Neurociencia y Educación: ¿podemos ir de la investigación básica a su aplicación? Un posible marco de referencia desde la investigación en dislexia1 / Neurociencia y Educación: ¿podemos ir de la investigación básica a su aplicación? Un posible marco de referencia desde la investigación en dislexia

La neurociencia podría transformar la educación, pues proporciona nuevos métodos para comprender el aprendizaje y el desarrollo cognitivo, sus mecanismos causales y una forma empírica de evaluar la eficacia de diferentes pedagogías. No obstante, éste sería un objetivo a largo plazo. Desde la neurociencia educativa se debería empezar estudiando cómo los sistemas cognitivos se construyen sobre los sensoriales a lo largo del desarrollo. Aquí me centraré en el lenguaje. Pequeñas diferencias individuales iniciales en una función sensorial, por ejemplo la auditiva, podrían ser el origen de notables diferencias individuales en el desarrollo lingüístico. La neurociencia podría proporcionar una comprensión detallada de los mecanismos causales del desarrollo que vinculan la audición, el desarrollo fonológico y el desarrollo de la alfabetización. Este tipo de investigación neurocientífica básica podría orientar al campo de la educación y la pedagogía explorando los efectos que sobre estos mecanismos ejercen diferentes contextos pedagógicos y de aprendizaje

Neuroscience has the potential to transform education because it provides novel methods for understanding human learning and cognitive development. It therefore offers deeper understanding of causal mechanisms in learning and an empirical approach to evaluating the efficacy of different pedagogies. However, this will be a long-term enterprise and there will be few immediate pay-offs. Here I set out one possible framework for linking basic research in neuroscience to pedagogical questions in education. I suggest that the developing field of educational neuroscience must first study how sensory systems build cognitive systems over developmental time. I focus on one cognitive system, language, the efficient functioning of which is critical for reading acquisition. Small initial differences in sensory function, for example auditory function, have the potential to cause large differences in linguistic performance over the learning trajectory. The tools offered by neuroscience can enable better understanding of the causal developmental mechanisms linking audition, phonological development and literacy development, in fine-grained detail. Following this basic research, neuroscience can then inform education and pedagogy by exploring the effects on these neural mechanisms of different learning contexts and pedagogies

Enabling consistency in pluripotent stem cell-derived products for research and development and clinical applications through material standards.

There is a need for physical standards (reference materials) to ensure both reproducibility and consistency in the production of somatic cell types from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources. We have outlined the need for reference materials (RMs) in relation to the unique properties and concerns surrounding hPSC-derived products and suggest in-house approaches to RM generation relevant to basic research, drug screening, and therapeutic applications. hPSCs have an unparalleled potential as a source of somatic cells for drug screening, disease modeling, and therapeutic application. Undefined variation and product variability after differentiation to the lineage or cell type of interest impede efficient translation and can obscure the evaluation of clinical safety and efficacy. Moreover, in the absence of a consistent population, data generated from in vitro studies could be unreliable and irreproducible. Efforts to devise approaches and tools that facilitate improved consistency of hPSC-derived products, both as development tools and therapeutic products, will aid translation. Standards exist in both written and physical form; however, because many unknown factors persist in the field, premature written standards could inhibit rather than promote innovation and translation. We focused on the derivation of physical standard RMs. We outline the need for RMs and assess the approaches to in-house RM generation for hPSC-derived products, a critical tool for the analysis and control of product variation that can be applied by researchers and developers. We then explore potential routes for the generation of RMs, including both cellular and noncellular materials and novel methods that might provide valuable tools to measure and account for variation. Multiparametric techniques to identify "signatures" for therapeutically relevant cell types, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes that can be derived from hPSCs, would be of significant utility, although physical RMs will be required for clinical purposes.

[Research on bitter components from Coptis chinensis based on electronic tongue].

