ABSTRACT
Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) has emerged as a critical child protection and public health concern in recent years. While the phenomenon is prevalent globally, its impact is compounded in sub-Saharan Africa owing to the cultural and socioeconomic challenges that leave many households in the region vulnerable. The present study synthesized existing evidence using the socioecological model as a guiding framework to assess the risk and protective factors associated with CSEC in sub-Saharan Africa. A protocol for the study was published in PROSPERO (CRD42022331832) with pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were screened and extracted from eight databases: PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, PROQUEST (Social Science Premium), PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE via Ovid. After an initial screening of 4,377 papers, seven studies were found eligible for the final review. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guide for reporting systematic reviews. Included studies were appraised and rated using the Cambridge Quality Checklist and GRADE. Findings revealed risk factors, including adverse childhood experience and victimization, females aged 16 years and older, school dropouts, technology influence, child and parental alcohol use, and separation from caregivers. On the other hand, protective factors such as the number of female adolescents in a household, frequent health screening in schools, children being in school, and high parental monitoring were found to be associated with a lower risk of CSEC. Based on these findings, we recommend that interventions in sub-Saharan Africa adopt a holistic approach that addresses identified risk factors while harnessing protective factors to combat CSEC effectively.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Protective Factors , Humans , Africa South of the Sahara , Adolescent , Child , Female , Risk Factors , Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention & control , Child Abuse, Sexual/statistics & numerical data , Male , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims/psychology , Sex Work/statistics & numerical data , Human Trafficking/prevention & control , Human Trafficking/statistics & numerical data , Adverse Childhood Experiences/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
This qualitative study consisted of in-depth, retrospective interviews with participants over the age of 18 who experienced child sexual abuse. Through narrative analysis, study findings shed light on three overall findings: the perception of memories, the perception of grooming, and the perception of the lived lives of child sexual abuse survivors. Findings suggest that the narratives elicited from the participants included current views but also past experiences and anticipation about the future, including individual and societal levels of meaning. These narratives are furthermore entangled and inexorably linked - temporally, culturally, generationally, materially, and emotionally - and the results are thus presented from a holistic perspective. Study findings help explain the complex dimensions concerning the lived experiences of child sexual abuse. As such, this research speaks to the field of social and health care practitioners working with children and families facing the complex phenomenon of child sexual abuse.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Narration , Qualitative Research , Humans , Female , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Male , Child , Adult , Adolescent , Interviews as Topic , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Young Adult , Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/psychologyABSTRACT
This research examines how the presence or absence of ground rules and children's temperamental tendencies affect children's free recall accuracy and suggestibility. Participating children showed richer free recall with open-ended questions and displayed greater resistance to suggestive questions when provided ground rules during the interview. In addition, children's recall accuracy varied based on their prosocial orientation: the presence or absence of ground rules influenced memory accuracy more in children with a low prosocial orientation than in those with a high prosocial orientation. These results demonstrate the importance of ground rules for obtaining reliable statements from children during investigative interviews. Findings further suggest that children can provide more detailed information when temperamental characteristics (e.g. prosocial tendencies) are considered.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Individuality , Child , Humans , Mental Recall , SuggestionABSTRACT
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with long-lasting and pervasive impacts on survivors' sexual health, particularly on their sexual satisfaction. Dispositional mindfulness has been found to be associated with greater sexual satisfaction among adult CSA survivors. However, the mechanisms involved in this association remain understudied. The present study examined the role of sexual self-concept (i.e., sexual esteem, sexual preoccupation, and sexual depression) in the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and sexual satisfaction among CSA survivors. A total of 176 adult CSA survivors (60.6% women, 39.4% men) completed an online survey assessing dispositional mindfulness, sexual self-concept, and sexual satisfaction. Path analyses revealed that dispositional mindfulness was positively related to sexual satisfaction through a significant indirect effect of higher sexual esteem and lower sexual depression. The integrative model explained 66.5% of the variance in sexual satisfaction. These findings highlight the key roles that dispositional mindfulness and sexual self-concept play in CSA survivors' sexual satisfaction. Implications for interventions based on trauma-sensitive mindfulness targeting the sexual self-concept are discussed, as they may promote sexual satisfaction in adult CSA survivors.
