Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer.

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in particular, the use of healthy lifestyles, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure; and vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing to its development, progression, and severity. This review evaluates the relationship between potentially modifiable risk factors and overall cancer development, specifically breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, and highlights updated recommendations on cancer prevention. The results of numerous clinical and epidemiological studies clearly show the influence of lifestyles on the development and prevention of cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly of saturated fats and processed products, resulting in increased body weight, combined with physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, has induced an increase in the incidence of all three types of cancer under study. Given the importance of adopting correct and healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer, global institutions should develop strategies and environments that encourage individuals to adopt healthy and regular behaviors.

Combined effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of liver cancer according to metabolic syndrome: A nested case-control study in South Korea.

Tobacco and alcohol may interact to increase the risk of liver cancer, which might be modified by other risk factors. Their combined effects in the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unclear. Given the increasing prevalence of MetS, this nested case-control study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on liver cancer risk with stratification by MetS. We included 15,352 liver cancer patients and 92,112 matched controls who attended the nationwide general health examination during 2009-2019, using a customized database (N = 5,545,835) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Liver cancer risk according to smoking and alcohol consumption was estimated using conditional multivariable logistic regression. Additive and multiplicative interactions between these two factors were assessed. Results showed that in men, dual current users were at a significantly higher risk of liver cancer compared with dual nonusers, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: (1.50, 1.72). Interactions were detected between light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (0.1-28 g/day) and heavy smoking (>20 pack-years) on additive scale, relative excess risk due to interaction = 0.34 (0.16, 0.51), attributable proportion = 0.22 (0.11, 0.33), synergy index = 2.75 (1.85, 3.66), and multiplicative scale, aOR for the product term = 1.28 (1.11, 1.49). An additive interaction was also revealed between light-to-moderate drinking and light-to-moderate smoking in the MetS subgroup. In women, light-to-moderate drinking/nonsmoking was negatively associated with the risk in the non-MetS subgroup. In conclusion, a holistic health promotion program should target male dual users of tobacco cigarettes and alcohol, including light-to-moderate users, especially those with MetS.

Contribution of Nutritional, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors to Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Modifiable risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly known. OBJECTIVES: The aim is to evaluate independent associations of different nutritional components, physical activity, and sedentary behavior and metabolic factors with the risk of PD. METHODS: In this population-based prospective cohort study using the data of the United Kingdom Biobank (from 2006-2010), 502,017 men and women who were free from PD (International Classification of Diseases 10th edition; "G20") at baseline were included. We implemented a Cox proportion hazard's model to evaluate the associations of different levels of physical activity, sitting time, sleep habits, diet quality, alcohol and coffee consumption, smoking, and body mass index with PD risk, adjusting for several confounding variables. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.8 years, lifestyle factors including vigorous physical activity (hazard ration [HR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.94), low-to-moderate sitting time (HR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97), and high sleep quality (HR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.99) were associated with a reduced risk of PD. Small amounts of coffee (HR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.95), red meat (HR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.97), and current smoking (HR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56-0.75) were also associated with a lower risk of PD, whereas alcohol intake (HR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06-1.56) with higher PD risk. Secondary analysis, including metabolic risk factors, confirmed these findings and highlighted the potential protective effect of plasma vitamin D and uric acid, but of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein as well. CONCLUSIONS: Vigorous physical activity, reduced sitting time, good sleep quality together with small coffee intake and vitamin D supplementation are potentially neuroprotective lifestyle interventions for the prevention of PD. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Participation in Australian drug treatment programs for individuals engaging in high-risk substance use: Data from a nationally representative sample.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use, including drugs, alcohol and smoking have a significant health, social and economic impact. We aim to assess the rate and factors associated with treatment access among individuals with high-risk substance use. METHOD: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the 2019 Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey (N = 22,015). Participants were persons with high-risk substance use based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test-Lite (ASSIST-Lite) and current smokers. We measured self-reports of past 12-month engagement in a tobacco, alcohol or other drugs treatment program. RESULTS: Overall, 0.4% had high-risk drug use (0.3% cannabis, 0.1% meth/amphetamine or 0.1% opioids), 7.4% had high-risk alcohol use, and 14.0% currently smoked. Among high-risk users, past 12-month treatment access rates were 50.6% [22.3-78.9%] for opioids, 27.1% [8.1-46.1%] for meth/amphetamine, 14.5% [4.3-24.7%] for cannabis, 9.6% [8.1-11.0%] for alcohol and 11.7% [10.6-12.9%] for current smoking. The primary source of treatment support was information and education (12.7% drugs, 4.6% alcohol, 4.0% smoking), followed by counselling (6.7% drugs, 4.5% alcohol, 3.0% smoking). Online or internet support was accessed by 5.9% (drug) and 1.6% (alcohol) people with high-risk use. Psychological distress was associated with treatment access (drugs: odds ratio 3.03 [0.77-11.95], p = 0.111; alcohol: odds ratio 3.16 [2.20-4.56], p ≤ 0.001; smoking: odds ratio 1.95 [1.52-2.49], p ≤ 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of people engaging in risky substance use who had used treatment programs remains low, especially for alcohol. Public health strategies to scale up treatment access are warranted.

