ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Accumulating evidence has suggested that selenium (Se) is of importance for optimal function of the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to investigate the associations of selenium and selenoprotein P (SePP) with asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and lipid profile in women with PCOS. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 125 females aged 18-45 years diagnosed with PCOS were recruited. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to gather the relevant demographic characteristics, detailed clinical information, and lifestyle habits of participants. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure biochemical parameters. Serum concentrations of total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), ADMA, and lipid profiles as well as anthropometric measurements were assessed across tertiles of serum Se and SePP concentrations. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between serum Se and SePP concentrations (r = 0.434, p < 0.001). Serum Se level was inversely correlated with ADMA (r = -0.21, p = 0.025) and TG (r = -0.17, p = 0.041) concentrations. There were also inverse correlations between SePP and ADMA (r = -0.34, p < 0.001), TG (r = -0.21, p = 0.019), and oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) (r = -0.25, p = 0.007) levels. No significant relationship was found between serum Se and SePP concentrations with total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1), apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B100), total testosterone, SHBG, and free androgen index as well as anthropometric parameters (All p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study found that Se and SePP levels were inversely correlated with ADMA and TG concentrations as well as ox-LDL levels.
Subject(s)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Selenium , Selenoprotein P , Female , Humans , Apolipoproteins/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Lipids/blood , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/diagnosis , Selenium/blood , Selenoprotein P/blood , Testosterone/blood , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower circulating levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) may reduce cholesterol levels. Clinical studies on effects of these dietary or supplemental PUFAs on other blood fat fractions are few and have shown conflicting results. This study aimed to determine effects of high-dose supplemental n-3 (EPA + DHA) and n-6 (LA) PUFAs from high-quality oils on circulating lipoprotein subfractions and standard lipids (primary outcomes), as well as apolipoproteins, fatty acids, and glycemic control (secondary outcomes), in females and males with abdominal obesity. METHODS: This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-wk intervention periods separated by a 9-wk washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (TAG fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we investigated lipoprotein particle subclasses by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed by linear mixed-effects modeling with 'subjects' as the random factor. RESULTS: The difference between interventions in relative change scores was among the lipoprotein subfractions significant for total very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (n-3 vs. n-6: -38%∗ vs. +16%, p < 0.001; ∗: significant within-treatment change score), large VLDLs (-58%∗ vs. -0.91%, p < 0.001), small VLDLs (-57%∗ vs. +41%∗, p < 0.001), total low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (+5.8%∗ vs. -4.3%∗, p = 0.002), large LDLs (+23%∗ vs. -2.1%, p = 0.004), total high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (-6.0%∗ vs. +3.7%, p < 0.001), large HDLs (+11%∗ vs. -5.3%, p = 0.001), medium HDLs (-24%∗ vs. +6.2%, p = 0.030), and small HDLs (-9.9%∗ vs. +9.6%∗, p = 0.002), and among standard lipids for TAGs (-16%∗ vs. -2.6%, p = 0.014), non-esterified fatty acids (-19%∗ vs. +5.5%, p = 0.033), and total cholesterol (-0.28% vs. -4.4%∗, p = 0.042). A differential response in relative change scores was also found for apolipoprotein (apo)B (+0.40% vs. -6.0%∗, p = 0.008), apoA-II (-6.0%∗ vs. +1.5%, p = 0.001), apoC-II (-11%∗ vs. -1.7%, p = 0.025), and apoE (+3.3% vs. -3.8%, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose supplementation of high-quality oils with n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFAs was followed by reductions in primarily TAG- or cholesterol-related markers, respectively. The responses after both interventions point to changes in the lipoprotein-lipid-apolipoprotein profile that have been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, also among people with TAG or LDL-C levels within the normal range. REGISTRATION: Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02647333. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02647333.
