Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions.

Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in AT. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor's niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity.

Ligilactobacillus Salivarius LCK11 Prevents Obesity by Promoting PYY Secretion to Inhibit Appetite and Regulating Gut Microbiota in C57BL/6J Mice.

SCOPE: Obesity is a common disease worldwide and there is an urgent need for strategies to preventing obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: The anti-obesity effect and mechanism of Ligilactobacillus salivarius LCK11 (LCK11) is studied using a C57BL/6J male mouse model in which obesity is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Results show that LCK11 can prevent HFD-induced obesity, reflected as inhibited body weight gain, abdominal and liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia. Analysis of its mechanism shows that on the one hand, LCK11 can inhibit food intake through significantly improving the transcriptional and translational levels of peptide YY (PYY) in the rectum, in addition to the eventual serum PYY level; this is attributed to the activation of the toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway in enteroendocrine L cells by the peptidoglycan of LCK11. On the other hand, LCK11 supplementation effectively reduces the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and shifts the overall structure of the HFD-disrupted gut microbiota toward that of mice fed on a low-fat diet; this also contributes to preventing obesity. CONCLUSION: LCK11 shows the potential to be used as a novel probiotic for preventing obesity by both promoting PYY secretion to inhibit food intake and regulating gut microbiota.

Tissue-specific regulatory mechanism of LncRNAs and methylation in sheep adipose and muscle induced by Allium mongolicum Regel extracts.

Allium mongolicum Regel (A. mongolicum) is a perennial and xerophytic Liliaceous allium plant in high altitude desert steppe and desert areas. Feeding A. mongolicum greatly reduced unpleasant mutton flavor and improves meat quality of sheep. We analyzed epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of water extracts of A. mongolicum (WEA) on sheep muscle and adipose using RNA-Seq and whole-genome Bisulfite sequencing. Feeding WEA reduced differentially expressed genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) between two tissues but increased differentially methylation regions (DMRs). LncRNA and DMR targets were both involved in ATP binding, ubiquitin, protein kinase binding, regulation of cell proliferation, and related signaling pathways, but not unsaturated fatty acids metabolism. Besides, tissue specific targets were involved in distinct functional annotations, e.g., Golgi membrane and endoplasmic reticulum for muscle lncRNA, oxidative phosphorylation metabolism for adipose lncRNA, dsRNA binding for muscle DMRs. Epigenetic regulatory networks were also discovered to discovered essential co-regulated modules, e.g., co-regulated insulin secretion module (PDPK1, ATP1A2, CACNA1S and CAMK2D) in adipose. The results indicated that WEA induced distinct epigenetic regulation on muscle and adipose to diminish transcriptome differences between tissues, which highlights biological functions of A. mongolicum, tissue similarity and specificity, as well as regulatory mechanism of mutton odor.