Do in-person and computer-based brief alcohol interventions reduce tobacco smoking among general hospital patients? Secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: At-risk alcohol use and tobacco smoking often co-occur. We investigated whether brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) among general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use may also reduce tobacco smoking over 2 years. We also investigated whether such effects vary by delivery mode; i.e. in-person versus computer-based BAI. METHODS: A proactively recruited sample of 961 general hospital patients with at-risk alcohol use aged 18 to 64 years was allocated to three BAI study groups: in-person BAI, computer-based BAI, and assessment only. In-person- and computer-based BAI included motivation-enhancing intervention contacts to reduce alcohol use at baseline and 1 and 3 months later. Follow-ups were conducted after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. A two-part latent growth model, with self-reported smoking status (current smoking: yes/no) and number of cigarettes in smoking participants as outcomes, was estimated. RESULTS: Smoking participants in computer-based BAI smoked fewer cigarettes per day than those assigned to assessment only at month 6 (meannet change = - 0.02; 95% confidence interval = - 0.08-0.00). After 2 years, neither in-person- nor computer-based BAI significantly changed smoking status or number of cigarettes per day in comparison to assessment only or to each other (ps ≥ 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: While computer-based BAI also resulted in short-term reductions of number of cigarettes in smoking participants, none of the two BAIs were sufficient to evoke spill-over effects on tobacco smoking over 2 years. For long-term smoking cessation effects, multibehavioural interventions simultaneously targeting tobacco smoking along with at-risk alcohol use may be more effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01291693.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic response to psychological stress in abstinent alcohol use disorder individuals with and without depressive symptomatology.

BACKGROUND: Stress and depression have each been associated with relapse risk. In clinical practice, chronic alcohol use is often accompanied by poor emotional and self-regulatory processes. Tonic and phasic changes in stress responsivity impact an individual's relapse risk to alcohol. A further complicating factor is the pervasive coexistence of depressive symptoms in those with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), where the contribution of depressive symptomatology to these processes is not well understood. Individuals with AUD (AD) (21 with and 12 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) and 37 social drinking controls (16 with and 21 without sub-clinical depressive symptoms) as part of a more extensive study (Fox et al., 2019). All participants were exposed to two 5-min personalized guided imagery conditions (stress and neutral) in a randomized and counterbalanced order across consecutive days. Alcohol craving, negative mood, Stroop performance, and plasma measures (cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and salivary alpha-amylase) were collected before and after imagery exposure. RESULTS: Elevations in autonomic response (heart rate) to imagery (stress and neutral) were observed as a function of drinking (in both depressed and non-depressed individuals with alcohol use disorder compared with depressed and non-depressed social drinkers). Conversely, suppressed cortisol following stress was observed as a function of depressive symptomatology across both drinking groups. Individuals with comorbid AD and depressive symptoms demonstrated attenuated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and poor Stroop performance compared with the other groups, indicating an interactive effect between drinking and depression on pituitary and inhibitory systems. CONCLUSION: Sub-clinical depressive pathophysiology may be distinct from drinking severity and may alter relapse-related stress adaptations during protracted abstinence from alcohol.

Oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) as a part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS included in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) was begun in 2015 in the Rafsanjan. A full-mouth examination was done by trained dental specialists. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Information about cigarette, tobacco, and opium smoking and alcohol consumption were collected based on data from self-reported questionaries. Univariate and multivariate dichotomous logistics regression were used to assess the association between oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption. RESULTS: Among 8682 participants with mean age of 49.94 years, the prevalence of oral candidiasis was 7.94%. There was a direct association between cigarette smoking in current and former cigarette smokers with an increased odds of oral candidiasis (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.46-4.33 and OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.18-2.25 respectively) in fully adjusted models. There was a dose-response relationship between the odds of oral candidiasis and dose (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.38-4.60), duration (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 2.04-3.95) and number (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.02-4.50) of cigarette smoking in the 4th quartile compared to reference group. CONCLUSIONS: A dose-response relationship was shown between cigarette smoking and increased odds of oral candidiasis.

Alcohol intake masked the protective effects of tea consumption against all-cause mortality and blood pressure progression: Findings from CHNS cohort, 1993-2011.

OBJECTIVES: Whether the protective effects of tea consumption interact with the status of alcohol consumption remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between tea consumption and mortality and blood pressure changes between alcohol consumers and non-consumers in a Chinese population. METHODS: This study was conducted with a cohort of 6387 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey data between 1993 and 2011. Group-based trajectory modeling was conducted to identify distinct tea consumption trajectories. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to estimate the cumulative rate of all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic spline was performed to determine the nonlinear relationships between mean tea consumption and mortality. Generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) were conducted to assess the blood pressure changes among tea consumption trajectories. RESULTS: We identified three tea consumption trajectories. After a median follow-up of 17.9 y, 580 (9.1%) participants died. The association between tea consumption and death interacted with alcohol drinking status. A lower morality risk for the high tea consumption trajectory was observed only in non-alcohol drinkers (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.77). The tea-mortality association was linear in current alcohol drinkers (Plinear = 0.002), demonstrating that mortality increased with increasing tea consumption. The results of GLMM showed that alcohol intake masked the protective effect against blood pressure progression. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that individuals with a long-term high tea consumption trajectory had a lower risk for all-cause mortality and a slower blood pressure growth rate. The beneficial effects of tea consumption were attenuated by alcohol intake or even harmful to health.

Association of smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption with the risk of ovarian cancer and prognosis: a mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, the association between smoking, alcohol, and coffee intake and the risk of ovarian cancer (OC) remains conflicting. In this study, we used a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) method to evaluate the association of smoking, drinking and coffee consumption with the risk of OC and prognosis. METHODS: Five risk factors related to lifestyles (cigarettes per day, smoking initiation, smoking cessation, alcohol consumption and coffee consumption) were chosen from the Genome-Wide Association Study, and 28, 105, 10, 36 and 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained as instrumental variables (IVs). Outcome variables were achieved from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Inverse-variance-weighted method was mainly used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl). RESULTS: The two-sample MR analysis supported the causal association of genetically predicted smoking initiation (OR: 1.15 per SD, 95%CI: 1.02-1.29, P = 0.027) and coffee consumption (OR: 1.40 per 50% increase, 95%CI: 1.02-1.93, P = 0.040) with the risk of OC, but not cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption. Subgroup analysis based on histological subtypes revealed a positive genetical predictive association between coffee consumption and endometrioid OC (OR: 3.01, 95%CI: 1.50-6.04, P = 0.002). Several smoking initiation-related SNPs (rs7585579, rs7929518, rs2378662, rs10001365, rs11078713, rs7929518, and rs62098013), and coffee consumption-related SNPs (rs4410790, and rs1057868) were all associated with overall survival and cancer-specific survival in OC. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide the evidence for a favorable causal association of genetically predicted smoking initiation and coffee consumption with OC risk, and coffee consumption is linked to a greater risk of endometrioid OC.