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins/blood , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage , Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins/classification , Biomarkers/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Dietary Supplements , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity, AbdominalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and accounts for 40% of all deaths among pediatric patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD 5). Dyslipidemia is common in children with CKD and is considered one of the major causes of CVD in these patients. As carnitine plays a key role in lipid metabolism and because plasma levels are reduced in hemodialysis patients, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on serum lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, and free carnitine (FC) levels. METHODS: A total of 30 children on hemodialysis (6-18 years) were enrolled and 24 completed the study. Twelve patients received 50 mg/kg/day L-carnitine, while the other 12 patients received placebo for 10 weeks. Serum FC, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) were determined at the baseline and after the intervention. One-way repeated measures analysis was used to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine supplementation. RESULTS: Oral L-carnitine supplementation led to decreased ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, but these changes were not significant compared to placebo. Meanwhile, L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum LDL-C and TC and increased serum FC compared to placebo. No significant changes were observed in serum TG and HDL-C levels. CONCLUSION: Given the significant reduction in LDL-C and TC levels, L-carnitine supplementation had positive effects on improving hyperlipidemia in children receiving hemodialysis. For more decisive results, studies with longer duration of L-carnitine therapy on children receiving hemodialysis with significant dyslipidemia are recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: We registered the present trial in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (available at: http://www.irct.ir , identifier: IRCT20170202032367N2).
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins , Carnitine , Dietary Supplements , Lipids , Renal Dialysis , Adolescent , Apolipoproteins/blood , Apolipoproteins/drug effects , Carnitine/pharmacology , Child , Humans , Iran , Lipids/blood , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Individual vegetable oils have a characteristic fatty acids (FA) composition and unique phytonutrient profiles, enabling formulation of oil blends that may have health-promoting effects. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate effects of 2 oil blends made with refined rice bran, flaxseed, and sesame oils, with distinct monounsaturated to saturated FA, polyunsaturated to saturated FA, and omega-3 (n-3) to omega-6 FA ratios and different phytonutrient concentrations on blood lipid profile, compared with refined olive oil as a control. The secondary outcomes were other markers of cardiometabolic health. METHODS: A parallel-design, randomized controlled trial compared consumption of 30 g of allocated intervention oil per day for a period of 8 wk. The study recruited 143 borderline hypercholesterolemic (LDL cholesterol: 3.06-4.51 mmol/L) Chinese volunteers between 50 and 70 y old and with a BMI (kg/m2) ≤27.5. All outcomes were measured every 2 wk, and the time × treatment interactions and the main effects of treatment and time were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: Compared with baseline (week 0), there were significant reductions during the post-intervention time points in serum total cholesterol (-3.47%; P < 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (-4.16%; P < 0.0001), triglycerides (-10.3%; P < 0.0001), apoB (-3.93%; P < 0.0001), total to HDL-cholesterol (-3.44%; P < 0.0001) and apoB to apoA1 (-3.99%; P < 0.0001) ratios, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (-3.32% and -3.16%, respectively; both P < 0.0001), and serum glucose (-1.51%; P < 0.05) and a small but significant increase in body weight (+0.7%; P < 0.001) for all 3 intervention oils but no effects of intervention on HDL-cholesterol or apoA1 concentration. No significant effects of treatment or time × treatment interactions were found. CONCLUSIONS: Using blended vegetable oils that are extensively consumed in Asia, this study found that specific oil blends can improve blood lipid profile and other cardiometabolic parameters, to a similar extent as refined olive oil, in Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03964857.
Subject(s)
Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy , Linseed Oil/pharmacology , Lipids/blood , Olive Oil/pharmacology , Rice Bran Oil/pharmacology , Sesame Oil/pharmacology , Adiposity , Apolipoproteins/blood , Blood Glucose , Blood Pressure , Body Weight , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Phytosterol and phytostanol (PS) supplementation is reported to improve atherogenic and anti-atherogenic apolipoproteins (Apo). The purpose of the present study is to critically investigate the effectiveness of PS supplementation on Apo in adults.A comprehensive search was conducted of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted up to September 2018 in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method).Fifty-one arms from 37 RCTs were included in the present meta-analysis. Findings showed that PS supplementation and fortification increased Apo-AI (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 0.014 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.028, p = 0.042) and Apo-CII (WMD: 0.303 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.084, 0.523, p = 0.007) and lowered Apo-B (WMD: -0.063 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.075, -0.051, p < 0.001), Apo-B/Apo-A-I ratio (WMD: -0.044 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.062, -0.025, p < 0.001), and Apo-E (WMD: -0.255 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.474, -0.036, p = 0.023). However, PS supplementation did not have significant effects on Apo-AII and Apo-CIII. PS supplementation or fortification significantly changes Apo-E (r = -0.137, p nonlinearity = 0.006) and Apo-CIII (r = 1.26, p nonlinearity = 0.028) based on PS dosage (mg/d) and Apo-CIII (r = 3.34, p nonlinearity = 0.013) and Apo-CII (r = 1.09, p nonlinearity = 0.017) based on trial duration (weeks) in a nonlinear fashion.Based on our findings, supplements or fortified foods containing PS might have a considerable favorite effect in achieving Apo profile target; however, due to high heterogeneity among included studies, results must be interpreted with caution.KEY TEACHING POINTSCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) recognized as main public health concern worldwide with considerable mortality of all global deaths.Apo-lipoproteins are amphipathic molecules involved in the lipoprotein metabolism which introduced as biomarkers in the evaluation of CVD risk.Phytosterols bioactive components of plants have important biological functions in cholesterol metabolism in humans.Here we showed that phytosterols and phytostanols improve apo-lipoproteins profile of humans; finding from meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytosterols supplementation lowered atherogenic apo-lipoproteins (Apo-B and Apo-E) and increased anti-atherogenic apo-lipoproteins (Apo-AI, Apo-CII).
