Comparative In Vitro Study: Examining 635 nm Laser and 265 nm Ultraviolet Interaction with Blood.

Objective: This study represents a viable assessment of the effect of the low-level laser (LLL) of 635 nm and ultraviolet (UV) of 265 nm on biophysical properties of blood. Materials and methods: Blood samples were divided into two main groups: one for irradiation by LLL and the other for irradiation by UV. Each group was divided into three aliquots. First aliquot: whole blood was exposed to radiation. The second aliquot: erythrocytes were exposed to radiation and resuspended in autologous plasma. The third aliquot: plasma was exposed to radiation, and erythrocytes were resuspended in it. The following parameters were measured after irradiation by LLL and UV for all aliquots: whole blood viscosity, microscopic aggregation index, deformation index, and Zeta potential. Results: A decrease in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by LLL was observed. To the contrary, an increase in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by UV was detected. A significant reduction in erythrocytes' aggregation was observed as a result of LLL and UV radiation. Erythrocytes' deformability was strongly affected by UV radiation, while there was no significant effect from LLL. Another noticeable change observed was an increase in Zeta potential due to UV and a decrease in Zeta potential values, as a result of LLL irradiation. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that LLL and UV can be used to change some biological processes, as well as cellular properties.

The effect of red-to-near-infrared (R/NIR) irradiation on inflammatory processes.

Introduction: Near-infrared (NIR) and red-to-near-infrared (R/NIR) radiation are increasingly applied for therapeutic use. R/NIR-employing therapies aim to stimulate healing, prevent tissue necrosis, increase mitochondrial function, and improve blood flow and tissue oxygenation. The wide range of applications of this radiation raises questions concerning the effects of R/NIR on the immune system. Methods: In this review, we discuss the potential effects of exposure to R/NIR light on immune cells in the context of physical parameters of light. Discussion: The effects that R/NIR may induce in immune cells typically involve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrogen oxide (NO), or interleukins. Production of ROS after exposure to R/NIR can either be inhibited or to some extent increased, which suggests that detailed conditions of experiments, such as the spectrum of radiation, irradiance, exposure time, determine the outcome of the treatment. However, a wide range of immune cell studies have demonstrated that exposure to R/NIR most often has an anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, photobiomodulation molecular mechanism with particular attention to the role of interfacial water structure changes for cell physiology and regulation of the inflammatory process was described. Conclusions: Optimization of light parameters allows R/NIR to act as an anti-inflammatory agent in a wide range of medical applications.

[Efferent methods and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for great vessels injuries of extremities]. / Rezul'taty primeneniia éfferentnykh metodov i giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii pri travmakh krupnykh arterii konechnostei.

AIM: To evaluate an efficacy of efferent therapy of great vessels injuries of extremities and acute limb ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 197 patients (main group -107, control group - 90 patients) with great vessels injuries of extremities and acute limb ischemia. The patients of the main group underwent plasmapheresis, ultraviolet irradiation of blood (UVIB) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. Efferent methods were used depending on the severity of acute ischemia, intoxication and infection (intoxication - plasmapheresis, ischemia - plasmapheresis + HBO, infections - UVIB, their combination - plasmapheresis + UVIB + HBO). RESULTS: Limb amputation and necrectomy were required only in 2 (1.96%) and 3 (2.8%) patients of the main group, mortality - 0.94% (n=1). In the control group these values were 16 (17.8%), 10 (11.1%) and 7 (7.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Efferent methods are effective in patients with traumatic vascular injuries and acute limb ischemia regarding improvement of clinical outcomes and 2-fold reduction of hospital-stay, less number of amputations and decreased mortality rate.

Proteomic analysis of plasma proteins after low-level laser therapy in rats.

The laser radiation absorbed by cells induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by the development of oxidative stress. Proteins are major targets for ROS due to their abundance in biological systems. The aim of the present pilot study was to examine the effects of transcutaneous laser blood irradiation (TLBI), i.e., low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at 830 nm on plasma proteome in Wistar rats. Rats were irradiated in the heart area (i.e. coronary arteries) daily (i.e., for 9-day period), by commercially available GaAsAl diode laser (Maestro/CCM, Medicom Prague, Czech Republic, lambda=830 nm, power density 450mW/cm(2), daily dose 60,3 J/ cm(2), irradiation time 134 sec). The comparison of blood plasma proteome from irradiated and non-irradiated rats was performed utilizing 2D electrophoresis followed by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. LLLT led to a quantitative change in the acute phase proteins with antioxidant protection i.e., haptoglobin (log(2) fold change (FC)=3.5), hemopexin (log(2) FC=0.5), fibrinogen gamma (log2 FC=1.4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (log(2) FC=-2.2), fetuin A (log2 FC=-0.6) and fetuin B (log2 FC=-2.3). In comparison to conventional biochemical methods, the changes in protein levels in blood plasma induced by LLLT offer a deeper insight into the oxidative stress response.