The Impact of religiosity/spirituality on slowing the progression of substance use: Based on the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III).

BACKGROUND: Religiosity has been suggested to be protective against substance use disorder (SUD) initiation but its impact of the progression of development is not known. AIMS: This study investigated the impact of religiosity/spirituality on the development of heavy use and SUD following substance use initiation (alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco) utilizing data from the 2012 to 2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. METHOD: Individuals with a known age at onset of substance initiation were included (n = 30,590, n = 11,126, and n = 14,083; for alcohol, cannabis, or tobacco users, respectively). Religiosity was measured by importance of religious/spiritual beliefs and frequency of religious service attendance. The percentage of individuals who progressed to an SUD after substance initiation in each substance was estimated. Discrete-time analysis and survival analysis were used to measure the impact of religiosity on the progression from substance initiation to heavy use and from heavy use to SUD. RESULTS: After controlling for various variables, religious services attendance frequency was statistically associated with a slower progression from substance initiation to heavy use for all three substances: tobacco by 8% to 15%, cannabis by 5% to 26%, and alcohol 9% (p ⩽ .01). Religious importance was associated with slower progression to heavy use in cannabis users by 16% to 21% (p ⩽ .02). Religiosity (believes and attendance) was associated with slowed progression from heavy use to SUD development in alcohol users only. CONCLUSIONS: The findings illustrate strongest association between attending religious services and lower probabilities of progressing to heavy/daily use after substance use initiation for alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis users. This indicates the potential use of religious services as social support for individuals with risky substance use.

Trait- and State-Fear of Missing Out: Influences on Alcohol Craving and Drinking Likelihood.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research implicates Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) as a risk factor for collegiate alcohol use. However, little research has explored the causal mechanisms of this association, which may depend on examining FoMO at both trait and state levels. We therefore examined how predispositions toward experiencing FoMO (i.e., trait-FoMO) interacted with state-level cues indicating that one was "missing out" (i.e., state-FoMO) and cues indicating the presence or absence of alcohol. METHOD: College students (n = 544) participating in an online experiment completed a measure of trait-FoMO and were then randomly assigned to one of four guided-imagery script conditions (FoMO/Alcohol cue, FoMO/No Alcohol cue, No FoMO/Alcohol cue, No FoMO/No Alcohol cue). Participants then completed measures of alcohol craving and drinking likelihood for the given scenario. RESULTS: Two hierarchical regressions (one per dependent variable) revealed significant two-way interactions. Greater trait-FoMO demonstrated the strongest, positive associations with alcohol craving following scenarios with FoMO cues present. Reported drinking likelihood was strongest when state-level cues for FoMO and alcohol were both present, moderate when either cue was independently present, and lowest when both cues were absent. CONCLUSIONS: FoMO's impact on alcohol craving and drinking likelihood varied across trait/state levels. Although trait-FoMO was associated with alcohol craving, state-level cues indicating "missing out" affected both alcohol-related variables and interacted with alcohol cues in imagery scenarios to predict drinking likelihood. Although additional research is needed, targeting psychological variables related to meaningful social connection may reduce collegiate alcohol use with respect to FoMO.