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins/drug effects , Atherosclerosis/blood , Dietary Supplements , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Phytosterols/administration & dosage , Animals , Apolipoproteins/blood , Atherosclerosis/therapy , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The impact of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipid concentrations still remains a concern. The effects of egg intake in comparison to choline bitartrate supplement was studied in a young, healthy population. Thirty participants were enrolled for a 13-week intervention. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomized to consume either 3 eggs/day or a choline bitartrate supplement (~400 mg choline for both treatments) for 4-weeks each. After a 3-week washout period, they were allocated to the alternate treatment. Dietary records, plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apo) concentrations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of regulatory genes for cholesterol homeostasis were assessed at the end of each intervention. Dietary intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fat were higher with the consumption of eggs compared to the choline period. In addition, higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (7.5%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (5%) and LDL-C (8.1%) were observed with egg consumption (p < 0.01), while no change was seen in LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, a key marker of heart disease risk. Compared to choline supplementation, intake of eggs resulted in higher concentrations of plasma apoA-I (8%) and apoE (17%) with no changes in apoB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase expression were lower with egg consumption by 18% and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05), suggesting a compensation to the increased dietary cholesterol load. Therefore, dietary cholesterol from eggs appears to regulate endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in such a way that the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is maintained.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Choline/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Eggs , Adolescent , Adult , Apolipoproteins/blood , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Cholesterol/biosynthesis , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage , Creatinine/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Diet , Diet Records , Female , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/genetics , Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism , Male , Sample Size , Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/genetics , Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/metabolism , Triglycerides/blood , Waist Circumference , Young AdultABSTRACT
The açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Martius), which is native to the Brazilian Amazon region, was shown to have high polyphenols and MUFA contents. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of açai consumption on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, the transfer of lipids to HDL (which is a relevant HDL function), and some biomarkers of redox metabolism. Forty healthy volunteer women aged 24 ± 3 years consumed 200 g of açai pulp/day for 4 weeks; their clinical variables and blood sample were obtained before and after this period. Açai pulp consumption did not alter anthropometric parameters, systemic arterial pressure, glucose, insulin and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein (apo) B, but it did increase the concentration of apo A-I. Açai consumption decreased the ROS, ox-LDL and malondialdehyde while increasing the activity of antioxidative paraoxonase 1. Overall, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased. Regarding the transfer of plasma lipids to HDL, açai consumption increased the transfer of cholesteryl esters (p = 0.0043) to HDL. Unesterified cholesterol, phospholipids and triglyceride transfers were unaffected. The increase in apo A-I and the cholesteryl ester transfer to HDL after the açai intake period suggests that an improvement in the metabolism of this lipoprotein occurred, and it is well known that HDL is protective against atherosclerosis. Another important finding was the general improvement of the anti-oxidant defences elicited by açai consumption. Our data indicate that açai has favourable actions on plasma HDL metabolism and anti-oxidant defence; therefore açai could have a beneficial overall role against atherosclerosis, and it is a consistently good candidate to consider as a functional food.