[Body composition, mineral metabolism, and endocrine function of adipose tissue: influence of a nutritional supplement of propolis]. / Composición corporal, metabolismo mineral y función endocrina del tejido adiposo: influencia de un suplemento nutricional de propóleo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: propolis and its components influence lipid metabolism; however, its effect on body composition and mineral metabolism remains unknown. Objectives: to determine the effect of natural propolis supplementation on body composition, mineral metabolism, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue. Material and methods: twenty albino male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into two groups of 10 animals each. The rats were fed two different types of diet for 90 days: a standard diet for the control group (group C) and the same standard diet + 2 % propolis (group P). Thyroid hormones, ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin and insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma, body composition (lean mass, fat mass and body water), and mineral deposition in target organs (spleen, brain, heart, lungs, testicles, kidneys and femur) were assessed. Results: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) did not show any differences after supplementation with propolis, while ghrelin and adiponectin decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and insulin (p < 0.01), leptin (p < 0.05) and NEFA (p < 0.05) increased when 2 % propolis was supplied, while weight and body fat were reduced (p < 0.05) and lean mass increased. Lastly, the propolis supplement improves calcium deposition in the spleen, lungs, testes, and femur (p < 0.05). Conclusion: propolis supplementation of the diet (2 %) causes a decrease in the secretion of ghrelin and adiponectin, increasing the release of non-esterified fatty acids and the rate of insulin secretion. In addition, propolis supplementation induces an improvement in calcium deposition in target organs without affecting the rest of minerals, which improves body composition by inducing a reduction in weight and visceral adipose tissue, and improvement in lean mass.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el propóleo y sus componentes influyen en el metabolismo lipídico; sin embargo, se desconoce su efecto sobre la composición corporal y el metabolismo mineral. Objetivos: determinar el efecto de la suplementación de la dieta con propóleo natural sobre la composición corporal, el metabolismo basal y mineral, y la función endocrina del tejido adiposo. Material y métodos: veinte ratas albinas Wistar macho (8 semanas) se dividieron en dos grupos de 10 animales cada uno. Las ratas fueron alimentadas con dos tipos diferentes de dietas durante 90 días: una dieta estándar para el grupo de control (grupo C) y la misma dieta estándar + un 2 % de propóleo (grupo P). Se determinaron las hormonas tiroideas, la grelina, la leptina, la adiponectina y la insulina, los ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE) en el plasma, la composición corporal (masa magra, masa grasa y agua corporal) y el depósito de minerales en órganos diana (bazo, cerebro, corazón, pulmones, testículos, riñones y fémur). Resultados: los niveles plasmáticos de hormona estimulante del tiroides (TSH), triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4) no mostraron diferencias tras la ingesta del suplemento de propóleo, mientras que los de grelina y adiponectina disminuyeron (p < 0,01 y p < 0,05, respectivamente) y los de insulina (p < 0,01), leptina (p < 0,05) y AGNE (p < 0,05) aumentaron cuando la dieta se suplementó con propóleo al 2 %. Se redujeron el peso y la grasa corporal (p < 0,05), incrementándose la masa magra. Por último, el suplemento de propóleo mejoró el depósito de calcio en el bazo, los pulmones, los testículos y el fémur (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el suplemento de propóleo al 2 % de la dieta produjo una disminución de la secreción de grelina y adiponectina, incrementando la concentración de AGNE y aumentando la tasa de secreción de insulina. Además, el suplemento de propóleo indujo una mejora del depósito de calcio en los órganos diana sin afectar al resto de minerales, lo que en conjunto mejora la composición corporal al inducir una reducción del peso y del tejido adiposo visceral, mejorando la masa magra.

Celastrol alleviates metabolic disturbance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice through increasing energy expenditure by ameliorating metabolic inflammation.

Celastrol, a natural triterpene, has been shown to treat obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In this study, we first assessed the relationship between the antiobesity effects of celastrol and its antiinflammatory activities. Our results showed that celastrol can reduce weight gain, ameliorate glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia without affecting food intake in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. A CLAMS was used to clarify the improvement of metabolic profiles was attribute to increased adipose thermogenesis after celastrol treatment. Further studies found that celastrol decreased the infiltration of macrophage as well as its inflammatory products (IL-1ß, IL-18, MCP-1α, and TNF-α) in liver and adipose tissues, which also displayed an obvious inhibition of TLR3/NLRP3 inflammasome molecules. This study demonstrated that celastrol could be a potential drug for treating metabolic disorders, the underlying mechanism is related to ameliorating metabolic inflammation, thus increasing body energy expenditure.

Yellow Tea Stimulates Thermogenesis in Mice through Heterogeneous Browning of Adipose Tissues.

SCOPE: Large-leaf yellow tea (YT) exhibits interesting beneficial metabolic effects in previous studies. Here, the authors elucidated the actions of YT on thermogenesis, energy metabolism, and adipocyte metabolic conversion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice are fed low-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with 0.5% or 2.5% YT. After treatment for 10 or 14 weeks, YT enhances energy expenditure, O2 consumption and CO2 production. YT strongly boosts thermogenic program in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), while only weakly in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). These are accompanied by higher body temperature, increased mitochondrial copy numbers, and upregulation of thermogenic genes (Ucp1, Pgc1α, etc.) and proteins. The classic brown adipocyte markers (Eva1, Zic1) are induced only in BAT, while beige adipocyte markers (Tbx1, Tmem26) are boosted only in SAT. Furthermore, subcutaneous-originated preadipocytes are induced by YT in vitro to differentiate to brown-like adipocytes - a browning effect. CONCLUSION: Dietary YT induces adaptive thermogenesis through increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in EAT, inducing beigeing in SAT and enhancing browning in the BAT.

Cold exposure increased hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides but not food intake in fattening Daurian ground squirrels.

