Exogenous Ketosis Impairs 30-min Time-Trial Performance Independent of Bicarbonate Supplementation.

PURPOSE: We recently demonstrated that coingestion of NaHCO3 to counteract ketoacidosis resulting from oral ketone ester (KE) intake improves mean power output during a 15-min time trial (TT) at the end of a 3-h cycling race by ~5%. This ergogenic effect occurred at a time when blood ketone levels were low, as ketosis was only induced during the initial ~2 h of the race. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated whether performance also increases if blood ketone levels are increased in the absence of ketoacidosis during high-intensity exercise. METHODS: In a double-blind crossover design, 14 well-trained male cyclists completed a 30-min TT (TT30') followed by an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). Subjects were randomized to receive (i) 50 g KE, (ii) 180 mg·kg-1 body weight NaHCO3 (BIC), (iii) KE + BIC, or (iv) a control drink (CON). RESULTS: KE ingestion increased blood d-ß-hydroxybutyrate to ~3-4 mM during the TT30' and SPRINT (P < 0.001 vs CON). In KE, blood pH and bicarbonate concomitantly dropped, causing 0.05 units lower pH and 2.6 mM lower bicarbonate in KE compared with CON during the TT30' and SPRINT (P < 0.001 vs CON). BIC coingestion resulted in 0.9 mM higher blood d-ß-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.001 vs KE) and completely counteracted ketoacidosis during exercise (P > 0.05 vs CON). Mean power output during TT30' was similar between CON and BIC at 281 W, but was 1.5% lower in the KE conditions (main effect of KE: P = 0.03). Time to exhaustion in the SPRINT was ~64 s in CON and KE and increased by ~8% in the BIC conditions (main effect of BIC: P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: Neutralization of acid-base disturbance by BIC coingestion is insufficient to counteract the slightly negative effect of KE intake during high-intensity exercise.

Salt and water balance after sweat loss: A study of Bikram yoga.

Bikram yoga is practiced in a room heated to 105°F with 40% humidity for 90 min. During the class a large volume of water and electrolytes are lost in the sweat, specifically, sodium is lost, the main cation of the extracellular fluid. There is little known about the volume of sweat and the amount of sodium lost in sweat during Bikram yoga or the optimum quantity of fluid required to replace these losses. The participants who took part in this small feasibility study were five females with a mean age of 47.4 ± 4.7 years and 2.6 ± 1.6 years of experience at Bikram yoga. The total body weight, water consumed, serum sodium concentration, serum osmolality, and serum aldosterone levels were all measured before and after a Bikram yoga practice. Sweat sodium chloride concentration and osmolality were measured at the end of the practice. The mean estimated sweat loss was 1.54 ± 0.65 L, while the amount of water consumed during Bikram yoga was 0.38 ± 0.22 L. Even though only 25% of the sweat loss was replenished with water intake during the Bikram yoga class, we did not observe a change in serum sodium levels or serum osmolality. The sweat contained 82 ± 16 mmol/L of sodium chloride for an estimated total of 6.8 ± 2.1 g of sodium chloride lost in the sweat. The serum aldosterone increased 3.5-fold from before to after Bikram yoga. There was a decrease in the extracellular body fluid compartment of 9.7%. Sweat loss in Bikram yoga predominately produced a volume depletion rather than the dehydration of body fluids. The sweating-stimulated rise in serum aldosterone levels will lead to increased sodium reabsorption from the kidney tubules and restore the extracellular fluid volume over the next 24 hr.

Pregnancy profiles in the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Clinical biochemical and hematological variations during healthy gestation and a successful outcome.

The physiological demands of pregnancy inevitably result in changes of both biochemical and hematological parameters as the fetus develops. Alterations in blood parameters have been observed to shift according to both trimester and species, to support fetal physiological needs and maternal basal requirements. Establishing normal reference ranges for each stage in gestation is important to facilitate diagnosis of underlying health concerns and prevent over-diagnosing abnormalities. Despite bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) being one of the most highly studied cetaceans, the blood profile changes occurring as a result of pregnancy have not been previously described. A retrospective analysis was performed from blood samples obtained from 42 successful pregnancies from 20 bottlenose dolphins in a managed population over 30 years. Samples were compared to non-pregnant states and among trimesters of pregnancy. Blood profile fluctuations occurred throughout gestation, however significant alterations predominantly occurred between the 2nd and 3rd trimester. Hematological changes from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester included a decrease in lymphocytes, decrease in platelet count, and hemoconcentration with increased hematocrit and hemoglobin. Biochemical changes in the 3rd trimester included significant reductions in ALKP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) with significant increases observed in albumin, globulins, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides and CO2. It's important to note that despite significant shifts occurring between the 2nd and 3rd trimester, there was no significant change in platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, lymphocytes or CO2 between non-pregnant and 3rd trimester blood samples. The normal reference ranges for each trimester established herein, will enable future identification of abnormalities occurring during pregnancy and help improve our understanding of factors potentially influencing a failed or successful pregnancy outcome.