Subject(s)
Adult Survivors of Child Abuse , Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Mindfulness , Adult , Male , Child , Female , Humans , Orgasm , Sexual BehaviorABSTRACT
Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)
This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)
Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Brazil , Homosexuality , Sexuality , History , Orgasm , Paraphilic Disorders , Pathology , Pedophilia , Personality Development , Personality Disorders , Pleasure-Pain Principle , Psychology , Psychosexual Development , Public Policy , Rationalization , Religion and Sex , Repression, Psychology , Sadism , Sex , Sexual Behavior , Disorders of Sex Development , Sex Offenses , Social Control, Formal , Social Environment , Societies , Avoidance Learning , Sublimation, Psychological , Taboo , Therapeutics , Transvestism , Unconscious, Psychology , Voyeurism , Behavior Therapy , Child Abuse, Sexual , Attitude , Homeopathic Cure , Character , Christianity , Mental Competency , Sexual Harassment , Coitus , Human Body , Homosexuality, Female , Conflict, Psychological , Community Participation , Cultural Diversity , Feminism , Heterosexuality , Neurobehavioral Manifestations , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological , Crime , Cultural Characteristics , Culture , Safe Sex , Mind-Body Therapies , Defense Mechanisms , Dehumanization , Human Characteristics , Intention , Moral Development , Emotions , Health Research Agenda , Discussion Forums , Population Studies in Public Health , Eugenics , Exhibitionism , Pleasure , Fetishism, Psychiatric , Sexual Health , Homophobia , Racism , Social Marginalization , Medicalization , Transgender Persons , Moral Status , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Political Activism , Gender Diversity , Asexuality , Undisclosed Sexuality , Sexuality Disclosure , Gender Norms , Gender Blind , Androcentrism , Freedom , Freudian Theory , Respect , Gender Identity , Sexual Trauma , Workhouses , Psychosocial Functioning , Gender Role , Intersectional Framework , Family Structure , Health Promotion , Human Development , Human Rights , Identification, Psychological , Anatomy , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders , Incest , Instinct , Introversion, Psychological , Libido , Masochism , Masturbation , Mental Disorders , Methods , Morale , Morals , Neurotic DisordersABSTRACT
O presente estudo qualitativo objetivou compreender as expectativas de mães e cuidadoras sobre a sua participação no Programa ACT para Educar Crianças em Ambientes Seguros na versão remota, no período da pandemia de covid-19. Também visou identificar a percepção das participantes sobre educar uma criança em um ambiente seguro. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas on-line com doze mães e cuidadoras, antes da participação no Programa ACT. Os resultados indicaram diferentes expectativas sobre a participação no Programa ACT, entre elas: adquirir novos conhecimentos, aprimorar as habilidades parentais, trocar experiências, receber auxílio no momento da pandemia de covid-19 e possibilitar para a criança um desenvolvimento saudável. Na percepção das mães e cuidadoras, a versão remota do Programa ACT apresenta aspectos positivos; entre eles, a participação de pais e cuidadores que não residem na cidade em que é oferecida a intervenção. No entanto, apontaram como fatores negativos a ausência do contato físico e as interrupções que podem acontecer a partir das falhas de internet. Para as mães e cuidadoras, educar a criança em um ambiente seguro estava relacionado a promover os direitos estabelecidos no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), como educação, saúde, lazer, cuidado, afeto, assim como protegê-la de situações de violência. Considera-se que as expectativas das participantes estavam alinhadas aos objetivos do Programa ACT. Torna-se prioritário oferecer programas de prevenção à violência aos pais e cuidadores, em especial em momentos adversos como o da pandemia de covid-19, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento e a saúde das crianças, assim como prevenir situações de violação de direitos.(AU)
This qualitative study aims to understand the expectations of mothers and caregivers about participating in the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program in its remote version, during the COVID-19 pandemic period. It also aims to identify the participants' perception of raising a child in a safe environment. Semi-structured on-line interviews were conducted with 12 mothers/caregivers, prior to participation in the ACT Program. The results indicated different expectations regarding the participation in the ACT Program, for example: acquiring new knowledge, improving parenting skills, exchanging experiences, receiving support during the COVID-19 pandemic, and enabling the child to have a healthy development. In the perception of mothers and caregivers, the remote version of the ACT Program has positive aspects, such as the participation of parents and caregivers who do not live in the city where the intervention is offered. However, they pointed out as negative factors absence of physical contact and interruptions due to internet failures. For the mothers/caregivers, educating children in a safe environment was related to promoting the rights established by the Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute, namely education, health, leisure, care, affection, as well as protecting them from situations of violence. The expectations of the participants were aligned with the objectives of the ACT Program. Offering violence prevention programs to parents and caregivers is a priority, especially in adverse moments such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to promote the development and health of children, as well as prevent situations of violation of rights.(AU)