Minimal uranium accumulation in lymphoid tissues following an oral 60-day uranyl acetate exposure in male and female C57BL/6J mice.

High levels of uranium (U) exist in soil, water, and air in the Southwestern United States due, in part, to waste generated from more than 160,000 abandoned hard rock mines located in this region. As a result, many people living in this region are chronically exposed to U at levels that have been linked to detrimental health outcomes. In an effort to establish a relevant in vivo mouse model for future U immunotoxicity studies, we evaluated the tissue distribution of U in immune organs; blood, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus, as well as femur bones, kidneys, and liver, following a 60-d drinking water exposure to uranyl acetate (UA) in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Following the 60-d exposure, there was low overall tissue retention of U (<0.01%) at both the 5 and the 50 ppm (mg/L) oral concentrations. In both male and female mice, there was limited U accumulation in immune organs. U only accumulated at low concentrations in the blood and bone marrow of male mice (0.6 and 16.8 ng/g, respectively). Consistent with previous reports, the predominant sites of U accumulation were the femur bones (350.1 and 399.0 ng/g, respectively) and kidneys (134.0 and 361.3 ng/g, respectively) of male and female mice. Findings from this study provide critical insights into the distribution and retention of U in lymphoid tissues following chronic drinking water exposure to U. This information will serve as a foundation for immunotoxicological assessments of U, alone and in combination with other metals.

High-precision, non-invasive anti-microvascular approach via concurrent ultrasound and laser irradiation.

Antivascular therapy represents a proven strategy to treat angiogenesis. By applying synchronized ultrasound bursts and nanosecond laser irradiation, we developed a novel, selective, non-invasive, localized antivascular method, termed photo-mediated ultrasound therapy (PUT). PUT takes advantage of the high native optical contrast among biological tissues and can treat microvessels without causing collateral damage to the surrounding tissue. In a chicken yolk sac membrane model, under the same ultrasound parameters (1 MHz at 0.45 MPa and 10 Hz with 10% duty cycle), PUT with 4 mJ/cm2 and 6 mJ/cm2 laser fluence induced 51% (p = 0.001) and 37% (p = 0.018) vessel diameter reductions respectively. With 8 mJ/cm2 laser fluence, PUT would yield vessel disruption (90%, p < 0.01). Selectivity of PUT was demonstrated by utilizing laser wavelengths at 578 nm or 650 nm, where PUT selectively shrank veins or occluded arteries. In a rabbit ear model, PUT induced a 68.5% reduction in blood perfusion after 7 days (p < 0.001) without damaging the surrounding cells. In vitro experiments in human blood suggested that cavitation may play a role in PUT. In conclusion, PUT holds significant promise as a novel non-invasive antivascular method with the capability to precisely target blood vessels.

[Effect of intravenous laser irradiation on some blood biochemical indicators in the acute stage of lacunar infarcts].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamics of lipid metabolism, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in lacunar infarction (LI) in chronic cerebral ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two groups of patients were studied. The main group included 31 patients who received intravenous laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) with semiconductor laser (wavelength - 0.67 microns, the power output - 3-2 mW) in addition to standard treatment. Patients of the control group (n=22) received only standard treatment. RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol levels to normal values due to the significant reduction of the content of antiatherogenic fraction of cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) was found in the main group after treatment. The reduction in atherogenic cholesterol fractions in both groups was associated with the decrease in apolipoprotein B level. The level of CRP was higher than normal in the main and control groups of patients before and after treatment, which indicated the risk of vascular diseases in patients with LI. After treatment, superoxide dismutase activity returned to normal values. In patients of the main group, the catalase activity increased while the level of reduced glutathione did not change and lipid peroxidation products remained on the high level. CONCLUSION: Additional antioxidant therapy is needed for these patients.