High dose vitamin D exacerbates central nervous system autoimmunity by raising T-cell excitatory calcium.

Poor vitamin D status is associated with a higher relapse rate and earlier disability in multiple sclerosis. Based on these associations, patients with multiple sclerosis are frequently supplemented with the vitamin D precursor cholecalciferol, although it is unclear whether this regimen is of therapeutic benefit. To model consequences of this common practice, mice were fed for more than 3 months with a low, medium or high dose of cholecalciferol, representative of vitamin D deficiency, modest and disproportionally high supplementation, respectively, in patients with multiple sclerosis. Compared to vitamin D-deprived mice, its moderate supplementation reduced the severity of subsequent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which was associated with an expansion of regulatory T cells. Direct exposure of murine or human T cells to vitamin D metabolites inhibited their activation. In contrast, mice with 25-(OH) vitamin D levels above 200 nmol/l developed fulminant experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with massive CNS infiltration of activated myeloid cells, Th1 and Th17 cells. When dissecting this unexpected outcome, we observed that high, but not medium dose vitamin D had caused mild hypercalcaemia, which rendered T cells more prone to pro-inflammatory activation. Exposing murine or human T cells to equivalent calcium concentrations in vitro enhanced its influx, triggering activation, upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene products and enhanced transmigration across a blood-brain barrier model. These findings suggest that vitamin D at moderate levels may exert a direct regulatory effect, while continuous high dose vitamin D treatment could trigger multiple sclerosis disease activity by raising mean levels of T-cell excitatory calcium.

Serum Biochemical Analytes and Trace Elements in Juvenile Whooping Cranes (Grus americana).

Biochemical and trace element analyses of blood from wild Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) were performed to assess the health of the only self-sustaining, migratory population in North America. Juvenile cranes (n=31) approximately 49-70 d-old were sampled at Wood Buffalo National Park, Northwest Territories, Canada, in midsummer from 2010 to 2012. Archived serum (n=24) and whole blood (n=31) samples from captive juvenile cranes were selected as age-matched controls. Reference values were calculated for serum biochemical analytes and trace elements in whole blood from the captive juvenile Whooping Cranes reared under controlled conditions and with known health histories. Several statistical differences among blood biochemical and trace element values of the wild and captive juveniles were identified and were likely attributable to dietary differences between the populations.

NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit-2 237 Leu/Met Polymorphism Influences the Association of Coffee Consumption with Serum Chloride Levels in Male Japanese Health Checkup Examinees: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit-2 237 leucine/methionine (ND2-237 Leu/Met) polymorphism has been shown to modify the association of coffee consumption with the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abnormal glucose tolerance, and low serum chloride levels have been shown to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether ND2-237 Leu/Met polymorphism influences the association of coffee consumption with serum chloride levels in male Japanese health checkup examinees. METHODS: From among individuals visiting the hospital for a regular medical checkup, 402 men (mean age ± standard deviation, 53.9 ± 7.8 years) were selected for inclusion in the study. After ND2-237 Leu/Met genotyping, we conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study to examine the combined association of ND2-237 Leu/Met polymorphism and coffee consumption with serum electrolyte levels. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, body mass index, habitual smoking, alcohol consumption, green tea consumption, and antihypertensive medication, coffee consumption significantly increased serum chloride levels (p for trend = 0.001) in men with the ND2-237Leu genotype. After these adjustments, the odds ratios (ORs) for low levels of serum chloride, defined as <100 mEq/L, were found to be dependent on coffee consumption (p for trend = 0.001). In addition, the OR for low levels of serum chloride was significantly lower in men with the ND2-237Leu genotype who consumed ≥4 compared with <1 cup of coffee per day (OR = 0.096, 95% confidence interval = 0.010⁻0.934; p = 0.044). However, neither serum chloride levels nor risk of low levels of serum chloride appeared to be dependent on coffee consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that ND2-237 Leu/Met polymorphism modifies the association of coffee consumption with serum chloride levels in middle-aged Japanese men.