Este estudio cualitativo pretendió comprender las expectativas de madres y cuidadoras sobre la participación en el Programa de ACT para Educar a Niños en Ambientes Seguros en la versión remota, en el periodo de la pandemia de la COVID-19. También se propuso identificar la percepción de las participantes sobre educar a un niño en un ambiente seguro. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas en línea con 12 madres/cuidadoras, antes de la participación en el Programa ACT. Los resultados señalaron diferentes expectativas con la participación del Programa de ACT, entre ellas: adquirir nuevos conocimientos, perfeccionar las habilidades parentales, intercambiar experiencias, recibir auxilio en el momento de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y posibilitar al niño un desarrollo saludable. En la percepción de las madres y cuidadoras, la versión remota del Programa de ACT presenta aspectos positivos, como la participación de padres y cuidadores que no residen en la ciudad donde es ofrecida la intervención. Sin embargo, señalaron como factores negativos la ausencia del contacto físico y las interrupciones, que pueden ocurrir por fallas en Internet. Para las madres/cuidadoras, educar al niño en un ambiente seguro estaba relacionado a promover los derechos establecidos en el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente de Brasil, como educación, salud, ocio, cuidado, afecto, así como protegerlo de situaciones de violencia. Se considera que las expectativas de las participantes estaban alineadas con los objetivos del Programa de ACT. Es prioritario ofrecer programas de prevención a la violencia a los padres y cuidadores, en especial en momentos adversos como el de la pandemia de la COVID-19, con el fin de promover el desarrollo y la salud de los niños, así como prevenir situaciones de vulneración de derechos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Child Abuse , Disease Prevention , Psychosocial Intervention , Appetite , Personality Development , Play Therapy , Problem Solving , Psychology , Psychomotor Performance , Public Policy , Safety , Schools , Sex Offenses , Authoritarianism , Social Adjustment , Social Class , Social Isolation , Social Responsibility , Social Support , Stress, Psychological , Battered Child Syndrome , Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms , Behavioral Symptoms , Child Abuse, Sexual , Brazil , Online Systems , Character , Child , Child, Abandoned , Child Care , Child Welfare , Mental Health , Negotiating , Interview , Domestic Violence , Coronavirus , Combat Disorders , Communications Media , Comprehensive Health Care , Crime , Hazards , Affective Symptoms , Culture , Surveillance in Disasters , Death , Whistleblowing , Vulnerable Populations , Aggression , Dreams , Family Conflict , Family Relations , Family Therapy , Pandemics , Social Networking , Personal Narrative , Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders , Psychological Trauma , Social Workers , Child, Foster , Frustration , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological , Respect , Psychological Distress , Sexual Trauma , Social Inclusion , Return to School , Food Supply , COVID-19 , Home Environment , Social Vulnerability , Citizenship , Hematoma , Homicide , House Calls , Human Rights , Infanticide , Life Change Events , Love , Malpractice , Maternal Welfare , Mental Disorders , Narcissism , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
O distanciamento social ocasionado pela pandemia de Covid-19 levou a profundas mudanças na rotina das famílias com crianças pequenas, aumentando o estresse no ambiente doméstico. Este estudo analisou a experiência de planejamento e implementação de um projeto de extensão universitária que ofereceu orientação a pais com filhos de 0 a 11 anos por meio de chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia. O protocolo de atendimento foi desenvolvido para atender às necessidades de famílias de baixa renda e listava problemas específicos relacionados ao confinamento em casa e ao fechamento das escolas seguidos por uma variedade de estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise de 223 queixas relatadas pelos usuários em 130 ligações revelou que 94% dos problemas referidos pelos pais foram contemplados pelo protocolo de atendimento e estavam relacionados aos problemas externalizantes (39%) ou internalizantes (26%) das crianças ou ao declínio do bem-estar subjetivo dos pais (29%). Serviços de apoio devem orientar os pais quanto ao uso de práticas responsivas e assertivas que promovam o bem-estar emocional da criança e estabeleçam expectativas comportamentais em contextos estressantes. A diminuição dos conflitos entre pais e filhos resultante do uso dessas estratégias tende a reduzir o sofrimento dos pais, aumentando sua sensação de bem-estar subjetivo. Recomenda-se ampla divulgação dessas iniciativas e seguimento dos casos.(AU)