Effect of intravenous low-intensity laser irradiation of the blood on clinical and laboratory parameters of hepatocellular insufficiency.

Patients with hepatocellular insufficiency received a course of intravenous laser irradiation of the blood. After the treatment, a positive dynamics of clinical and biochemical indices of the major hepatic syndromes was observed: alleviation of the major clinical symptoms and significant positive changes in biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and total cholesterol).

Effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood in mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the clinical effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting from trauma. BACKGROUND DATA: Little is known about how ILIB may generate antioxidant defenses in humans, and there is still a lack of randomized, sham-control studies to indicate its influence on different metabolic pathways. METHODS: Twenty-four chronic SCI subjects (assigned to a sham and a study group), and 12 normal subjects were recruited. The study group underwent 1 h daily of ILIB for 15 days over 3 weeks. The sham group underwent ILIB with no laser power. RESULTS: Baseline measurements established higher oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the SCI subjects than in the normal subjects. At day 15 of therapy, the study group revealed a significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, white blood cell adenosine triphosphate (WBC ATP) synthesis, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), than did the sham group. The study group intragroup comparison revealed significantly increased mtDNA copy numbers, WBC ATP synthesis, and TAC, with significantly reduced MDA, compared with its baseline measurements. The sham group intragroup comparisons demonstrated no statistical differences. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the study group was significantly reduced at days 10 and 15, with significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at day 45. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results contribute to the knowledge about the effectiveness of ILIB in alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic SCI patients.

Low-intensity infrared laser increases plasma proteins and induces oxidative stress in vitro.

Low-intensity laser therapy is based on the excitation of endogenous chromophores in biotissues and free-radical generation could be involved in its biological effects. In this work, the effects of the low-intensity infrared laser on plasma protein content and oxidative stress in blood from Wistar rats were studied. Blood samples from Wistar rats were exposed to low-intensity infrared laser in continuous wave and pulsed-emission modes at different fluencies. Plasma protein content and two oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid-reactive species formation and myeloperoxidase activity) were carried out to assess the effects of laser irradiation on blood samples. Low-intensity infrared laser exposure increases plasma protein content, induces lipid peroxidation, and increases myeloperoxidase activity in a dose- and frequency-dependent way in blood samples. The low-intensity infrared laser increases plasma protein content and oxidative stress in blood samples, suggesting that laser therapy protocols should take into account fluencies, frequencies, and wavelengths of the laser before beginning treatment.

Introducción en la fotohemoterapia / Introduction in photohemotherapy

Fotohemoterapia es un método no medicamentoso que consiste en la fotomodificación de sangre con fines de tratamiento y prevención con los cuantos de luz UV y visible producidos por equipos irradiadores no ionizantes. Habiendo sido inventada en los Estados Unidos hace casi un siglo, la Fotohemoterapia recorrió un camino muy largo de estudios y modificaciones relacionado con avances tecnológicos desde extracorporal hacia intravascular lo que la hace más segura y eficiente ampliando el espectro de posibles aplicaciones. Su eficiencia para diferentes enfermedades ha sido demostrada en varios países. Fotohemoterapia se distingue por un espectro terapéutico sumamente amplio, rapidez de aparicion de los efectos y su duración y se aplica en forma independiente y/o conjuntamente con otros métodos para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades quirúrgicas, infecciosas, autoinmunes, alérgicas, cardiovasculares, dermatológica, traumatológicas, gastroenterológicas, narcológicas, ginecológicas, urológicas, otorrinolaringológicas, etc. y sus complicaciones, así como para prevención de recidivas disminuyendo plazos de recuperación, reduciendo dosis de medicamentos y mejorando la calidad de vida. El uso de irradiadores intravasculares ha permitido alcanzar nuevos horizontes en la calidad de atención médica, eficiencia y seguridad para el paciente optimizando procesos de tratamiento y rehabilitación con énfasis en prevención en la época cuando los fármacos siendo cada vez más caros, a menudo presentan escasez de eficiencia y efectos adversos frecuentes y serios.