Energy balance and thermoregulation in many fat-storing seasonal hibernators show a circannual rhythm. To understand the physiological mechanisms of the seasonal pre-hibernation fattening related to the regulation of energy expenditure and thermogenesis, we cold-exposed fattening Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus) in late summer for 3 weeks. We predicted that cold-exposed squirrels would increase food intake rather than express torpor to accommodate both fattening and thermoregulatory fuel allocation. Food intake and body mass were quantified. After 3 weeks, body compositions, serum leptin concentration, expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides related to regulation of energy balance and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were measured. There was no change in body mass after 3-weeks of cold exposure. Hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides and UCP1 levels in BAT were up-regulated after cold exposure. Food intake, serum leptin concentration and the expression of leptin signal suppressors, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, in hypothalamus showed no differences compared with controls. The core body temperature was unaffected by cold exposure. Our data suggest that cold exposure affected fattening mainly because of the increased heat loss, whereas energy balance and thermoregulation are under control of a strong circannual rhythm in the Daurian ground squirrels.

Categorizing 10 Sports According to Bone and Soft Tissue Profiles in Adolescents.

PURPOSE: Considering the different loading and training characteristics of the sports practiced during growth, it is important to specify and categorize the bone and soft tissue adaptations in adolescent athletes. This study aimed to categorize 10 different loading sports and a nonsport group and identify the differences in bone density and soft tissues. METHODS: The sample included 625 adolescents (10 to 17 yr of age) of 10 sports (soccer, basketball, volleyball, track and field, judo, karate, kung fu, gymnastics, baseball, and swimming) and a nonsport group. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessed areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), and soft tissues (lean soft tissue and fat mass). The results were adjusted for sex, peak height velocity status, lean soft tissue, fat mass, and weekly training volume. RESULTS: The comparisons among groups showed that soccer had the highest whole-body aBMD (mean ± SEM: 1.082 ± 0.007 g·cm) and lower limb aBMD (1.302 ± 0.010 g·cm). Gymnastics presented the highest upper limb aBMD (0.868 ± 0.012 g·cm) and whole-body BMAD (0.094 ± 0.001 g·cm). Swimming presented the lowest aBMD values in all skeletal sites (except at the upper limbs) and whole-body BMAD. The soft tissue comparisons showed that soccer players had the highest lean soft tissue (43.8 ± 0.7 kg). The lowest fat mass was found in gymnasts (8.04 ± 1.0 kg). CONCLUSION: The present study investigated and categorized for the first time 10 different sports according to bone density and soft tissue profiles. Soccer and gymnastics sport groups were found to have the highest bone density in most body segments, and both sports were among the groups with the lowest fat mass.

Poplar Propolis Ethanolic Extract Reduces Body Weight Gain and Glucose Metabolism Disruption in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

SCOPE: Current evidence supports the beneficial effect of polyphenols on the management of obesity and associated comorbidities. This is the case for propolis, a polyphenol-rich substance produced by bees. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of a poplar propolis ethanolic extract (PPEE) on obesity and glucose homeostasis, and to unveil its putative molecular mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male high-fat (HF) diet-fed mice are administered PPEE for 12 weeks. PPEE supplementation reduces the HF-mediated adiposity index, adipocyte hypertrophy, and body weight gain. It also improves HOMA-IR and fasting glucose levels. Gene expression profiling of adipose tissue (AT) shows an induction of mRNA related to lipid catabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibition of mRNA coding for inflammatory markers. Interestingly, several Nrf2-target genes are induced in AT following administration of PPEE. The ability of PPEE to induce the expression of Nrf2-target genes is studied in adipocytes. PPEE is found to transactivate the Nrf2 response element and the Nrf2 DNA-binding, suggesting that part of the effect of PPEE can be mediated by Nrf2. CONCLUSION: PPEE supplementation may represent an interesting preventive strategy to tackle the onset of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Facultative protein selenation regulates redox sensitivity, adipose tissue thermogenesis, and obesity.

Oxidation of cysteine thiols by physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiates thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissues. Cellular selenocysteines, where sulfur is replaced with selenium, exhibit enhanced reactivity with ROS. Despite their critical roles in physiology, methods for broad and direct detection of proteogenic selenocysteines are limited. Here we developed a mass spectrometric method to interrogate incorporation of selenium into proteins. Unexpectedly, this approach revealed facultative incorporation of selenium as selenocysteine or selenomethionine into proteins that lack canonical encoding for selenocysteine. Selenium was selectively incorporated into regulatory sites on key metabolic proteins, including as selenocysteine-replacing cysteine at position 253 in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This facultative utilization of selenium was initiated by increasing cellular levels of organic, but not inorganic, forms of selenium. Remarkably, dietary selenium supplementation elevated facultative incorporation into UCP1, elevated energy expenditure through thermogenic adipose tissue, and protected against obesity. Together, these findings reveal the existence of facultative protein selenation, which correlates with impacts on thermogenic adipocyte function and presumably other biological processes as well.