Novel effects of phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride in premenopausal women: A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Soy phytoestrogens are potential alternatives to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Adverse effects of HRT such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism are mediated by calcium-induced signaling. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether soy isoflavones affect serum calcium in healthy female subjects. DESIGN: In a double-blind trial, 197 premenopausal women were randomly assigned to either isoflavone (N = 99) or placebo pills (N = 98) 5 days per week for up to 2 years, plus prenatal vitamins. Isoflavone pills contained 60 mg genistein, 60 mg daidzein and 16.6 mg glycitein (expressed as aglycone equivalents). All pills contained 15 mg riboflavin as an adherence marker. Blood chemistries and urinary daidzein, genistein and riboflavin were measured multiple times during the luteal phase before and during treatment. RESULTS: Analysis of the adherent population (N = 83 per group), revealed significantly strong associations between urinary levels of isoflavones and serum concentrations of calcium (regression coefficients 0.082 for daidzein and 0.229 for genistein, all P < 0.01) and chloride (regression coefficient, -1.537 for genistein, P < 0.0001), mediated in part by albumin. The effects amounted to mean changes of +0.24 mg/dL for calcium and -1.45 mEq/L for chloride, with each visit for subjects excreting the most vs. the least amounts of isoflavones. These associations were not evident in the intention-to-treat analysis (N = 197) that did not assess expected variations in isoflavone levels within and between subjects from metabolism and adherence. CONCLUSIONS: These novel and strong effects of soy isoflavones on calcium homeostasis have important implications for long term effects of these natural substances on cardiovascular diseases.

Phenolic alkaloid oleracein E attenuates oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in AlCl3-treated mice.

AIMS: Chelation therapy and antioxidant supplements have been demonstrated to be useful in ameliorating aluminum (Al) induced neurotoxicity. Oleracein E (OE) is a phenolic antioxidant alkaloid which possesses a rare tetrahydroisoquinoline/pyrrolidone tricyclic skeleton and a catechol moiety. The aim of this study was to investigate whether OE can chelate with Al and alleviate AlCl3-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. MAIN METHODS: Kunming mice were administered AlCl3 (40mg/kg/d, i.p., 28days), with co-administration of OE (3mg/kg/d, 15mg/kg/d, i.g.) and the positive control piracetam (PA, 400mg/kg/d, i.g.). The Al contents in the brain and plasma were determined using ICP-MS. Al chelating ability of OE was assayed using UV spectroscopy. MDA, GSH, SOD or CAT, in the brain or plasma were determined. HE staining was used to examine hippocampal morphology alterations. IHC staining was employed to measure the expression of apoptotic-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. KEY FINDINGS: AlCl3 remarkably increased the brain and plasma Al contents, increased lipid peroxidation and induced hippocampal neuronal damage. OE chelated with Al to form a stable complex. An increase in brain Al content by OE (15mg/kg) likely occurred through chelating with Al, which reduced the toxicity of free Al ion in the brain. OE significantly decreased MDA by regulating some antioxidant biomarkers. Furthermore, OE significantly ameliorated the protein expression changes in some apoptotic indices induced by AlCl3. SIGNIFICANCE: The phenolic alkaloid OE, as an antioxidant, Al chelator and apoptosis inhibitor, alleviates oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by AlCl3.

Development of a Multivariate Predictive Model to Estimate Ionized Calcium Concentration from Serum Biochemical Profile Results in Dogs.

BACKGROUND: Ionized calcium concentration is the gold standard to assess calcium status in dogs, but measurement is not always available. OBJECTIVES: (1) To predict ionized calcium concentration from biochemical results and compare the diagnostic performance of predicted ionized calcium concentration (piCa) to those of total calcium concentration (tCa) and 2 corrected tCa formulas; and (2) to study the relationship between biochemical results and variation of measured ionized calcium concentration (miCa). ANIMALS: A total of 1,719 dogs with both miCa and biochemical profile results available. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Using 1,200 dogs, piCa was determined using a multivariate adaptive regression splines model. Its accuracy and performance were tested on the remaining 519 dogs. RESULTS: The final model included creatinine, albumin, tCa, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, and age, with tCa, albumin, and chloride having the highest impact on miCa variation. Measured ionized calcium concentration was better correlated with piCa than with tCa and corrected tCa and had higher overall diagnostic accuracy to diagnose hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, but not significantly for hypercalcemia. For hypercalcemia, piCa was as sensitive (64%) but more specific (99.6%) than tCa and corrected tCa. For hypocalcemia, piCa was more sensitive (21.8%) and as specific (98.4%) as tCa. Positive and negative predictive values of piCa were high for both hypercalcemia (90% and 98%, respectively) and hypocalcemia (70.8% and 87.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Predicted ionized calcium concentration can be obtained from readily available biochemical and patient results and seems more useful than tCa and corrected tCa to assess calcium disorders in dogs when miCa is unavailable. Validation on external data, however, is warranted.