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins/blood , Cholesterol Esters/blood , Euterpe/metabolism , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Adult , Apolipoproteins/drug effects , Biomarkers/blood , Diet/methods , Female , Fruit/metabolism , Humans , Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins, HDL/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction/drug effects , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Prospective Studies , Reference Values , Young AdultABSTRACT
An open-label, randomized, exploratory study of 44 healthy overweight subjects with cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) risk factors was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a proprietary lifestyle modification program without (DIET) and with (PROG) targeted nutraceutical supplementation, including phytosterols, antioxidants, probiotics, fish oil, berberine, and soy, pea, and whey proteins over 13 weeks. Key metrics were recorded at baseline and weeks 9 and 13. For the DIET and PROG groups, compliance was 85% and 86%, respectively, with no adverse events related to the diet or supplements. Twelve subjects discontinued participation before week 9 for reasons unrelated to the study. PROG subjects experienced greater decreases (p < 0.05) than DIET in body mass, fat mass, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, TG, cholesterol / HDL ratio, TG/HDL ratio, apolipoprotein B / apolipoprotein A1 ratio, and hs-CRP. The Framingham 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score decreased by 40% (p < 0.01) in the PROG arm versus no change for the DIET arm. As a pilot study, it was not possible to state whether the observed effects were the result of nutraceutical supplementation alone or the result of additive or synergistic interactions among diet, lifestyle modifications, and nutraceutical supplementation. Moreover, individuals with CMS risk factors following a lifestyle modification program received additional health benefits from targeted nutraceutical supplementation.
Subject(s)
Body Weight/drug effects , Dietary Proteins/pharmacology , Dietary Supplements , Glycemic Load , Life Style , Adult , Apolipoproteins/blood , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Safety , Time Factors , Waist Circumference/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Corn oil (CO) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) are rich sources of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), but UFA profiles differ among oils, which may affect lipoprotein levels. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of CO versus EVOO intake on fasting lipoprotein and subfraction cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein (apo) A1, apo B, and low-density lipoprotein particle concentrations in men and women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: As part of a weight maintenance diet, men and women were provided with food items prepared with 54 g per day of CO or EVOO (21-day treatment, 21-day washout) in a randomized, double-blind, controlled-feeding, crossover trial. Fasting lipoprotein cholesterol and related variables were determined with density gradient ultracentrifugation. RESULTS: Among the 54 completers, CO reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apo B and LDL particle concentration to a greater extent compared with EVOO intake. Changes in LDL-C and VLDL-C contributed to the larger reduction in non-HDL-C with CO compared with EVOO intake (-0.39 mmol/l vs -0.04 mmol/l; P<0.001). The larger reduction in LDL-C by CO intake was attributable to changes (P<0.05) caused by CO vs EVOO in large LDL1+2-C (-0.22 mmol/l) and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.12 mmol/l). HDL-C responses did not differ between treatments, but apo A1 increased more with EVOO compared with CO intake (4.6 versus 0.7 mg/dl, respectively, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: CO intake reduced atherogenic lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations to a larger extent than did EVOO, which may have implications for cardiovascular disease risk.
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins/blood , Cholesterol/blood , Corn Oil/administration & dosage , Eating/physiology , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Olive Oil/administration & dosage , Apolipoprotein A-I/blood , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