The social distancing the COVID-19 pandemic entailed has led to profound changes in the routine of families with young children, increasing stress in the home environment. This study analyzed the experience of planning and implementing a university extension program that offered support to parents with children from 0 to 11 years old via audio calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service protocol was developed to meet the needs of low-income families and listed specific problems related to home confinement and school closure followed by a variety of coping strategies. The analysis of 223 complaints reported by users in 130 calls revealed that 94% of the problems reported by parents were addressed by the protocol and were related to children's externalizing (39%) or internalizing (26%) problems or to the decline in parents' subjective well-being (29%). Support services should guide parents on the use of responsive and assertive practices that promote the child's emotional well-being and set behavioral expectations in stressful contexts. The reduction in conflicts between parents and children resulting from the use of these strategies tends to reduce parents' suffering, increasing their sense of subjective well-being. Wide dissemination of these initiatives and case follow-up are recommended.(AU)
La distancia social causada por la pandemia de COVID-19 condujo a cambios profundos en la rutina de las familias con niños pequeños, aumentando el estrés en el entorno del hogar. Este estudio analizó la experiencia de planificar e implementar un proyecto de extensión universitaria que ofreció orientación a los padres con niños de cero a 11 años a través de llamadas de audio durante la pandemia COVID-19. El protocolo de atención se desarrolló para satisfacer las necesidades de las familias de bajos ingresos y enumeró problemas específicos relacionados con el confinamiento en el hogar y el cierre de la escuela, seguido de una variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento. El análisis de 223 quejas informadas por los usuarios en 130 llamadas reveló que el 94% de los problemas informados por los padres fueron abordados por el protocolo de atención y estaban relacionados con los problemas de externalización (39%) o internalización (26%) de los niños o la disminución del bienestar subjetivo de los padres (29%). Los servicios de apoyo deberían aconsejar a los padres sobre el uso de prácticas receptivas y asertivas que promuevan el bienestar emocional del niño y establezcan expectativas de comportamiento en contextos estresantes. La reducción de los conflictos entre padres e hijos como resultado del uso de estas estrategias tiende a reducir el sufrimiento de los padres, aumentando su sensación de bienestar subjetivo. Se recomienda una amplia difusión de estas iniciativas y seguimiento de casos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Orientation , Parents , Personal Satisfaction , Child , Problem Behavior , COVID-19 , Anxiety , Parent-Child Relations , Appetite , Play and Playthings , Problem Solving , Psychology , Psychomotor Agitation , Quality of Life , Reading , Recreation , Remedial Teaching , Respiratory Tract Infections , Safety , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , School Health Services , Self Concept , Autistic Disorder , Sleep , Social Adjustment , Social Conditions , Social Conformity , Social Environment , Social Isolation , Social Problems , Socialization , Socioeconomic Factors , Task Performance and Analysis , Telephone , Temperament , Therapeutics , Time , Unemployment , Violence , Behavior Therapy , Work Hours , Health Policy, Planning and Management , Child Abuse, Sexual , Boredom , Neurosciences , Virus Diseases , Activities of Daily Living , Bereavement , Exercise , Divorce , Child Abuse , Child Development , Mental Health , Mass Vaccination , Relaxation Therapy , Immunization , Self-Injurious Behavior , Civil Rights , Parenting , Panic Disorder , Interview , Cognition , Domestic Violence , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Lecture , Disabled Children , Wit and Humor , Internet , Creativity , Crisis Intervention , Crying , Disaster Vulnerability , Psychosocial Impact , Personal Autonomy , Death , Friends , Aggression , Depression , Drive , Economics , Education, Special , Educational Status , Emotions , Empathy , Faculty , Family Conflict , Family Relations , Fear , Binge Drinking , Meals , Return to Work , Hope , Optimism , Pessimism , Self-Control , Phobia, Social , Psychosocial Support Systems , Work-Life Balance , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Screen Time , Disgust , Sadness , Solidarity , Psychological Distress , Psychosocial Intervention , Teleworking , Financial Stress , Food Insecurity , Sentiment Analysis , Sociodemographic Factors , Social Vulnerability , Family Support , Government , Guilt , Holistic Health , Homeostasis , Hospitalization , Household Work , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Anger , Learning , Learning Disabilities , Leisure Activities , Loneliness , Mental DisordersABSTRACT
Objetivamos apresentar uma proposta de atendimento psicossocial grupal oferecida para mulheres adultas que cometeram ofensa sexual, cuidadoras e mães. A experiência está sendo desenvolvida no Distrito Federal, Brasil, com pessoas do gênero feminino provenientes de encaminhamento judicial. Carece que os profissionais das áreas da justiça, saúde, serviço social e psicologia avancem no estudo e na compreensão desta temática, de modo a pensarem a atuação e o apoio terapêutico a essas mulheres. O modo de atendimento é focal e breve, com ênfase na criação de um ambiente lúdico como facilitador das interações grupais e da discussão sobre os temas: identidade; confiança nas relações afetivas e sociais; vivência pessoal com violência física e sexual; configuração de gênero; e expressão da sexualidade e futuro. A abordagem individual também se baseia no enfoque dos temas mencionados. O oferecimento de ajuda à mulher cuidadora ou à mãe tem participação ativa na interrupção do circuito abusivo sexual, pois essa violência é extremamente ocultada, ocasionando uma prolongada vulnerabilidade para as vítimas. Ressalta-se o valor do texto indicando a descrição de ação voltada para uma população permanentemente não estudada e evitada em seu reconhecimento. Os limites desta proposta encontram-se na falta de outras iniciativas que possibilitem uma discussão sobre essa experiência.(AU)