Standard Clinical Protocol for Bidirectional Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): Systemic Leucovorin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Heated Intraperitoneal Oxaliplatin in a Chloride-Containing Carrier Solution.

BACKGROUND: Intraperitoneal chemotherapy has an established role in the treatment of selected patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases. Oxaliplatin is highly suitable as a chemotherapeutic agent for hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), but its use to date has been limited because of the morbidity caused by severe electrolyte and glycemic imbalances associated with 5% glucose as its carrier solution. This report provides an overview of the development, rationale, and application of intraperitoneal chemotherapy and the use of various drugs and carrier solutions. A novel, evidence-based protocol for bidirectional oxaliplatin-based HIPEC in a physiologic carrier solution (Dianeal PD4 dextrose 1.36%) is presented, and its impact on electrolyte and glucose levels is demonstrated. METHODS: After implementation of the new protocol, the serum electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and chloride) levels, glucose levels, and intravenous insulin requirements were intensively measured in eight consecutive cases immediately before HIPEC (T = 0), immediately after HIPEC (T = 30), 1 h after HIPEC (T = 60), and 3 h after HIPEC (T = 180). RESULTS: The median sodium levels were 140 mmol/L at T = 0, 138 mmol/L at T = 30, 140 mmol/L at T = 60, and 140 mmol/L at T = 180. The respective median potassium levels were 4.6, 4.2, 3.7, and 3.9 mmol/L, and the respective median chloride levels were 112, 111, 111, and 112 mmol/L. The respective median glucose levels were 9, 11.5, 10.7, and 8.6 mmol/L. The median insulin requirements were respectively 0.5, 1.5, 1.2, and 0 U/h. None of the patients were diabetic. CONCLUSION: Using a novel protocol for bidirectional oxaliplatin-based HIPEC in Dianeal instead of 5% glucose, the observed fluctuations in this study were minimal and not clinically relevant compared with historical values for electrolyte and glycemic changes using 5% glucose as a HIPEC carrier solution. This novel protocol leads to only minimal and clinically irrelevant electrolyte and glycemic disturbances, and its adoption as the standard protocol for oxaliplatin-based HIPEC should be considered.

Talking to the dead: using Post-mortem data in the assessment of stress in tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Péron and Lesueur, 1822).

Sharks are very sensitive to stress and prone to a high mortality rate after capture. Since approximately 50 million of sharks are caught as bycatch every year, and current recommendations to reduce the impact of commercial fishing strongly support immediate release, it is imperative to better understand post-release mortality caused by the stress of capture and handling. Blood samples allow the assessment of stress levels which are valuable tools to reduce mortality in commercial, recreational and scientific fishing, being essential for the improvement in those conservation measures. Biochemical analyses are widely used for sharks as stress indicators, with secondary plasma parameters (lactate, glucose and ions) being the most often employed assays. However, it is virtually impossible to determine baseline plasma parameters in free-ranging sharks, since blood withdrawal involves animal capture and restrain, which are stressful procedures. This study aims at analyzing secondary parameters of five healthy tiger sharks captured with circular hooks and handlines in Fernando de Noronha (Northeastern Brazil) and comparing them with secondary parameters of three dead tiger sharks caught off Recife (also Northeastern Brazil). The results showed that the analysis of some plasma constituents in dead animals may be an efficient tool to assess stress and lethality. However, traditional parameters such as glucose and calcium, need to be used with caution. The results also demonstrated the extreme importance of urea and phosphorus for assessing stress response and mortality in tiger sharks, both parameters frequently neglected and of utmost importance for shark's homeostasis.

A two-generation inhalation reproductive toxicity study upon the exposure to manganese chloride.