High meat-product consumption has been related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, previous results suggest the benefits of consuming improved fat meat products on lipoprotein-cholesterol and anthropometric measurements. Present study aims to assess the effect of consuming different Pâté and Frankfurter formulations on emergent CVD biomarkers in male volunteers at increased CVD risk. Eighteen male volunteers with at least two CVD risk factors were enrolled in a sequentially controlled study where different pork-products were tested: reduced-fat (RF), omega-3-enriched-RF (n-3RF), and normal-fat (NF). Pork-products were consumed during 4-week periods separated by 4-week washout. The cardiometabolic index (CI), oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL), apolipoproteins (Apo) A1 and B, homocysteine (tHcys), arylesterase (AE), C-reactive Protein (CRP), tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNFα), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were tested and some other related ratios calculated. AE, oxLDL and Lp(a), AE/HDLc, LDLc/Apo B, and AE/oxLDL rate of change were differently affected (P<0.01) by pork-products consumption. RF increased (P < 0.05) AE, AE/HDLc and AE/oxLDL ratios and decreased TNFα, tHcys; n-3RF increased (P < 0.001) AE, AE/HDLc and AE/oxLDL ratios and decreased (P < 0.05) Lp(a); while NF increased (P<0.05) oxLDL and Lp(a) levels. In conclusion, RF and n-3RF products affected positively the level of some emergent CVD markers. The high regular consumption of NF-products should be limited as significantly increased Lp(a) and oxLDL values. The high variability in response observed for some markers suggests the need to perform more studies to identify targets for RF- and n-3RF-products (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Dietary Fats/blood , Red Meat/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Feeding Behavior , Homocysteine/blood , Risk Factors , Volunteers , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Apolipoproteins/blood , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil, have been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the independent effects of EPA and DHA on lipid and apolipoprotein levels, as well as on inflammatory biomarkers of CVD risk, using doses often used in the general population. DESIGN: A blinded, randomized 6-week trial was performed in 121 healthy, normolipidemic subjects who received olive oil placebo 6g/d, EPA 600mg/d, EPA 1800mg/d, or DHA 600mg/d. The EPA was derived from genetically modified yeast. RESULTS: The subjects tolerated the supplements well with no safety issues; and the expected treatment-specific increases in plasma EPA and DHA levels were observed. Compared to placebo, the DHA group had significant decreases in postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations (-20%, -52.2mg/dL, P=0.03), significant increases in fasting and postprandial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (+18.4%, 17.1mg/dL, P=0.001), with no significant changes in inflammatory biomarkers. No significant effects were observed in the EPA 600mg/d group. The high-dose EPA group had significant decreases in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 concentrations (Lp-PLA2) (-14.1%, -21.4ng/mL, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effects of EPA 1800mg/d on CVD risk reduction may relate in part to the lowering of Lp-PLA2 without adversely affecting LDL-C. In contrast, DHA decreased postprandial TG, but raised LDL-C. Our observations indicate that these dietary fatty acids have divergent effects on cardiovascular risk markers.
Subject(s)
Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/pharmacology , Apolipoproteins/blood , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Lipids/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Olive Oil/pharmacology , Phospholipases A2/blood , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Yoga exercises are often used as a form of body and mind exercise to increase performance. However, knowledge about the physiologic effects of performing high-intensity Hatha yoga exercises over a longer time period remains limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of high-intensity yoga (HIY) on cardiovascular fitness (maximal oxygen consumption, estimated from the Cooper running test), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), blood pressure (BP), adipocytokines, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in healthy students. METHODS: The 44 participants (38 women and 6 men; median age, 25 years [range, 20-39 years]) were randomly assigned to an HIY or a control group. The HIY program was held for 6 weeks (60 minutes once a week). Cardiovascular fitness, RPE, HR, HRR, BP, adipocytokines, HbA1c, ApoA1, and ApoB were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks in both groups. RESULTS: HIY had no significant effects on cardiovascular fitness (mean dose: 390 minutes [range, 210-800 minutes]), HR, HRR, BP, or any of the blood parameters. However, secondary findings showed that [corrected] ApoA1 (1.47 ± 0.17 to 1.55 ± 0.16 g/L; p = 0.03) and adiponectin (8.32 ± 3.32 to 9.68 ± 3.83 mg/L; p = 0.003) levels increased significantly in the HIY group after 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Six weeks of HIY did not significantly improve cardiovascular fitness. However, secondary findings showed that [corrected] ApoA1 and adiponectin levels increased significantly in the HIY group. This finding suggests that HIY may have positive effects on blood lipids and an anti-inflammatory effect.