We aim to present a proposal of a group psychosocial intervention offered for adult female sexual offenders, caregivers, and mothers. The intervention is being developed at Federal District, Brazil, with female people coming from judicial referrals. Professionals in the areas of justice, health, social work, and psychology need to advance in the study and understanding this theme to think about action and therapeutic support for these women. The intervention is a focal and brief approach, with emphasis on the creation of a ludic environment as a facilitator of group interactions and discussion about the themes: identity; trust in affective and social relationships; personal experience with physical and sexual violence; gender configuration; and sexuality expression and future. The individual approach is also based on focusing on these themes. The offering of help to the female caregiver or the mother has an active participation in the interruption of the sexual offense circuit, since this violence is extremely hidden, bringing a prolonged condition of vulnerability to the victims. The value of this text is highlighted indicating the description of an action directed to a population that is permanently not studied and whose recognition is avoided. The limits of this proposal are found in the absence of other initiatives that would allow a discussion about this experience.(AU)
Este texto presenta una propuesta de atención psicosocial grupal destinada a mujeres adultas que han cometido delito sexual, a cuidadoras y madres. La intervención se está desarrollando en el Distrito Federal (Brasil), con personas del género femenino provenientes de remisiones judiciales. Es necesario que los profesionales de las áreas de justicia, salud, trabajo social y psicología avancen en el estudio y comprensión de esta temática para pensar en el desempeño y apoyo terapéutico de estas mujeres. El servicio es enfocado y breve, con énfasis en la creación de un ambiente lúdico como facilitador de interacciones grupales y discusión sobre los temas: identidad; confianza en las relaciones afectivas y sociales; experiencia personal con violencia física y sexual; configuración de género; y expresión de la sexualidad y el futuro. El enfoque individual también se centra en estos temas. La oferta de ayuda a la mujer cuidadora o a la madre es importante para la interrupción del circuito de abuso sexual, ya que esta violencia es extremadamente oculta y provoca una vulnerabilidad prolongada a las víctimas. Se destaca el valor del texto con la descripción de la acción dirigida a una población que no es objeto de estudios ni reconocida. Los límites de esta propuesta se encuentran en la ausencia de otras iniciativas que permitan un debate sobre esta experiencia.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Sex Offenses , Gender Identity , Psychosocial Intervention , Anxiety , Parent-Child Relations , Pedophilia , Perception , Art Therapy , Prejudice , Sex Work , Psychology , Psychopathology , Public Policy , Quality of Life , Rape , Rejection, Psychology , Safety , Sex Education , Shame , Social Environment , Social Justice , Social Problems , Socioeconomic Factors , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Taboo , Torture , Battered Child Syndrome , World Health Organization , Child Abuse, Sexual , Brazil , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral , Family , Child Abuse , Child Advocacy , Child Welfare , Liability, Legal , Women's Health , Parenting , Sexual Harassment , Coercion , Domestic Violence , Conflict, Psychological , Contraception , Crime Victims , Statistics , Crime , Hazards , Dangerous Behavior , Denial, Psychological , Trust , Aggression , Sexology , Human Rights Abuses , Depression , Fear , Criminals , Sexual Health , Human Trafficking , Criminal Behavior , Physical Abuse , Recidivism , Rights of Prisoners , Androcentrism , Freedom , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Respect , Emotional Abuse , Information Avoidance , Social Deprivation , Psychological Well-Being , Handling, Psychological , Hate , Health Promotion , Human Rights , Incest , Infections , Inhibition, Psychological , Life Change Events , Loneliness , Love , Deception , Malpractice , Masturbation , NarcissismABSTRACT
Atualmente, verifica-se o incremento do número de casos divulgados em relatórios oficiais sobre violência sexual infanto-juvenil na Reserva Indígena de Dourados (RID), o que demonstra uma grave problemática de vulnerabilidade social e a necessidade de articulação das políticas públicas para os povos originários. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em caracterizar a violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes indígenas. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa de análise documental de 20 reportagens veiculadas em 10 jornais de abrangência estadual, no período de 2015 a 2020. A abordagem decolonial orientou a interpretação dos resultados. Os resultados revelam que crianças do gênero feminino foram as mais vitimizadas. A maioria dos agressores possui vínculo de parentesco com as vítimas e a vulnerabilidade social e o uso de álcool são identificados como fatores de risco para a ocorrência das violências sexuais. Sugere-se a articulação de uma rede especializada de atendimento e a implementação de políticas públicas, que considerem a insterseccionalidade de marcadores sociais de gênero, etnia, idade e território, como fatores de proteção para o combate à violência sexual infanto-juvenil de indígenas.