Photohemotherapy is a method not medical, which consists in photomodification of blood in order to have a treatment and prevention with all UV and visibly light produced by irradiated equipaments not ionizing. Having been invented in the United States almost one century ago, Photohemotherapy crossed a very long way of studies and modifications related to technological advances from extracorporal towards intravascular what makes ir surer and efficient extending the spectrum of possible applications. Its efficiency for different diseases has been demonstrated in several countries. Photohemotherapy differs because of a therapeutic extremely wide spectrum, rapidity of appearance of the effects and its duration and it is applied in independent way and / or with other methods for the treatment of different surgical, infectious, autoimmune, allergic, cardiovascular, dermatological, trauma, gastroenterological, narcological, gynaecological, urological, otorhinolaryngological diseases, etc and its complications, as well as for prevention of relapse, diminishing recovery periods, reducing dose of medicines and improving quality of life. The use of intravascular irradiador has allowed reaching new horizons in the quality of medical attention, efficiency and safety for the patient optimizing processes of treatment and rehabilitation emphatically in prevention in times when the medicaments being increasingly expensive, often it is presentd a lack of efficiency and usually difficult and serious effects.

[Intraoperative, salvaged, autologous blood transfusion in oncologic surgery].

Intraoperative, salvaged, autologous blood transfusions carried out with autotransfusion devices are commonly used for cardiovascular surgery, and also enable the treatment of massive hemorrhage in orthopedic and gynecologic surgeries to prevent potential complications of homologous blood transfusions, such as transmission of infection, immune reactions, and blood type incompatibility. Transfusion of salvaged blood in oncologic surgery may cause hematogenous metastasis and dissemination of malignant tumor cells. However, some investigators have reported that blood irradiation or filtration using leukocyte reduction filters can prevent contamination by malignant tumor cells. Intraoperative autotransfusion with the combination of blood irradiation and leukocyte reduction filters could be therefore a promising technique for the treatment of profuse hemorrhage in oncologic surgery.

[Intravenous laser irradiation of blood for the combined treatment of patients presenting with chronic sensorineural hearing loss].

A method for the treatment of chronic sensorineural hearing loss (CSNHL) is proposed that includes administration of trental followed by intravenous laser irradiation of blood (IVLBI). The study included 81 patients at the age from 20 to more than 60 years presenting with CSNHL. They were allocated to three groups; the patients in group 1 (n=32) were given trental intravenously followed by intravenous laser irradiation of blood, those of group 2 (n=24) were treated with IVLBI alone while patients of group 3 (n=25) received "traditional" treatment. Audiometric examination and rheoencephalography were carried out before and after therapy. The hearing improved to 18-20 dB in group 1, to 10-15 dB in group 2, and to 10 dB in group 3. The improvement of rheoencephalographic characteristics was documented in the patients of all groups but was especially pronounced in group 1. It is concluded that the proposed method significantly increases the efficiency of treatment of chronic sensorineural hearing loss.

[The application of supravascular laser irradiation of blood for the treatment of cochleovestibular disorders].

A total of 165 patients presenting with neurosensory impairement of hearing and Meniere's disease were treated by supravascular (extracorporeal) laser irradiation of blood. The study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment confirmed its beneficial effect in patients with acute hearing disorders. It was equally effective as regards elimination of labyrinthine hydropsis in patients presenting with Meniere's disease. The method proved less efficacious for the management of long-standing hearing impairement and chronic loss of hearing, but it can be used to prevent the development of these conditions.

[Comparative analysys of immunocorrective effect of ultraviolet irradiation of autoblood and plasmapheresis in patients with recurrent polypous rhinosinusitis].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immune status of patients with chronically recurring polypous rhinosinusitis (CRPS) for the identification of the key markers of immune disorders. Assessment of the efficiency of traditional therapy during the postoperative period demonstrated that it was very low in terms of beneficial effect on the major components of the immune system, T and B lymphocytes. Determination of the frequency of immune disorders during irradiation of autoblood with ultraviolet light and plasmapheresis in the postoperative period and evaluation of "true" effects of these treatments revealed their significant quantitative immunostimulating action. Integral evaluation (rank-sum analysis) demonstrated similar therapeutic efficiency of the two methods.

[The efficiency of ultraviolet autologous blood irradiation used in the complex therapy of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adolescents].