Subject(s)
Adipokines/blood , Apolipoproteins/blood , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Physical Fitness/physiology , Yoga , Adult , Blood Pressure/physiology , Female , Heart Rate/physiology , Humans , Male , Students , Young AdultABSTRACT
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulating protein that regulates cholesterol metabolism by promoting LDL receptor degradation in the liver and has recently been proposed as a therapeutic target in the management of hyperlipidaemia. We investigated the impact of dietary fat on the metabolism of sterols and on plasma PCSK9 concentrations to explore likely clinical usefulness. In a post hoc analysis of a double-blind randomised crossover controlled feeding trial, the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT), volunteers (n = 54) with at least one condition related to metabolic syndrome consumed diets with one of the following treatment oils in beverages: (1) conventional canola oil (Canola); (2) canola oil rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) (CanolaDHA); and (3) high-oleic acid canola oil (CanolaOleic). The enrichment in oleic acid resulted in lower plasma cholesterol concentration compared with diets enriched in DHA. Contrarily, DHA-enriched oil significantly decreased plasma PCSK9 and triacylglycerols levels, but increased circulating levels of sterols. The variations in lathosterol, sitosterol, and campesterol indicate that plasma PCSK9 levels are sensitive to changes in cholesterol synthesis and/or absorption. There was a significant correlation between plasma PCSK9 levels and plasma triacylglicerol and apolipoprotein B levels, which was not affected by dietary fat. Therefore, our results suggest that the impact of dietary fats should not be discarded as complementary treatment in the management of patients with hyperlipidaemia. These findings should be considered in the analysis of ongoing studies and may represent a cautionary note in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology , Proprotein Convertases/blood , Serine Endopeptidases/blood , Adult , Apolipoproteins/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/enzymology , Cross-Over Studies , Diet , Double-Blind Method , Energy Intake , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Oleic Acids/pharmacology , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Rapeseed Oil , Risk Factors , Sterols/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Plant sterol (PS) supplementation has been widely used alone or combined with lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The effects of PS added to high-intensity LLT are less reported, especially regarding the effects on cholesterol synthesis and absorption. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, open-label study, with parallel arms and blinded end points was designed to evaluate the effects of addition of PS to LLT on LDL cholesterol, markers of cholesterol synthesis, and absorption. Eighty-six patients of both genders were submitted to a 4-wk run-in period with atorvastatin 10 mg (baseline). Following, subjects received atorvastatin 40 mg, ezetimibe 10 mg, or combination of both drugs for another 4-wk period (phase I). In phase II, capsules containing 2.0 g of PSs were added to previous assigned treatments for 4 wk. Lipids, apolipoproteins, plasma campesterol, ß-sitosterol, and desmosterol levels were assayed at all time points. Within and between-group analyses were performed. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, atorvastatin 40 mg reduced total and LDL cholesterol (3% and 22%, respectively, P < .05), increased ß-sitosterol, campesterol/cholesterol, and ß-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios (39%, 47%, and 32%, respectively, P < .05); ezetimibe 10 mg reduced campesterol and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (67% and 70%, respectively, P < .05), and the combined therapy decreased total and LDL cholesterol (22% and 38%, respectively, P < .05), campesterol, ß-sitosterol, and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (54%, 40%, and 27%, P < .05). Addition of PS further reduced total and LDL cholesterol by â¼ 7.7 and 6.5%, respectively, in the atorvastatin therapy group and 5.0 and 4.0% in the combined therapy group (P < .05, for all), with no further effects in absorption or synthesis markers. CONCLUSIONS: PS added to LLT can further improve lipid profile, without additional effects on intestinal sterol absorption or synthesis.
Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Phytosterols/administration & dosage , Aged , Apolipoproteins/blood , Atorvastatin/administration & dosage , Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Drug Synergism , Ezetimibe/administration & dosage , Ezetimibe/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Lipids/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Phytosterols/adverse effects , Phytosterols/blood , Sitosterols/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters (P-OM3) and extended release niacin (ERN) both have beneficial effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of mono- and combination (Combo) therapy of these agents in patients with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Very low density (VLDL), intermediate/low density (IDL/LDL, hereafter LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were isolated from 56 overweight patients with elevated triglyceride/HDL-C ratios at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment with placebo, ERN (2g/day), P-OM3 (4g/day), or Combo and then analyzed by quantitative electrophoresis for apolipoproteins (apo) A1, A2, B, C2, C3 and E. Total plasma concentrations and the ratios of each apo with apoB (in VLDL and LDL) and with apoA1 (in HDL) were calculated. An apoC3 glycosylation index (a ratio between di- and mono-sialylated isoforms) was also determined in plasma and in each lipoprotein fraction. RESULTS: ERN reduced plasma apoB (-11%, p < 0.05). Combo increased LDL apoE/apoB ratio (64%, p < 0.01) and LDL apoA1/apoB (91%, p < 0.05). ERN increased the apoC3 glycosylation index only in HDL (37%, p < 0.05), whereas P-OM3 and Combo increased the index in whole plasma (48% and 49%, respectively, p < 0.05 for both) and in every lipoprotein class (VLDL: 26%, p < 0.01 and 26%, p < 0.05; LDL: 55%, p < 0.01 and 61%, p < 0.01; HDL: 43%, p < 0.001 and 44%, p < 0.001, respectively). All findings were significant after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, medications, and baseline apo value. CONCLUSIONS: ERN produced a beneficial reduction in plasma apoB. The enrichment of LDL with apoE and apoA1 was unique to the Combo group and might be beneficial owing to the atheroprotective properties of apoE and HDL2 (a likely source of apoA1 in LDL fraction). The effect of therapies on the apoC3 glycosylation index is a novel finding, the implications of which will require further study.