Nowadays is observed an increase in the number of sexually abused children and adolescents from Indigenous Reservation of Dourados (RID). This fact brings light to the serious problem of social vulnerability among this population and signalizes a special need for public policies for native peoples. The objective of this study was characterizing the sexual abuse of indigenous children and adolescents. To do that, it was made a qualitative research with a documentary analysis of 20 reports published in 10 state newspapers, between 2015 to 2020. The results were interpreted with a decolonial approach and reveal that female children were the most victimized. Besides, most of the aggressors were related to the victims, and social vulnerability and alcohol use were identified as risk factors. To face violence against indigenous children and adolescents it is suggested the articulation of a specialized network of assistance, as well as the implementation of public policies that consider the intersectionality of social markers of gender, ethnicity, age, and territory.
Actualmente, se ha producido un aumento en el número de casos de violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes en la Reserva Indígena de Dourados (RID), lo que demuestra un grave problema de vulnerabilidad social y la necesidad de articular políticas públicas para los pueblos indígenas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la violencia sexual contra niños y adolescentes indígenas. Realizamos una investigación cualitativa de análisis documental de 20 reportajes publicados en 10 periódicos que cubren el estado, en el periodo de 2015 a 2020. El enfoque decolonial guió la interpretación de los resultados. Los resultados revelan que las niñas fueron las más victimizadas. La mayoría de los agresores tienen vínculos familiares con las víctimas y la vulnerabilidad social y el consumo de alcohol se identifican como factores de riesgo para la aparición de los malos tratos. Se sugiere la articulación de una red de atención especializada y la implementación de políticas públicas que consideren la interseccionalidad de los marcadores sociales de género, etnia, edad y territorio, como factores de protección para combatir el maltrato infantil de los niños indígenas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Public Policy , Sex Offenses , Child Abuse, Sexual , Indigenous Peoples , Social Vulnerability , Child Abuse , Qualitative Research , Gender IdentityABSTRACT
The current mixed-method study aimed to 1) identify different childhood interpersonal trauma (CIT) and dispositional mindfulness (DM) profiles in an adult sample; 2) illustrate these profiles with qualitative data documenting childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and CIT survivors' perceptions of their own DM; and 3) examine profile differences on sexual and relational outcomes. Participants were 292 adults who completed an online questionnaire. A subsample of participants having reported a history of CSA (n = 51) also completed semi-structured interviews. Hierarchical cluster, comparison, and content analyses were performed. Analyses yielded three profiles: 1) Lower victimization, high mindfulness; 2) Psychological victimization, low mindfulness; and 3) Multi-victimization, low mindfulness. Participants in profile 1 presented the lowest frequency of CIT experiences and the highest levels of DM and sexual and relational well-being. Profile 2 participants presented higher sexual and relational well-being (i.e., higher sexual satisfaction, lower sexual depression, and fewer interpersonal conflicts) than those in profile 3. By documenting distinct CIT and DM profiles and tying them to different levels of relational and sexual well-being, this study could guide practitioners in designing tailored interventions.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Mindfulness , Adult , Child , Humans , Mindfulness/methods , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Personality , Cluster AnalysisABSTRACT
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with autobiographical memory (AM) disturbances. AM is important for future thinking, sense of self, and coping with negative emotions. CSA is under-researched among men, with research examining long-term neural correlates limited even further. This study explored the neural correlates of re-experiencing traumatic/negative memories to examine the influence of CSA on AM into adulthood. Fifteen males who experienced CSA, with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; CSA+PTSD, n = 6; CSA-PTSD, n = 9) and control males without CSA histories nor PTSD (n = 11) completed a script-driven imagery paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Males with CSA histories, with and without PTSD, processed their negative autobiographical memories with less activation compared to control males. The CSA+PTSD group of males had less activation in the left superior occipital, left superior parietal and left parahippocampal gyri compared to control participants. The CSA-PTSD group had reduced activation in the same regions to a lesser extent. This study provides preliminary empirical evidence to suggest CSA impacts AM for traumatic experiences, and the impact is notable even for men who experienced CSA but do not have PTSD. This study highlights the need for more research with men who have experienced CSA, so that, we can fully understand the neural correlates of emotional memories, and better support the mental health and continued wellness of men who experienced CSA.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Memory, Episodic , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Adult , Child , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Emotions , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