A number of published studies have suggested that high levels of exposure to manganese, especially those found in occupational settings, can adversely affect the reproductive system. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate if these findings can be replicated using the Sprague Dawley rat and, if so, to identify those parts of the reproductive system are more susceptible. Male and female rats were exposed to manganese dichloride (MnCl2) via inhalation at concentrations of 0 (air-control); 5, 10 and 20µg/L air over 10 weeks (F0) and over 11 weeks (F1) prior to mating, and then throughout mating, gestation and lactation until termination after the F1 and F2 generation had reached Day 21 of lactation respectively. Animals were monitored for clinical signs of toxicity and for effects on body weight, food consumption, effects on the entire reproductive system including maternal care. The offspring were monitored for survival and growth up to weaning. Blood samples were taken from all adult animals for bioanalytical of manganese analysis prior to dosing, prior to mating and prior to weaning/necropsy. There were no deaths related to treatment, though respiratory tract effects were observed in F0 animals in the mid and high dose animals. Body weight and food consumption were affected at high dose in both generation. There were no treatment-related effects on the oestrous cycles, mating performance, sexual maturity, fertility or duration of gestation or litter size, the sperm motility, count of morphology (sperm) or the ovary follicle scoring in either generation. The No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for reproductive performance was considered to be the target dose level of 20µg/L. Based on these findings, manganese chloride could not be considered a reprotoxicant under these conditions of exposure. Therefore, soluble and insoluble forms of inorganic manganese compounds by extrapolation cannot be considered as reprotoxicants.

Hypochloremia and Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure: Mechanistic Insights.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiological studies have implicated chloride, rather than sodium, as the driver of poor survival previously attributed to hyponatremia in heart failure. Accumulating basic science evidence has identified chloride as a critical factor in renal salt sensing. Our goal was to probe the physiology bridging this basic and epidemiological literature. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two heart failure cohorts were included: (1) observational: patients receiving loop diuretics at the Yale Transitional Care Center (N=162) and (2) interventional pilot: stable outpatients receiving ≥80 mg furosemide equivalents were studied before and after 3 days of 115 mmol/d supplemental lysine chloride (N=10). At the Yale Transitional Care Center, 31.5% of patients had hypochloremia (chloride ≤96 mmol/L). Plasma renin concentration correlated with serum chloride (r=-0.46; P<0.001) with no incremental contribution from serum sodium (P=0.49). Hypochloremic versus nonhypochloremic patients exhibited renal wasting of chloride (P=0.04) and of chloride relative to sodium (P=0.01), despite better renal free water excretion (urine osmolality 343±101 mOsm/kg versus 475±136; P<0.001). Hypochloremia was associated with poor diuretic response (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.3-16.1; P<0.001). In the interventional pilot, lysine chloride supplementation was associated with an increase in serum chloride levels of 2.2±2.3 mmol/L, and the majority of participants experienced findings such as hemoconcentration, weight loss, reduction in amino terminal, pro B-type natriuretic peptide, increased plasma renin activity, and increased blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Hypochloremia is associated with neurohormonal activation and diuretic resistance with chloride depletion as a candidate mechanism. Sodium-free chloride supplementation was associated with increases in serum chloride and changes in several cardiorenal parameters. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02031354.

Determinação de valores de referência séricos para os eletrólitos magnésio, cloretos, cálcio e fósforo em ovinos das raças Dorper e Santa Inês / Determination of magnesium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus serum reference values for Dorper and Santa Inês sheep breeds

A ovinocultura no Brasil é uma atividade em grande expansão e, com o aumento da demanda mundial por carne ovina, aumentou-se o interesse no monitoramento da sanidade do rebanho, utilizando diversas ferramentas como auxiliares no diagnóstico clínico, tais como os intervalos de referência séricos. Os elementos minerais constituem 2 a 5,5% do corpo dos vertebrados, exercendo diversas funções no organismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter intervalos de referência para os eletrólitos magnésio, fósforo, cloreto e cálcio para ovinos das raças Dorper e Santa Inês. Foram coletados soros de 487 animais clinicamente sadios, sendo 146 da raça Dorper e 341 da raça Santa Inês. Os eletrólitos foram mensurados utilizando-se kits comerciais. Os dados foram analisados quanto à raça, sexo e idade, e os intervalos de referência determinados. Os resultados revelaram diferenças significativas nos intervalos de referência obtidos para os eletrólitos cálcio e magnésio na variável raça, e para o eletrólito fósforo na variável faixa etária e, quando confrontados com valores de referência já publicados, comprovou-se a existência de diferença estatística significativa entre os mesmos em todos os analitos estudados.