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy , Niacin/therapeutic use , Obesity/drug therapy , Triglycerides/blood , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Delayed-Action Preparations , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination , Dyslipidemias/blood , Dyslipidemias/diagnosis , Female , Glycosylation , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Obesity/blood , Obesity/diagnosis , South Dakota , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The present study aimed to investigate the antiatherosclerotic effect of rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide. Adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were fed an atherosclerotic diet containing 1.5 mL olive oil, 8 mg (320,000 IU) vitamin D2, and 40 mg cholesterol for 60 consecutive days to induce atherosclerosis. These hamsters then orally received either the reference drug simvastatin (5 mg/kg) or rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide (0.57 g/kg or 1.14 g/kg) once daily for 60 additional days before comparison to normal and atherosclerotic controls. Treatment with rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide resulted in significant improvement (p<0.01) in serum lipid profile, apolipoproteins, and endothelial dysfunction parameters. Histomorphological studies confirmed biochemical findings. The results showed that rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide has a protective effect against hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis in hamsters.
Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Polygonatum , Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Animals , Aorta/pathology , Apolipoproteins/blood , Atherosclerosis/complications , Atherosclerosis/pathology , Cricetinae , Diet, Atherogenic , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Hyperlipidemias/complications , Hyperlipidemias/pathology , Lipids/blood , Male , Simvastatin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Assessment of compliance with dietary interventions is necessary to understand the observed magnitude of the health effects of the diet per se. To avoid reporting bias, different dietary biomarkers (DBs) could be used instead of self-reported data. However, few studies investigated a combination of DBs to assess compliance and its influence on cardiometabolic risk factors. The objectives of this study were to use a combination of DBs to assess compliance and to investigate how a healthy Nordic diet (ND) influences cardiometabolic risk factors in participants with high apparent compliance compared with the whole study population. From a recently conducted isocaloric randomized trial, SYSDIET (Systems Biology in Controlled Dietary Interventions and Cohort Studies), in 166 individuals with metabolic syndrome, several DBs were assessed to reflect different key components of the ND: canola oil (serum phospholipid α-linolenic acid), fatty fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], vegetables (plasma ß-carotene), and whole grains (plasma alkylresorcinols). High-fat dairy intake (expectedly low in the ND) was reflected by serum pentadecanoic acid. All participants with biomarker data (n = 154) were included in the analyses. Biomarkers were combined by using a biomarker rank score (DB score) and principal component analysis (PCA). The DB score was then used to assess compliance. During the intervention, median concentrations of alkylresorcinols, α-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA were >25% higher in the ND individuals than in the controls (P < 0.05), whereas median concentrations of pentadecanoic acid were 14% higher in controls (P < 0.05). Median DB score was 57% higher in the ND than in controls (P < 0.001) during the intervention, and participants were ranked similarly by DB score and PCA score. Overall, estimates of group difference in cardiometabolic effects generally appeared to be greater among compliant participants than in the whole study population (e.g., estimates of treatment effects on blood pressure and lipoproteins were â¼1.5- to 2-fold greater in the most compliant participants), suggesting that poor compliance attenuated the dietary effects. With adequate consideration of their limitations, DB combinations (e.g., DB score) could be useful for assessing compliance in intervention studies investigating cardiometabolic effects of healthy dietary patterns. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00992641.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diet , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/diet therapy , Apolipoproteins/blood , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cholesterol/blood , Docosahexaenoic Acids/blood , Edible Grain/chemistry , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood , Fatty Acids/blood , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Middle Aged , Patient Compliance , Phospholipids/blood , Rapeseed Oil , Triglycerides/blood , Vegetables/chemistry , alpha-Linolenic Acid/blood , beta Carotene/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We studied the combined effects of wholegrain, fish and bilberries on serum metabolic profile and lipid transfer protein activities in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Altogether 131 subjects (40-70 y, BMI 26-39 kg/m(2)) with impaired glucose metabolism and features of the metabolic syndrome were randomized into three groups with 12-week periods according to a parallel study design. They consumed either: a) wholegrain and low postprandial insulin response grain products, fatty fish 3 times a week, and bilberries 3 portions per day (HealthyDiet), b) wholegrain and low postprandial insulin response grain products (WGED), or c) refined wheat breads as cereal products (Control). Altogether 106 subjects completed the study. Serum metabolic profile was studied using an NMR-based platform providing information on lipoprotein subclasses and lipids as well as low-molecular-weight metabolites. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the groups at baseline or at the end of the intervention. Mixed model analyses revealed significant changes in lipid metabolites in the HealthyDiet group during the intervention compared to the Control group. All changes reflected increased polyunsaturation in plasma fatty acids, especially in n-3 PUFAs, while n-6 and n-7 fatty acids decreased. According to tertiles of changes in fish intake, a greater increase of fish intake was associated with increased concentration of large HDL particles, larger average diameter of HDL particles, and increased concentrations of large HDL lipid components, even though total levels of HDL cholesterol remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that consumption of diet rich in whole grain, bilberries and especially fatty fish causes changes in HDL particles shifting their subclass distribution toward larger particles. These changes may be related to known protective functions of HDL such as reverse cholesterol transport and could partly explain the known protective effects of fish consumption against atherosclerosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00573781.
Subject(s)
Diet , Edible Grain/chemistry , Fish Products , Metabolic Syndrome/diet therapy , Metabolome , Vaccinium myrtillus/chemistry , Adult , Aged , Animals , Apolipoproteins/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood , Fatty Acids, Omega-6/blood , Female , Humans , Lipid Metabolism , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Middle Aged , Particle SizeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: High consumption of fish carries a lower risk of cardiovascular disease as a consequence of dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA; especially EPA and DHA) content. A controversy exists about the component/s responsible of these beneficial effects and, in consequence, which is the best proportion between both fatty acids. We sought to determine, in healthy Wistar rats, the proportions of EPA and DHA that would induce beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were fed for 13 weeks with 5 different dietary supplements of oils; 3 derived from fish (EPA/DHA ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2) plus soybean and linseed as controls. The activities of major antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR) were determined in erythrocytes and liver, and the ORAC test was used to determine the antioxidant capacity in plasma. Also measured were: C reactive protein (CRP), endothelial dysfunction (sVCAM and sICAM), prothrombotic activity (PAI-1), lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc, Apo-A1, and Apo-B100), glycated haemoglobin and lipid peroxidation (LDL-ox and MDA values). RESULTS: After three months of nutritional intervention, we observed statistically significant differences in the ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio, glycated haemoglobin, VCAM-1, SOD and GPx in erythrocytes, ORAC values and LDL-ox. Supplementation with fish oil derived omega-3 PUFA increased VCAM-1, LDL-ox and plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC). Conversely, the ApoB100/ApoA1 ratio and percentage glycated haemoglobin decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that a diet of a 1:1 ratio of EPA/DHA improved many of the oxidative stress parameters (SOD and GPx in erythrocytes), plasma antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and cardiovascular risk factors (glycated haemoglobin) relative to the other diets.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Animals , Apolipoproteins/blood , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Diet , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Female , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Glutathione Reductase/metabolism , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Liver/metabolism , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
We aimed at evaluating whether ß-glucans could improve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and/or glycemic control in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), in whom statins usually have muscle-related side effects. Fifty-nine MG patients participated in the study and received a daily dietary supplement of 3 g of ß-glucans during 8 weeks. Body mass index (BMI) and blood sample analysis of lipid and glucose status were performed before and after 8 weeks intake of ß-glucans. In the 52 patients who completed the study, there was a significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL, ApoA1 and ApoB (all P<0.003). However, glycemic control and BMI were unaltered. The present study indicates that 8 weeks daily intake of 3 g of ß-glucans significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL, ApoA1 and ApoB in MG patients. ß-glucans may therefore be of value in improving lipid status in MG patients, without the muscle-related side effects accompanied by statins.