Selenium and Selenoproteins in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity.

Selenium (Se) homeostasis is tightly related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, but its possible roles in obesity development and in adipocyte metabolism are unclear. The objective of the present study is to review the current data on Se status in obesity and to discuss the interference between Se and selenoprotein metabolism in adipocyte physiology and obesity pathogenesis. The overview and meta-analysis of the studies on blood Se and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) levels, as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in obese subjects, have yielded heterogenous and even conflicting results. Laboratory studies demonstrate that Se may modulate preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation, and also interfere with insulin signaling, and regulate lipolysis. Knockout models have demonstrated that the selenoprotein machinery, including endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins together with GPXs and thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs), are tightly related to adipocyte development and functioning. In conclusion, Se and selenoproteins appear to play an essential role in adipose tissue physiology, although human data are inconsistent. Taken together, these findings do not support the utility of Se supplementation to prevent or alleviate obesity in humans. Further human and laboratory studies are required to elucidate associations between Se metabolism and obesity.

Angiopoietin-1 protects 3T3-L1 preadipocytes from saturated fatty acid-induced cell death.

Cross talk between endothelial cells and adipocytes is vital to adipocyte functions, but little is known about the mechanisms or factors controlling the process. Angiogenesis is a critical component linking the endothelium to healthy adipogenesis, yet it is not known if or how it is involved in adipocyte physiology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and -2 (Ang-2) as well as their receptor, Tie-2, on adipocyte physiology. 3T3-L1 pre- and mature adipocytes were found to express Ang-1, Ang-2, and Tie-2, which decrease upon polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment. Furthermore, 3T3-L1 cells treated with recombinant Ang-1 or Ang-2 increased expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-x and decreased expression of the proapoptotic gene Casp-8. Next, preadipocytes were treated with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to induce cell stress. SFA-mediated splicing of X-box-binding protein-1 was reduced by co-treatment with Ang-1, and cell viability was improved in the presence of SFAs + Ang-1. Taken together, these results indicate that Ang-1 may protect preadipocytes from SFA-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Relationship Between Modified Body Adiposity Index and A Body Shape Index with Biochemical Parameters in Bariatric Surgery Candidates.

BACKGROUND: Body mass index, an estimate of body fat percentage, has been previously shown to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, there is little data on the associations between a body shape index (ABSI) or modified body adiposity index (MBAI), which provide valuable definitions of body fat, with serum biochemical parameter levels. Therefore, this study was conducted to find either ABSI or MBAI associations with serum biochemical parameter levels in bariatric surgery candidates. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 776 bariatric surgery candidates (age range 18-69 years) between November 2010 and September 2017. Demographic data, anthropometric indices, biochemical parameters, and body composition analysis data were drawn from the National Obesity Surgery Database, Iran. ABSI and MBAI were calculated using related equations. A stepwise multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate whether ABSI or MBAI was associated with each serum biochemical parameter. RESULTS: ABSI, age, and multivitamin/mineral supplementation (MVMS) were independently associated with serum vitamin D (ß = 24.374, SE 10.756, P value 0.026; ß = 0.022, SE 0.007, P value 0.002; ß = 0.639, SE 0.235, P value 0.008). However, a negative association was observed between MBAI and vitamin D (ß = - 0.037, SE 0.016, P value 0.025) in a model adjusted for age and MVMS. Additionally, MBAI and age showed a significant positive association with serum HDL-c (ß = 0.185, SE 0.085, P value 0.028; ß = 0.171, SE 0.033, P value < 0.001), although there was a negative association between male sex and HDL-c (ß = - 4.004, SE 0.891, P value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: ABSI and MBAI may be appropriate indices in predicting serum vitamin D and HDL-c levels.

Leptin and Adiponectin Signaling Pathways Are Involved in the Antiobesity Effects of Peanut Skin Extract.

Excessive food intake and metabolic disorder promote obesity and diabetes. In China, peanut skin is used as a herbal medicine to treat hemophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura, and hepatic hemorrhage. In the present study, we demonstrated that peanut skin extract (PSE) safely reduced appetite, body weight, fat tissue, plasma TG and TC, and blood glucose level in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Moreover, the leptin/leptin receptor/neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adiponectin signaling pathways involved in the antiobesity effects of PSE are confirmed through leptin and adiponectin overexpression and leptin receptor silencing in mice. PSE consisted of oligosaccharide and polyphenol in a mass ratio of 45 : 55, and both parts were important for the antiobesity function of PSE. Our results suggested that PSE can be developed as functional medical food to treat metabolic disorders and obesity.

