ABSTRACT
The traditional pharmacy of Persia is based on numerous ancient manuscripts written by the elites of medicine and pharmacy. These references which belong to different centuries (mostly from the 9th to 19th century) represent vast information about pharmaceutical and therapeutic knowledge. Studying these works could be valuable in revealing the hidden parts of the history of science, especially pharmacy and medicine. Also, modernisation of the methods of treatment and the majority of formulations seems to be possible. It is obvious that setting ancient experiences besides recent studies makes pharmacists and physicians more powerful. This review aims to introduce traditional knowledge about different treatments for burn wounds which has been extracted from various Persian manuscripts.
Subject(s)
Burns/history , Burns/therapy , Medicine, Traditional/history , Wound Healing , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, Medieval , IranABSTRACT
Discovery of fire at the dawn of prehistoric time brought not only the benefits to human beings offering the light and heat, but also misfortune due to burns; and that was the beginning of burns treatment. Egyptian doctors made medicines from plants, animal products and minerals, which they combined with magic and religious procedures. The earliest records described burns dressings with milk from mothers of male babies. Goddess Isis was called upon to help. Some remedies and procedures proved so successful that their application continued for centuries. The Edwin Smith papyrus (1500 BC) mentioned the treatment of burns with honey and grease. Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) contains descriptions of application of mud, excrement, oil and plant extracts. They also used honey, Aloe and tannic acid to heal burns. Ancient Egyptians did not know about microorganisms but they knew that honey, moldy bread and copper salts could prevent infections from dirt in burns healing. Thyme, opium and belladona were used for pain relief. In the 4th century BC, Hippocrates recorded that Greek and Roman doctors used rendered pig fat, resin and bitumen to treat burns. Mixture of honey and bran, or lotion of wine and myrrh were used by Celsus. Honey was also known in Ayurveda (Indian medicine) time. Ayurvedic records Characa and Sushruta included honey in their dressing aids to purify sores and promote the healing. Burn treatment in Chinese medicine was traditional. It was a compilation of philosophy, knowledge and herbal medicine. The successful treatment of burns started in recent time and it has been made possible by better knowledge of the pathophysiology of thermal injuries and their consequences, medical technology advances and improved surgical techniques.
Subject(s)
Burns/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Asia , Burns/therapy , Egypt, Ancient , Greece, Ancient , History, Ancient , Humans , Medicine, Traditional/methods , Roman WorldABSTRACT
The Vietnam War was a military conflict in Vietnam during the Cold War that followed the First Indochina War. This war was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the USA and other anti-communist countries. Kim Phúc is the child depicted in the Pulitzer Prize winning photograph taken on June 8, 1972 by AP photographer Nick Út. The iconic photo shows her at about nine years of age running naked on a road amid the chaos after being severely burned by a napalm attack. After 14 months of hospital stay and 17 surgical procedures Kim Phúc was able to return home. Since then, she was used as a propaganda symbol by the communist government of Vietnam. To continue her studies, Kim was granted permission to move to Cuba where she met her future husband. However, the sequelae of her burn wounds affected her everyday life enormously. In 1984, with the support of the international aid organization "terre des hommes" and the German magazine "STERN", Kim Phúc got the opportunity to meet and get treated by Professor Zellner. Professor Peter Rudolph Zellner was the first chief of the Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, and one of the founder members of the German Society of Plastic Surgeons. The reconstructive surgeries provide Kim Phúc an almost normal life. Later on, she was involved in international aid organizations; she was named a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and she was awarded several honorary Doctorates of Law. Kim Phúc became a Canadian citizen. Today, she lives with her husband and two children in Ontario, Canada.
Subject(s)
Bombs/history , Burns/history , Burns/surgery , Carboxylic Acids/history , International Agencies/history , Petroleum/history , Plastic Surgery Procedures/history , Societies, Medical/history , Surgery, Plastic/history , Vietnam Conflict , Adolescent , Child , Female , Germany , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Vietnam , Young AdultABSTRACT
Burn treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long and remarkable history. This article provides a review of it's philosophy and knowledge, basic principles and treatment strategies as well as their modifications during 1300 years of medical development. The specific features presented are still influencing modern traditional Chinese medicine practitioners as well as modern Chinese burn treatment with considerable benefit for the treatment of burn victims.
Subject(s)
Burns/history , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Burns/therapy , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , HumansSubject(s)
Burns/etiology , Disaster Planning , Lung Diseases/etiology , Volcanic Eruptions/adverse effects , Burns/history , Computer Simulation , Developing Countries , Disease Outbreaks , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Rescue Work , Risk Assessment , Silicon Dioxide/adverse effects , United Kingdom , Volcanic Eruptions/historyABSTRACT
The nose is in the medial portion of the face and is frequently injured in trauma of this area. Due to its situation its structure and shape, and its essential function, this organ is particularly exposed in the case of facial burns. These injuries, are usually associated with larger injuries, and frequently with systemic problems, such as respiratory problems. The authors describe nasal burns in the larger context of facial burns, and summarize recent data on this topic. They then recall the fascinating story of rhinopoiesis through the ages. The third part is devoted to their personal approach to reconstruction of the nose in severe panfacial burns, using a forehead flap with one or several tissue expanders.
Subject(s)
Burns/surgery , Facial Injuries/surgery , Rhinoplasty , Surgery, Plastic/history , Burns/history , Europe , Facial Injuries/history , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Nose/injuries , Nose/surgery , Rhinoplasty/history , Rhinoplasty/methods , Surgery, Plastic/methods , Surgical Flaps , Tissue ExpansionABSTRACT
Since the use of fire became part of life, mankind has sought remedies to treat burns. The upper extremity, due to its frequency of exposure as the foremost organ in the everyday exploration of the environment and in manipulative and social interactions, is often involved. This article discusses the history of burn treatment.
Subject(s)
Burns/history , Hand Injuries/history , Asia , Europe , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Skin Transplantation/history , United StatesSubject(s)
Burns/history , Burns/therapy , Europe , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , HumansSubject(s)
Burns/history , Bandages , Burns/therapy , Europe , Greece , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Rome , United StatesSubject(s)
Burns/history , Burns/therapy , Europe , Greece , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Rome , United StatesABSTRACT
Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and early Byzantine medical pharmaceutical works show a fairly sophisticated array of simple and compound remedies for burns and scalds. Chief among ancient writings that provide specific botany, minerals, and similar substances used in burn treatment are several Egyptian papyri, the Hippocratic On Wounds, and writings by Celsus, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, and Paul of Aegina. Over 70 plants and minerals are identified according to modern nomenclatures. The ancients sought especially those ingredients that would promote rapid healing with a minimum of scarring.