The sheep industry in Brazil is an important economic activity, and with the increasing global demand for sheep meat there is a great interest in the monitoring of the herd health, and serum reference ranges are basic tools for veterinary clinical pathology assays. Mineral elements correspond to 2-5.5% of the body of vertebrates, holding different functions in their physiology. The objective of this study was to obtain reference intervals of the electrolytes magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and calcium for the Dorper and Saint Ines sheep breeds. Sera samples were collected from 487 clinically healthy sheep, 146 from Dorper and 341 from Santa Ines breed. Electrolytes were measured using commercial kits. Data were analyzed taking the race, sex and age variables in account, and reference ranges were established. The results revealed significant statistical differences in reference ranges obtained for the electrolytes calcium and magnesium concerning the variable race, and for the electrolyte phosphorus in the variable age and, when compared with reference values already published, proved the existence of significant differences.

Stress, nutrition and parental care in a teleost fish: exploring mechanisms with supplemental feeding and cortisol manipulation.

Parental care is an essential life-history component of reproduction for many animal species, and it entails a suite of behavioural and physiological investments to enhance offspring survival. These investments can incur costs to the parent, reducing their energetic and physiological condition, future reproductive capabilities and survival. In fishes, relatively few studies have focused on how these physiological costs are mediated. Male smallmouth bass provide parental care for developing offspring until the brood reaches independence. During this energetically demanding life stage, males cease active foraging as they vigorously defend their offspring. Experimental manipulation of cortisol levels (via implantation) and food (via supplemental feeding) in parental males was used to investigate the fitness consequences of parental care. Improving the nutritional condition of nest-guarding males increased their reproductive success by reducing premature nest abandonment. However, supplemental feeding and cortisol treatment had no effect on parental care behaviours. Cortisol treatment reduced plasma lymphocyte numbers, but increased neutrophil and monocyte concentrations, indicating a shift in immune function. Supplemental feeding improved the physiological condition of parental fish by reducing the accumulation of oxidative injury. Specifically, supplemental feeding reduced the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) on DNA nucleotides. Increasing the nutritional condition of parental fish can reduce the physiological cost associated with intensive parental activity and improve overall reproductive success, illustrating the importance of nutritional condition as a key modulator of parental fitness.

Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Composition in Diabetic Rats Treated With Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum.

Diabetes mellitus affects lipid levels resulting in diabetic dyslipidemia as well as electrolyte loss from the body. Musa sapientum has been reported to possess antidiabetic properties. This study assessed the lipid profile and electrolyte composition in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with methanol leaf extract of M. sapientum (cMEMSL). Diabetes was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kg i.p.). Seventy-five male albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 15 rats each. Group 1 was control; groups 2-5 were made diabetic and treated with 0.2 ml 0.9% NaCl, cMEMSL (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg), and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), respectively, for 14 days. Blood samples were obtained from the retro orbital sinus after light anesthesia from 5 animals in each group on days 2, 7, and 14 for lipids and electrolyte analysis. Lipid profile of diabetic treated (cMEMSL and glibenclamide) animals showed significant reduction (p < .05) in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the treatment groups increased significantly (p < .05) compared with diabetic untreated. Sodium, potassium, and phosphate ions significantly increased in all diabetic treatment groups while chloride ion significantly decreased compared with diabetic untreated. There was no significant difference in calcium and bicarbonate ion concentration in all the groups. This study has showed additional properties of Musa sapientum to include its ability to restore electrolyte balance, reduce cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and increase the HDL levels in diabetic animals.

Neurotransmitters and neuronal apoptotic cell death of chronically aluminum intoxicated Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in response to ascorbic acid supplementation.

