute to an improvement of certain physiological states and be also useful in the prevention of different chronic diseases. The present review focuses on the effects of non-alcoholic components of beer on abdominal fat, osteoporosis, and body hydration in women, conditions selected for their relevance to health and aging. Although beer drinking is commonly believed to cause abdominal fat deposition, the available literature indicates this outcome is inconsistent in women. Additionally, the non-alcoholic beer fraction might improve bone health in postmenopausal women, and the effects of beer on body hydration, although still unconfirmed seem promising. Most of the health benefits of beer are due to its bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, which are the most studied. As alcohol-free beer also contains these compounds, it may well offer a healthy alternative to beer consumers.

Carboxiterapia associada à drenagem linfática manual na adiposidade abdominal / Carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage in abdominal adiposity

Introdução: A lipodistrofia localizada em flancos está entre os problemas estéticos mais procurados para tratamento. Dentre os procedimentos utilizados para tratar esta condição, destaca-se a utilização da carboxiterapia e a drenagem linfática. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da carboxiterapia com a drenagem linfática manual na gordura abdominal, em mulheres não sedentárias. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo exploratório, analítico, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra caracterizou-se como não probabilística por conveniência, e foi aplicada tanto no gênero feminino, quanto masculino. A pesquisa foi realizada em um laboratório de saúde, de uma faculdade privada, localizada em Vitória da Conquista/BA. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, uma ficha de anamnese, uma escala likert de satisfação, além dos registros fotográficos. Foram realizadas 8 sessões de carboxiterapia associada à drenagem linfática manual, realizadas 2 vezes na semana, com duração de 50 minutos. Resultados: A análise do comprimento da circunferência abdominal mostrou que o procedimento realizado promove redução em sua média, no qual se observou um resultado satisfatório da redução de medidas através da perimetria. Conclusão: O tratamento com a carboxiterapia associado à drenagem linfática manual apresentou resultados significativos e favoráveis, quanto a redução de medidas e na satisfação. (AU)

Introduction: Flank localized lipodystrophy is one of the most aesthetic problems for treatment. Among the procedures used to treat this condition, the use of carboxytherapy and lymphatic drainage stands out. Objective: To evaluate the association of carboxytherapy with manual lymphatic drainage in abdominal fat in non-sedentary women. Methods: An exploratory study, analytical, with quantitative approach was performed. The sample was characterized as nonprobabilistic for convenience and was applied to both females and males. The research was conducted in a health laboratory of a private college, located in Vitória da Conquista in the state of Bahia. The instruments were a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, an anamnesis form, a likert satisfaction scale, and photographic records. Eight sessions of carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage were performed twice a week, lasting 50 minutes. Results: The analysis of the abdominal circumference length showed that the procedure promotes a satisfactory result of the reduction of measurements. Conclusion: The treatment with carboxytherapy associated with manual lymphatic drainage showed significant and favorable results regarding the reduction of measurements and satisfaction. (AU)