Phytochemicals as potential candidates to combat obesity via adipose non-shivering thermogenesis.

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by a long-term imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The discovery of three different shades of adipose tissues has implications in terms of understanding the pathogenesis and potential interventions for obesity and its related complications. Fat browning, as well as activation of brown adipocytes and new beige adipocytes differentiated from adipogenic progenitor cells, are emerging as interesting and promising methods to curb obesity because of their unique capacity to upregulate non-shivering thermogenesis. This capacity is due to catabolism of stored energy to generate heat through the best characterized thermogenic effector uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). A variety of phytochemicals have been shown in the literature to contribute to thermogenesis by acting as chemical uncouplers, UCP1 inducers or regulators of fat differentiation and browning. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and strategies for targeting adipose-mediated thermogenesis and highlight the role of phytochemicals in targeting adipose thermogenesis to fight against obesity. We also discuss proposed targets for how these phytochemical molecules promote BAT activity, WAT browning and beige cell development, thereby offering novel insights into interventional strategies of how phytochemicals may help prevent and manage obesity via adipose thermogenesis.

Tissue-dependent effects of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers on glucose and lipid metabolism in adult male mice.

Mixtures of the two major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers trans-10,cis-12-CLA and cis-9,trans-11-CLA are used as over the counter supplements for weight loss. Because of the reported adverse effects of CLA on insulin sensitivity in some mouse studies, we sought to compare the impact of dietary t10c12-CLA and c9t11-CLA on liver, adipose tissue, and systemic metabolism of adult lean mice. We fed 8 week-old C57Bl/6J male mice with low fat diets (10.5% Kcal from fat) containing 0.8% t10c12-CLA or c9t11-CLA for 9 or 38 days. Diets containing c9t11-CLA had minimal impact on the endpoints studied. However, 7 days after starting the t10c12-CLA diet, we observed a dramatic reduction in fat mass measured by NMR spectroscopy, which interestingly rebounded by 38 days. This rebound was apparently due to a massive accumulation of lipids in the liver, because adipose tissue depots were visually undetectable. Hepatic steatosis and the disappearance of adipose tissue after t10c12-CLA feeding was associated with elevated plasma insulin levels and insulin resistance, compared to mice fed a control diet or c9t11-CLA diet. Unexpectedly, despite being insulin resistant, mice fed t10c12-CLA had normal levels of blood glucose, without signs of impaired glucose clearance. Hepatic gene expression and fatty acid composition suggested enhanced hepatic de novo lipogenesis without an increase in expression of gluconeogenic genes. These data indicate that dietary t10c12-CLA may alter hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism indirectly, in response to the loss of adipose tissue in mice fed a low fat diet.

Transcriptome Profiles of Human Visceral Adipocytes in Obesity and Colorectal Cancer Unravel the Effects of Body Mass Index and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Genes and Biological Processes Related to Tumorigenesis.

Obesity, a low-grade inflammatory condition, represents a major risk factor for the development of several pathologies including colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the adipose tissue inflammatory state is now recognized as a key player in obesity-associated morbidities, the underlying biological processes are complex and not yet precisely defined. To this end, we analyzed transcriptome profiles of human visceral adipocytes from lean and obese subjects affected or not by CRC by RNA sequencing (n = 6 subjects/category), and validated selected modulated genes by real-time qPCR. We report that obesity and CRC, conditions characterized by the common denominator of inflammation, promote changes in the transcriptional program of adipocytes mostly involving pathways and biological processes linked to extracellular matrix remodeling, and metabolism of pyruvate, lipids and glucose. Interestingly, although the transcriptome of adipocytes shows several alterations that are common to both disorders, some modifications are unique under obesity (e.g., pathways associated with inflammation) and CRC (e.g., TGFß signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling) and are influenced by the body mass index (e.g., processes related to cell adhesion, angiogenesis, as well as metabolism). Indeed, cancer-induced transcriptional program is deeply affected by obesity, with adipocytes from obese individuals exhibiting a more complex response to the tumor. We also report that in vitro exposure of adipocytes to ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) endowed with either anti- or pro-inflammatory properties, respectively, modulates the expression of genes involved in processes potentially relevant to carcinogenesis, as assessed by real-time qPCR. All together our results suggest that genes involved in pyruvate, glucose and lipid metabolism, fibrosis and inflammation are central in the transcriptional reprogramming of adipocytes occurring in obese and CRC-affected individuals, as well as in their response to PUFA exposure. Moreover, our results indicate that the transcriptional program of adipocytes is strongly influenced by the BMI status in CRC subjects. The dysregulation of these interrelated processes relevant for adipocyte functions may contribute to create more favorable conditions to tumor establishment or favor tumor progression, thus linking obesity and colorectal cancer.