Social determination of alcohol consumption among Indigenous peoples in Colombia: a qualitative meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption is a social phenomenon that involves society, groups, and individuals from different cultures around the world. Among some Indigenous groups located in Colombia, South America, alcohol consumption has been present in their lives, where contradictory processes occur and generate public health attention. We aimed to analyze qualitative research findings on alcohol consumption among Indigenous peoples in Colombia. METHODS: This article used the qualitative meta-synthesis methodology, which included: (a) comprehensive search strategy, (b) appraisal of qualitative research reports, (c) findings classification, and (d) synthesis. Databases were searched for papers published from 2004 to 2019 in SCOPUS, LILACS, PROQUEST, and JSTOR, among other sources of information. A total of 2,159 papers were reviewed and finally, 13 studies were included in this meta-synthesis. The synthesis of findings included a constant comparative analysis and also aimed for the articulation of its findings to alternative perspectives in a predefined matrix. RESULTS: Nine Indigenous ethnic groups of Colombia were represented in the 13 articles analyzed. From the analysis emerged the symbolic approach "Alcohol: a chameleon that unpredictable society colors" as the meta-theme of this research. This reflects four social processes that influence interaction with alcohol: Dynamic Systems Mergers (Indigenous system, influence of non-Indigenous system); Diverse Authority Spheres (parenting, Indigenous authority, school, university, religious and spiritual, traditional medicine); Between Transculturation and Interculturality (cultural crises effects and dynamism); and the Paradoxes of the Normalization of Alcohol (reasons, functions, and types of alcohol consumption). Likewise, these results support the social determination of health and sociocultural epidemiology perspectives, as being an adequate way of explaining a complex phenomenon. CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption among Indigenous peoples in Colombia is a social construction. Alcohol acts as an instrument, which is present in the changing relationships and tensions of social processes. This is reflected in harmonies, or disharmonies, in the life of Indigenous Colombians, which take place in a historical, sociocultural, economic, and political context. The results provide a reference point to guide practice and research but also reiterate the need to include the social determination of health perspective in public policies, as a path to the understanding of alcohol consumption.

The Relationship Between Caffeine Intake and Dry Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between caffeine intake and dry eye disease (DED) in the large, population-based LifeLines cohort in the Netherlands. METHODS: DED was cross-sectionally assessed in 85,302 participants (59% female participants) using the Women's Health Study dry eye questionnaire. Dietary caffeine was calculated from the intake of coffee, tea, cola, and energy drinks. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between DED and caffeine, correcting for demographic variables, smoking status, alcohol intake, and 48 comorbidities of DED. RESULTS: The mean (SD; range) age of participants was 50.7 years (12.4; 18-96), and 50,339 (59%) were female. The mean (SD) caffeine intake was 285 (182) mg/d. After correcting for demographics, body mass index, smoking status, and alcohol intake, higher caffeine intake was associated with a decreased risk of Women's Health Study-defined DED [odds ratio (OR) 0.971 per 100 mg/d, 95% CI, 0.956-0.986, P < 0.0005]. When additionally adjusting for medical comorbidities, no significant effect was observed (OR 0.985, 95% CI, 0.969-1.001, P = 0.06). Caffeine's effect on DED was similar in male and female participants and independent of sleep quality and stress at work. Decaffeinated coffee intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of DED, when adjusted for caffeinated coffee, demographics, alcohol intake, smoking status, and comorbidities (OR 1.046 per cup/d, 95% CI, 1.010-1.084, P = 0.01). None of the beverages were significantly associated with the risk of DED, when correcting for intake of the other caffeinated beverages, demographics, smoking status, alcohol intake, and all comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary caffeine intake does not seem to be a risk factor for DED in the general population.

Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome: Clinical and epidemiological impact on liver disease.

Alcohol use and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent in the population and frequently co-exist. Both are implicated in a large range of health problems, including chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related outcomes (i.e. decompensation or liver transplantation). Studies have yielded mixed results regarding the effects of mild-moderate alcohol consumption on the risk of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease, possibly due to methodological differences. The few available prospective studies have indicated that mild-moderate alcohol use is associated with an increase in liver-related outcomes. This conclusion was substantiated by systems biology analyses suggesting that alcohol and metabolic syndrome may play a similar role in fatty liver disease, potentiating an already existing dysregulation of common vital homeostatic pathways. Alcohol and metabolic factors are independently and jointly associated with liver-related outcomes. Indeed, metabolic syndrome increases the risk of liver-related outcomes, regardless of alcohol intake. Moreover, the components of metabolic syndrome appear to have additive effects when it comes to the risk of liver-related outcomes. A number of population studies have implied that measures of central/abdominal obesity, such as the waist-to-hip ratio, can predict liver-related outcomes more accurately than BMI, including in individuals who consume harmful quantities of alcohol. Many studies even point to synergistic interactions between harmful alcohol use and many metabolic components. This accumulating evidence showing independent, combined, and modifying effects of alcohol and metabolic factors on the onset and progression of chronic liver disease highlights the multifactorial background of liver disease in the population. The available evidence suggests that more holistic approaches could be useful for risk prediction, diagnostics and treatment planning.