Isolated alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. The compounds were identified as berberine, columbamine, groenlandicine, jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine, corydaldine and ferulic acid methylester. Then measured their bitter degree based on the electronic tongue and evaluated the antibacterial. The results based on the Electronic Tongue showed that berberine, columbamine, groenlandicine and jatrorrhizine have higher bitter degree than magnoflorine and corydaldine. And they also appeared better antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus. The correlation coefficients between bitter degree and the two bacteria antibacterial activity were 0.983 and 0.911. So there was close relationship between the bitter degree and antibacterial activity of bitter components. Thus, it is confirmed further that bitter components are the material foundation of medicinal effectiveness of bitter herbs.

[Application of CADD on multi-target drug R&D in natural products].

Multi-target drugs can simultaneously adjust multiple links of the disease network. Despite the higher efficacy and lower toxicity caused by single targets, multi-target drugs become ideal drugs for treating complicated diseases as well the main direction of drug R & D. By virtue of their structural diversity, higher multi-target activity and lower toxicity, natural products become an important source for developing multi-target drugs. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) is a commonly used multi-target drug R&D method, which mainly includes virtual screening and pharmacophore design. In this paper, the authors made a systematical analysis and discussed the prospects and advantages of various methods for multi-target drug R&D with natural products.

[Optimization theory and practical application of membrane science technology based on resource of traditional Chinese medicine residue].

Resource of traditional Chinese medicine residue is an inevitable choice to form new industries characterized of modem, environmental protection and intensive in the Chinese medicine industry. Based on the analysis of source and the main chemical composition of the herb residue, and for the advantages of membrane science and technology used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially membrane separation technology used in improvement technical reserves of traditional extraction and separation process in the pharmaceutical industry, it is proposed that membrane science and technology is one of the most important choices in technological design of traditional Chinese medicine resource industrialization. Traditional Chinese medicine residue is a very complex material system in composition and character, and scientific and effective "separation" process is the key areas of technology to re-use it. Integrated process can improve the productivity of the target product, enhance the purity of the product in the separation process, and solve many tasks which conventional separation is difficult to achieve. As integrated separation technology has the advantages of simplified process and reduced consumption, which are in line with the trend of the modern pharmaceutical industry, the membrane separation technology can provide a broad platform for integrated process, and membrane separation technology with its integrated technology have broad application prospects in achieving resource and industrialization process of traditional Chinese medicine residue. We discuss the principles, methods and applications practice of effective component resources in herb residue using membrane separation and integrated technology, describe the extraction, separation, concentration and purification application of membrane technology in traditional Chinese medicine residue, and systematically discourse suitability and feasibility of membrane technology in the process of traditional Chinese medicine resource industrialization in this paper.

Measuring spirituality and religiosity in clinical research: a systematic review of instruments available in the Portuguese language.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Despite numerous spirituality and/or religiosity (S/R) measurement tools for use in research worldwide, there is little information on S/R instruments in the Portuguese language. The aim of the present study was to map out the S/R scales available for research in the Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of studies found in databases. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in three phases. Phases 1 and 2: articles in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published up to November 2011, dealing with the Portuguese translation and/or validation of S/R measurement tools for clinical research, were selected from six databases. Phase 3: the instruments were grouped according to authorship, cross-cultural adaptation, internal consistency, concurrent and discriminative validity and test-retest procedures. RESULTS: Twenty instruments were found. Forty-five percent of these evaluated religiosity, 40% spirituality, 10% religious/spiritual coping and 5% S/R. Among these, 90% had been produced in (n = 3) or translated to (n = 15) Brazilian Portuguese and two (10%) solely to European Portuguese. Nevertheless, the majority of the instruments had not undergone in-depth psychometric analysis. Only 40% of the instruments presented concurrent validity, 45% discriminative validity and 15% a test-retest procedure. The characteristics of each instrument were analyzed separately, yielding advantages, disadvantages and psychometric properties. CONCLUSION: Currently, 20 instruments for measuring S/R are available in the Portuguese language. Most have been translated (n = 15) or developed (n = 3) in Brazil and present good internal consistency. Nevertheless, few instruments have been assessed regarding all their psychometric qualities.

The language of integrative medicine.