In many cultures, people use the concept of spirit possession to explain abrupt changes in behavior and identity or problems with affect regulation. High incidence of traumatic experiences are also found among "possession" victims but there are few studies exploring in detail their clinical presentations. This study reports the symptoms of two women with a history of sexual abuse, labeled in their religious communities as possessed, and subjected to exorcisms. Following a thorough clinical assessment, interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore their meaning-making and help-seeking behavior. Accepting the demonic reappraisal of trauma-related symptoms and interventions offered by clergy contributed to receiving social support but discouraged them from seeking diagnostic consultations and trauma-focused therapy, leading to their continued symptoms. This justifies the need for educating religious leaders in recognizing and understanding basic psychopathological symptoms.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Spiritual Therapies , Catholicism , Child , Female , Humans , Poland , SurvivorsABSTRACT
The significant gap between the prevalence of child sexual abuse and disclosure underscores the need for new, innovative, and creative screening tools to identify victims to end the abuse and provide these victims with appropriate treatment. This article presents the cumulative efforts of a series of innovative studies dealing with sexually abused survivors and offenders that concentrates on preventing, assessing, screening, and treating Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). We start by describing the need and rationale for using the arts for purposes of identification and treatment. We discuss how these arts help bypass censorship and dissociation mechanisms involving the body as a critical factor during the assessment and the treatment. Each of the articles is then presented. The introduction is organized to show how non-verbal techniques for the prevention, screening, assessment and treatment of sexual abuse in chidren can move beyond verbal techniques that are known to be limited in their effectiveness.
Subject(s)
Art Therapy , Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Criminals , Child , Child Abuse, Sexual/prevention & control , Disclosure , Humans , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Intrusive mental imagery (MI) plays a crucial role in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Evidence on the characteristics of MI in adolescents suffering from PTSD is sparse. The aim of this study was to thoroughly assess MI in an adolescent sample suffering from PTSD after the experience of childhood sexual abuse and/or childhood physical abuse (CA). METHODS: Thirty-two adolescents with a primary diagnosis of PTSD after CA and 32 adolescents without any mental disorder and without a history of CA, matched for age and gender, completed questionnaires assessing the characteristics of negative and positive MI, as well as images of injury and death that lead to positive emotions (ID-images). RESULTS: The PTSD group reported significantly more frequent, more vivid, more distressing and more strongly autobiographically linked negative MI compared to the control group. Although positive MI was highly present in both groups (PTSD: 65.6%; controls: 71.9%), no significant differences emerged between the two groups regarding the distinct characteristics of positive MI. The frequency of the ID-images did not significantly differ between the two groups (PTSD: 21.9%; controls: 9.4%), although the ID-images were more vivid in the PTSD group. DISCUSSION: Negative MI appears to be crucial in adolescent PTSD, whilst positive MI are unexpectedly common in both the PTSD and the control group. The role of positive MI as well as that of ID-images remain unclear. Specific interventions for changing negative MI that are tailored to the developmental challenges in adolescents with PTSD should be developed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Some of the PTSD patients in this study were also part of a randomized controlled trial on Developmentally adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT). This trial was registered at the German Clinical Trial Registry (GCTR), DRKS00004787 , 18 March 2013.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Sex Offenses , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Child Abuse, Sexual/therapy , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Humans , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
In a 2015-2016 UK survey of 35, 248 adults, 7% reported experiencing sexual abuse as children. This review considers the value of Art Therapy (AT) in recognizing individual needs and experiences and supporting victims to manage the lasting impact of abuse. Three main bodies of research were identified: the use of AT in childhood sexual abuse (CSA) investigations; the use of art therapy in the treatment of the psychological sequelae of CSA victims in childhood and adulthood; and an assessment of how art therapy compares to other therapeutic approaches for CSA victims. The review highlights that AT particularly benefits rapport building between victim and therapist/investigator, and alleviates some psychological consequences of sexual abuse - particularly anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and dissociation. By engaging the limbic system, AT may also provide a communicative form, building a narrative where verbal communication is hindered. However, the analysis brings attention to several weaknesses in the current AT research: available studies tend to have small sample sizes and few quantitative findings. This review concludes by identifying the need for research which considers the clinical implications of AT in CSA cases for the future.