[Pancreatic cancer risk: alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages].

This article provides an overview of the metaanalyzes (PubMed, 19952019) of alcohol and non-alcoholic (coffee, tea, dairy products) beverage consumption in relation to risk of pancreatic cancer PC (PubMed, 19952019). Increased the PC risk was associated with high alcohol intake. The increased risk for heavy drinking did not explained by residual confounding by history of pancreatitis or tobacco smoking or diabetes. Light-moderate alcohol intake may reduced the PC risk, probably due to the fasting insulin levels decrement, which leads to the diminished the РС risk. The association between alcohol and the PC was stronger in men than in women. Some metaanalyzes demonstrated that a small amount of coffee may reduce PC risk, and a large amount to increase PC risk. Another meta-analyzes have not confirmed any association between the PC risk and coffee or tea consumption. One meta-analysis revealed a direct association of the PC risk with the dairy products consumption, but most research showed no such connection. Nutrition is considered to be associated with the PC risk, but the degree of risk due to structure of beverages consumption (dose, duration, alcohol, coffee, tea, dairy products pattern) is still not clear.

Alcohol, coffee consumption, and smoking in relation to migraine: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.

ABSTRACT: We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to assess whether alcohol and coffee consumption and smoking are causally associated with risk of developing migraine. Independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the potential risk factors at P < 5 × 10-8 in large-scale genome-wide association studies were selected as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for the associations of the selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms with migraine were obtained from the FinnGen consortium comprising 6687 cases and 144,780 noncases and the UK Biobank study comprising 1072 cases and 360,122 noncases. Estimates derived from the FinnGen and UK Biobank cohorts were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. We found evidence for associations of genetically predicted alcohol consumption (odds ratio [OR] 0.54 per SD increase in log-transformed alcoholic drinks per week, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.82; P = 0.004), coffee consumption (OR 0.56 per 50% increase in coffee consumption, 95% CI, 0.45-0.70; P < 0.001), and smoking initiation (OR 1.15 for one SD increase in the prevalence of smoking initiation, 95% CI, 1.01-1.31; P = 0.038). These associations persisted in sensitivity analyses, including mutual adjustment in multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses. In reverse Mendelian randomization analyses, genetic liability to migraine was inversely associated with alcohol consumption but was not associated with coffee consumption or smoking initiation. This study provides genetic evidence in support of a protective role of moderate coffee consumption and a detrimental role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of migraine. The inverse association between alcohol consumption and migraine risk may be attributable to reverse causality.

Metabolic and lifestyle factors in relation to senile cataract: a Mendelian randomization study.

We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to determine the associations of body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), systolic blood pressure (SBP), coffee and alcohol consumption and smoking initiation with senile cataract. Independent single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the metabolic and lifestyle factors at the p < 5 × 10-8 were selected as instrument variables. Summary-level data for senile cataract were obtained from the FinnGen consortium (20,157 cases and 154,905 non-cases) and UK Biobank study (6332 cases and 354,862 non-cases). Higher genetically predicted BMI and SBP and genetic predisposition to T2D and smoking initiation were associated with an increased risk of senile cataract. The combined odds ratios were 1.19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.29; p < 0.001) per one standard deviation increase in BMI (~ 4.8 kg/m2), 1.13 (95% CI 1.04-1.23; p = 0.004) per 10 mmHg increase in SBP, 1.06 (95% CI 1.03-1.09; p < 0.001) per one unit increase in log-transformed odds ratio of T2D, and 1.19 (95% CI 1.10-1.29; p < 0.001) per one standard deviation increase in prevalence of smoking initiation. Genetically predicted coffee consumption showed a suggestive association with senile cataract (odds ratio per 50% increase, 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.40; p = 0.050). This study suggests causal roles of obesity, T2D, SBP and smoking in senile cataract.