Biomedical language, also known as biomedical English, is sufficiently different from general English to warrant treatment as a distinct language. Biomedical language has its own conventions of grammar, phraseology and discourse, as well as a lexicon which is complex and esoteric. Furthermore, each sub-discipline, such as integrative medicine, has a unique vocabulary which must be mastered in order to achieve fluency. In this article, the vocabulary specific to acupuncture is identified, and strategies are introduced to master the use of that vocabulary.

Measuring spirituality and religiosity in clinical research: a systematic review of instruments available in the Portuguese language / Aferindo espiritualidade e religiosidade na pesquisa clínica: uma revisão sistemática dos instrumentos disponíveis para a língua portuguesa

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Despite numerous spirituality and/or religiosity (S/R) measurement tools for use in research worldwide, there is little information on S/R instruments in the Portuguese language. The aim of the present study was to map out the S/R scales available for research in the Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review of studies found in databases. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in three phases. Phases 1 and 2: articles in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published up to November 2011, dealing with the Portuguese translation and/or validation of S/R measurement tools for clinical research, were selected from six databases. Phase 3: the instruments were grouped according to authorship, cross-cultural adaptation, internal consistency, concurrent and discriminative validity and test-retest procedures. RESULTS Twenty instruments were found. Forty-five percent of these evaluated religiosity, 40% spirituality, 10% religious/spiritual coping and 5% S/R. Among these, 90% had been produced in (n = 3) or translated to (n = 15) Brazilian Portuguese and two (10%) solely to European Portuguese. Nevertheless, the majority of the instruments had not undergone in-depth psychometric analysis. Only 40% of the instruments presented concurrent validity, 45% discriminative validity and 15% a test-retest procedure. The characteristics of each instrument were analyzed separately, yielding advantages, disadvantages and psychometric properties. CONCLUSION Currently, 20 instruments for measuring S/R are available in the Portuguese language. Most have been translated (n = 15) or developed (n = 3) in Brazil and present good internal consistency. Nevertheless, few instruments have been assessed regarding all their psychometric qualities. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS Apesar do grande número de escalas sobre espiritualidade e religiosidade (E/R) para uso em pesquisas internacionais, ainda existem poucas informações sobre essas escalas na língua portuguesa. Objetiva-se mapear as escalas disponíveis para pesquisa clínica em língua portuguesa. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL Revisão sistemática de estudos encontrados em bases de dados. MÉTODOS Conduziu-se uma revisão sistemática em três fases. Fases 1 e 2: artigos em português, espanhol e inglês, publicados até novembro de 2011, com a tradução ou validação para o português de instrumentos para aferir E/R na pesquisa clínica, foram selecionados de seis bancos de dados. Fase 3: os instrumentos foram agrupados de acordo com autoria, adaptação transcultural, consistência interna, validade concorrente/discriminativa e procedimentos de teste-reteste. RESULTADOS Vinte instrumentos foram encontrados. Destes, 45% avaliavam religiosidade, 40% espiritualidade, 10% coping (enfrentamento) religioso/espiritual e 5% espiritualidade e religiosidade. Destes, 90% foram traduzidos (n = 15) ou criados (n = 3) para a língua portuguesa no Brasil e 2 (10%) somente para o português de Portugal. Entretanto, a maioria dos instrumentos não possuía análises psicométricas. Apenas 40% dos instrumentos apresentavam validação concorrente, 45% validação discriminativa e 15% teste-reteste. A característica de cada instrumento foi analisada de forma individualizada com vantagens, desvantagens e propriedades psicométricas. CONCLUSÃO No momento, existem 20 instrumentos para aferição de E/R disponíveis para a língua portuguesa. A maioria é traduzida (n = 15) ou desenvolvida (n ...

Optical properties and exciton dynamics of alloyed core/shell/shell Cd(1-x)Zn(x)Se/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots.

In this study we introduce a new method for the one-pot synthesis of core/shell/shell alloyed Cd1-xZnxSe/ZnSe/ZnS QDs and examine the effect of the shell coating on the optical properties and exciton dynamics of the alloy core. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield is greatly enhanced after shell growth, from 9.6% to 63%. The exciton dynamics were studied by time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and fit using integrated singular value decomposition global fitting (i-SVD-GF), which showed the biexponential observed lifetimes on the nanosecond time scale remain the same after shell growth. Using ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and SVD-GF, we have determined that surface passivation by ZnSe and ZnSe/ZnS shells reduces nonradiative recombination primarily on the picosecond time scale. These findings are helpful in directing the development of the next generation of QDs for biological labeling and other applications.