Subject(s)
Art Therapy , Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Crime Victims , Adult , Child , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Crime Victims/psychology , Humans , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with revictimization and sexual risk-taking behaviours. The Internet has increased the opportunities for teens to access sexually explicit imagery and has provided new avenues for victimization and exploitation. Online URL activity and offline psychosocial factors were assessed for 460 females aged 12-16 (CSA = 156; comparisons = 304) with sexual behaviours and Internet-initiated victimization assessed 2 years later. Females who experienced CSA did not use more pornography than comparisons but were at increased odds of being cyberbullied (odds ratio = 2.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.67-4.81). These females were also more likely to be represented in a high-risk latent profile characterized by heightened URL activity coupled with problematic psychosocial factors, which showed increased odds of being cyberbullied, receiving online sexual solicitations and heightened sexual activity. While Internet activity alone may not confer risk, results indicate a subset of teens who have experienced CSA for whom both online and offline factors contribute to problematic outcomes.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Crime Victims/psychology , Internet , Risk-Taking , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Adolescent , Child , Female , HumansABSTRACT
En esta investigación se visualizan las consecuencias mentales y físicas del abuso sexual y la efectividad del tratamiento de acupuntura como un complemento y método resolutivo para la estabilidad de las mujeres sobrevivientes de abuso sexual. Se considera un aporte para ser considerado en tratamientos a futuro con un enfoque holístico e integral
This research visualizes the mental and physical consequences of sexual abuse and the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment as a complement and resolution method for the stability of women survivors of sexual abuse. It is considered a contribution to be considered in future treatments with a holistic and comprehensive approach
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Child Abuse, Sexual/therapy , Acupuncture Therapy , Sexual Trauma/therapy , Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant public health problem affecting one billion children aged 2 to 17 globally. The prevalence of CSA in Tanzania is one of the highest; however, how health care providers manage CSA cases has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated how medical, nursing, and midwifery professionals in Tanzania handle cases of CSA and identified the factors that facilitate or impede the provision of quality care to CSA victims. METHODS: Participants were 60 experienced healthcare professionals and 61 health students working in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We conducted 18 focus groups stratified by profession (midwifery, nursing, or medicine) and experience (practitioners versus students). RESULTS: Three main themes emerged. First, child abuse management involved using a multi-disciplinary approach, including proper history taking, physical assessment, treatment, and referral. Second, factors that enhanced disclosure of CSA included building rapport, privacy, and confidentiality. Third, factors that impeded care included fear of harm to the child if the abuse was reported, abuse reporting being perceived as a "waste of time" for providers, loss of evidence from the victim, family resistance, poverty, corruption and cultural dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Midwives, nurses and doctors were all experienced in and reported similar challenges in addressing CSA. At a structural level, the ratio of providers to patients in health facilities inhibits quality care. These findings have implications for strengthening CSA policy/guidelines and clinical practice in Tanzania. Mandated CSA training is necessary for midwifery, nursing, and medical students as well as in continuing education courses for more experienced providers.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Midwifery , Students, Medical , Adolescent , Child , Child Abuse, Sexual/therapy , Child, Preschool , Female , Health Personnel , Humans , Pregnancy , Tanzania/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is common, severe, and substantively contributes to the global burden of disease through its impact on physical, mental, and behavioral health problems. While CSA is preventable through non-justice system response efforts, the vast majority of resources support criminal justice efforts to identify, prosecute, punish and monitor offenders after CSA has already occurred. Policy makers have not supported CSA prevention efforts in part because the public does not view CSA as a preventable public health problem. Here, we describe a program of research to be conducted to bridge the gaps between expert and public opinion about CSA as a preventable public health problem. We propose such research use a three-step approach to alter the way experts communicate about CSA to increase audiences' understanding of CSA as preventable. The three steps are: 1) identify consensus expert and public perspectives about CSA and the differences between these perspectives; 2) develop and test communication strategies to align public with expert perspectives; and 3) broadly disseminate validated communication strategies. Through this approach, we seek to develop and disseminate an informed communications strategy that effectively and accurately translates the science of CSA prevention to the public and the media.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Criminals , Child , Communication , Humans , Public HealthABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate the association between earlier sexual abuse and polysubstance abuse among persons in alcohol, drug and gambling addiction treatment in Greenland. The study included 431 individuals treated in 2017-2019. Data on exposure (sexual abuse), outcome (polysubstance abuse), and potential confounders (age, sex, school education, further education, labour market affiliation, physical abuse and emotional abuse) were extracted from The National Database on Substance Abuse Treatment. Polysubstance abuse was defined as both smoking cannabis more than once a week and having an AUDIT score >15. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). In total, 61% reported having been sexually abused. Women were more often sexually abused and had more often been physically and emotionally abused when compared to men. Polysubstance abuse (OR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.22; 3.48) and cannabis abuse (OR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.20; 2.98), but not alcohol abuse, were more frequent in sexually abused when compared to non-victims of sexual abuse. This study found polysubstance abuse to be more frequent in sexually abused treatment seekers. It is recommended that the findings are taken into account in the planning of treatment services and in training of counsellors.