The purpose of the investigation was to study the clinical efficiency of ultraviolet autoblood irradiation (UVABI) used in the complex therapy of children and adolescents with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis. A controlled randomized study of the results of treatment in two groups of patients who had or had not received UVABI during the standard complex therapy was carried out by the experiment-control principle. The groups were randomized (first - second). In 91.9% of the children and adolescents with infiltrative tuberculosis, the process was accompanied by impaired immune defense with bacterial isolation in 68.0 to 54.1% of cases; every two patients had drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The use of UVABI in the complex therapy of patients with tuberculosis was ascertained to promote a rapid, two-fold more frequent bacterial isolation cessation resulting in a epidemic danger reduction in the patients, to have a positive impact on the formation of immune defense, mainly of a phagocytic link, in children and adolescents, to exert a detoxifying effect, to favor a better tolerability of antituberculous drugs, to cause positive X-ray changes, and to improve the quality of life. The clinical and laboratory effectiveness and safety of UVABI allow recommendation that the latter be introduced into a treatment protocol for children and adolescents with infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis.

[Hemoaggregation dynamics in human-operator during percutaneous laser blood irradiation].

The experiment with essentially healthy male subjects no older than 50 involved functional load testing and irradiation by a low-energy helium-neon laser according to the standard therapeutic regimen (0.2 ml/V/ 30 min/10 sessions). Biomedical evaluation of hemoaggregation was made by 30 parameters of a multifunctional diagnostic system characterizing three blood aggregation levels: rheological (biophysical), coagulolytic (biochemical) and system (mathematical). The investigation resulted in delineation of a single-vector hypodynamic transformation of biophysical and biochemical modules, i.e. decrease in the rheological and coagulative potential mediated by a moderate platelets disaggregation (24.6%) and hyperactivation of plasmin proferments in euglobulin fraction (126.76 %). Added sessions of percutaneous laser irradiation of blood were shown to induce a medium imbalance of biophysical and biochemical hemoaggregation. At the same time, low-energy laser did not modulate significantly the general functional state of human operator as the rheological and coagulative protective potential of organism remained reasonably high (88.89 and 87.5 %, respectively).

[Effect of intravenous laser blood irradiation on endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertensive disease].

The aim of this work was to study effect of intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI) on endothelial dysfunction in 120 patients (mean age 53.4 +/- 1.3 yr) with grade I-II hypertensive disease (HD) allocated to 2 groups. Traditional drug therapy given to patients of control group was supplemented by ILBI using a Mulat laser therapy device in the study group. Endothelial function was evaluated from the total plasma concentration of stable NOx metabolites, nitrates (NO3-), nitrites (NO2-), and Willebrand's factor. HD patients were found to have elevated activity of the Willebrand factor and show 3 types of response of the NO generating system: (1) decreased NO synthesis, (2) lack of its changes, and (3) increased NO synthesis. NO production in HD patients negatively correlated with systolic (r = -0.59) and diastolic (r = - 0.64) arterial pressure (AP) which suggests the relationship between decreased NO production and elevated AP. Inclusion of ILBl in the therapy of HD resulted in a significant decrease of Willebrand's factor activity and normalization of the NO level regardless of its initial value.

[Morphometry and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from patients with asthma in the intravenous blood laser irradiation].

The morphometry and electrophoretic mobility of red blood cells from patients with infection-dependent asthma were comparatively studied prior to and following treatment. The patients who had underwent intravenous laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) in addition to conventional therapy had better morphofunctional parameters of red blood cells, by restoring their normal forms, decreasing their transitional ones, and increasing their electrophoretic mobility to normal values. Those who received traditional drug therapy showed no considerable morphofunctional changes of erythrocytes. Thus, in asthmatic patients, the changes in the morphology and function of red blood cells may suggest their membranous structural changes for whose correction ILIB should used.

[Laser Doppler fluometry in assessment of endothelium state in patients with coronary heart disease and its correction by intravenous laser irradiation of blood].

Influence of laser therapy on vascular endothelium function in patients with stable angina pectoris, detected by the method of laser Doppler fluorimetry, was studied. 77patients with stable angina pectoris were divided into 2 groups. In control group only medicamentous therapy was used, in main group a course of intravenous blood laser irradiation was carried out additionally. The increase of initially decreased mean index of microcirculation and index of microcirculation after acetylcholine iontophoresis was noticed. Tendency to increase of endothelial oscillations and capillary blood flow under influence of intravenous blood laser irradiation was noticed too. Laser therapy can be considered an effective method of increase of endothelial functional activity in patients with stable angina pectoris.