[Placebo effect of acupuncture: a critique and reflection on methodology of clinical research].

Through clinical practice and theory of acupuncture, three aspects are expounded in this article, namely whether the sham acupuncture is in reality as well as in name or not, whether the topics assigned as real and sham acupuncture exists or not, and whether the effect of acupuncture equals to placebo or not. It is held that the research method which separates the biological availability and psychological effect does not confirm to the theory of integration of the physical and the psychological in Chinese medicine. It also does not meet the new medical model of biology-psychology-society of the modern society. Therefore, the western research module which separates the physical and psychological should not be repeated. Sham acupuncture as a control method is still immature, which is not appropriate to be taken as a standard model for acupuncture research. If the research method which takes modern medicine as the control method in Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion can be promoted, and the most effective and the most advanced methods and results which are general accepted can be taken as the control, the differences and the advantages of acupuncture-moxibustion can be discovered directly with greater value

An implantable bi-directional brain-machine interface system for chronic neuroprosthesis research.

An implantable bi-directional brain-machine interface (BMI) prototype is presented. With sensing, algorithm, wireless telemetry, and stimulation therapy capabilities, the system is designed for chronic studies exploring closed-loop and diagnostic opportunities for neuroprosthetics. In particular, we hope to enable fundamental chronic research into the physiology of neurological disorders, define key electrical biomarkers related to disease, and apply this learning to patient-specific algorithms for therapeutic stimulation and diagnostics. The ultimate goal is to provide practical neuroprosthetics with adaptive therapy for improved efficiency and efficacy.

Evaluación de la calidad de la identificación de las muestras para investigación clínica tras la aplicación de la normativa europea / Quality identification evaluation on investigational drugs after European regulatory requirements application

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la identificación de las muestras para investigación clínica tras la aplicación de la normativa vigente. Método: Estudio retrospectivo. Fuentes de recogida de datos: registros de los controles de recepción realizados por el Servicio de Farmacia. Resultados: Se evaluaron 339 controles de recepción correspondientes a 76 muestras diferentes de 52 ensayos clínicos. El 71,1% de las muestras (n=54) correspondieron a ensayos en los que el promotor fue un laboratorio farmacéutico, para un 23,7% (n=18) fue una sociedad científica y en un 5,2% (n=4) un grupo de investigadores. La identificación fue correcta para el 21,1% (n=16) de las muestras. El cumplimiento medio en función de la entidad promotora fue del 93,7% para los laboratorios farmacéuticos, 91,1% para las sociedades científicas y 88,5% para los grupos de investigadores. Conclusiones: 1. El grado de adecuación del etiquetado a la normativa vigente es bajo (21,1% de las muestras). 2. Cuando el promotor es un laboratorio farmacéutico se alcanza el mayor porcentaje de cumplimiento (93,7% de los ítem)

Aim: To evaluate the quality on identification of investigational drugs, by analysing their adaptation to the regulatory requirements. Method: Retrospective study. Data sources: registries of reception control made by Pharmacy Service. Results: 339 reception controls were evaluated corresponding 76 differents investigational drugs and 52 clinical trials. 71,1% (n=54) investigational drugs were belonging to clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical laboratory, 23,7% (n=18) by scientific society and 5,2% (n=4) by a group of investigators. Identification was corrected in 21,1% (n=16) of investigational drugs. The average fulfillment based on promotional organization was 93,7% for pharmaceutical laboratories, 91,1% for scientific societies and 88,5% for group of investigators. Conclusion: 1. Identification adjustment to the regulatory requirements was low (21,1% of investigational drugs). 2. When sponsor was a pharmaceutical laboratory the greater percentage of fulfillment (93,7% of item) was reached

Hipnosis / No disponible

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La hypnosis psicológica en España / No disponible

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