Dietary arachidonic acid decreases the expression of transcripts related to adipocyte development and chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella.

Overdevelopment of adipose tissue in cultured fish is one of the biggest issues plaguing current aquaculture industry, leading to unhealthy status of fishes and production losses. Diet supplemented with 0.30% arachidonic acid (ARA) has been found to reduce adipogenesis and inflammation in grass carp, but the potential mechanism is not comprehensively understood. To fully reveal the effects of dietary ARA on the mRNA profiles of adipose tissue, transcriptome techniques were applied in this study. A 10-weeks feeding experiment was performed using two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets, namely ARA-free (control) and 0.30% ARA (ARA group). Results showed increased ARA content and decreased intraperitoneal fat index and adipocyte size in the adipose tissue of fish fed ARA (P < 0.05). A total of 611 and 973 genes of the adipose tissue were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in fish fed ARA (P < 0.05). Dietary ARA upregulated LOX pathway but downregulated CYP450 pathway annotated genes expression. A total of 65 cell development annotated genes including 30 adipocyte proliferation, 21 adipocyte differentiation, and 14 cell apoptosis annotated genes were down-regulated in the ARA group. In addition, 19 lipid catabolism annotated genes were increased. The mRNA expression levels of 5 chemokines, 10 cytokines, 26 cytokine and chemokine receptors, 15 cell adhesion, 6 oxidative stress, and 6 angiogenesis annotated genes were all down-regulated in fish fed ARA. Finally, dietary ARA also decreased the expression of transcripts annotated with glucose transportation, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that dietary ARA has a fat reducing role, and tends to retard adipocyte development and attenuate chronic inflammation based on these adipose transcript expression results in grass carp.

Synergistic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine and Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells on Improving Regenerative Capacity of Acellular Nerve Allograft in Sciatic Nerve Defect.

The combination of decellularized nerve allograft and adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) represents a good alternative to nerve autograft for bridging peripheral nerve defects by providing physical guidance and biologic cues. However, the regeneration outcome of acellular nerve allograft (ANA) is often inferior to autograft. Therefore, we hypothesized that acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) treatment and implantation of ASC-embedded ANA would work synergistically to promote nerve regeneration. Seventy rats were randomly allocated into seven experimental groups (n = 10), including the healthy control group, sham surgery group, autograft group, ANA group, ANA + ASCs group, ANA + ALCAR group (50 mg/kg for 2 weeks), and ANA + ASCs + ALCAR (50 mg/kg for 2 weeks) group. All grafts were implanted to bridge long-gap (10-mm) sciatic nerve defects. Functional, electrophysiological, and morphologic analysis was conducted during the experimental period. We found that ALCAR potentiated the survival and retention of transplanted ASCs and upregulated the expression of neurotrophic factor mRNAs in transplanted grafts. Sixteen weeks following implantation in the rat, the ANA supplemented by ASCs was capable of supporting reinnervation across a 10-mm sciatic nerve gap, with results close to that of the autografts in terms of functional, electrophysiological, and histologic assessments. Results demonstrated that ALCAR treatment improved regenerative effects of ANA combined with ASCs on reconstruction of a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect in rat comparable to those of autograft.

Application of Cell Therapy for Anti-Aging Facial Skin.

The human skin undergoes the complex process of aging which is prompted by the interplay of intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic influences. Aging is unavoidable but can be somewhat delayed. Numerous approaches have been developed to slow down facial skin aging process as it is of interest to stake holders in the beauty and fashion world as well as to plastic surgeons. Adipose-derived stem cell [ADSC] and mesenchymal stem cell [MSC] as potential anti-aging agents to some extent have provided a promising and effective alternative in managing skin and facial skin aging. Furthermore, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [BMMSC] have exhibited similar ability to rejuvenate aged skin. This review is aimed at giving a comprehensive account of the application of stem cells especially ADSCs and MSCs to reduce or slow down the rate of facial skin aging process.