Few studies have been carried out to assess the neurotoxic effect of aluminum (Al) on the aquatic creatures. This study aims to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of long term Al exposure on the Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and the potential ameliorative influence of ascorbic acid (ASA) over a 180 days exposure period. Forty eight Nile catfish were divided into four groups: control group, placed in clean water, ASA exposed group (5mg/l), AlCl3 received group (28.96 µg/l; 1/20 LC50), and group received AlCl3 concomitantly with ASA. Brain tissue was examined by using flow cytometry to monitor the apoptotic cell population, HPLC analysis for the quantitative estimation of brain monoamine neurotransmitters [serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)]. The amino acid neurotransmitters [serum taurine, glycine, aspartate and glutamine and brain gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)] levels were assessed, plus changes in brain tissue structure using light microscopy. The concentration of Al in both brain tissue and serum was determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. The Al content in serum and brain tissue were both elevated and Al exposure induced an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, a marked reduction of the monoamine and amino acids neurotransmitters levels and changes in tissue morphology. ASA supplementation partially abolished the effects of AL on the reduced neurotransmitter, the degree of apoptosis and restored the morphological changes to the brain. Overall, our results indicate that, ASA is a promising neuroprotective agent against for Al-induced neurotoxicity in the Nile catfish.

Establishment of the biochemical and endocrine blood profiles in the Majorera and Palmera dairy goat breeds: the effect of feed restriction.

Feed restriction, and seasonal weight loss (SWL), are major setbacks for animal production in the tropics and the Mediterranean. They may be solved through the use of autochthonous breeds particularly well adapted to SWL. It is therefore of major importance to determine markers of tolerance to feed restriction of putative use in animal selection. Two indigenous breeds from the Canary Islands, Palmera and Majorera, are commonly used by dairy goat farmers and, interestingly, have different phenotype characteristics albeit with a common ancestry. Indeed, Majorera is well adapted to feed restriction whereas the Palmera is susceptible to feed restriction. In addition, regardless of their importance in dairy production, there are only a limited number of reports relating to these breeds and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no description of their blood metabolite standard values under control conditions or as affected by feed restriction. In this study we analysed the blood metabolite profiles in Majorera and Palmera goats aiming to establish the differential responses to feed restriction between the two breeds and to characterise their metabolite standard values under control conditions. We observed significant differences in creatinine, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), cholesterol, IGF-1 and T3 due to underfeeding. Furthermore, a PCA analysis, revealed that animals submitted to undernutrition could be distinguished from the control groups, with the formation of three separate clusters (Palmera individuals after 22 d of subnutrition (PE22); Majorera individuals after 22 d of subnutrition (ME22) and animals assigned to control conditions (MC0, MC22, PC0 and PC22)), highlighting different responses of the two breeds to undernutrition.

Effects of goal-directed fluid therapy with different lactated Ringer's: hydroxyethyl starch ratios in hemorrhagic shock dogs.

The effects of goal-directed fluid therapy, with lactated Ringer's (LR) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution, on hemorrhagic shock dogs are unknown. We aimed to determine the optimal LR: HES ratio for the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock dogs. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 40 ventilated dogs by drawing an estimated 60% blood volume. The animals were randomly divided into five groups (N = 8) according to the LR: HES ratio of the resuscitation fluid (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), and were then resuscitated for 24 h to reach the stroke volume variation (SVV) and hemoglobin (Hb) goals by fluid infusion and autologous blood perfusion. The extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), base excess (BE), sodium, chloride, Hb and creatinine clearance (Clearcrea) were checked after 24 h (R24). The EVLWI of the 3:1 group at R24 were higher than that of the 1:3 group and the baseline value (P < 0.05), whereas the PaO2 was lower (P < 0.05). In contrast to the 3:1 group at R24 and baseline, plasma chloride and sodium in the 1:3 and 1:2 groups increased; however, pH, BE, and Clearcrea decreased (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the 1:1 and 2:1 groups at R24 compared with baseline (P > 0.05). Resuscitation with LR and HES at 2:1 and 1:1 ratios are superior in maintaining the acid-base, electrolyte, and lung water balances as well as renal function in hemorrhagic shock dogs than at ratios of 3:l, 1:2, and1:3.

Profiles of hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis gene expression in the parr and smolt stages of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: effects of recombinant aquaporin 3 and seawater acclimation.

The objective of this investigation was to quantify how the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (parr/smolt), responds to salinity changes during transfer from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW) and recombinant aquaporin 3 (rAQP3) injection. mRNA expression levels of HPI axis genes [corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTHα and ACTHß)] significantly increased when the fish were transferred from FW to SW (parr: 16.4-, 13.2-, 21.4-, and 11.9-fold higher than FW; smolt: 2.3-, 2.7-, 13.6-, and 6.2-fold higher than FW, respectively). Furthermore, and the plasma ACTH, Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) levels were the highest at 50% SW. Moreover, these parameters were significantly lower in the rAQP3-treated group than those in the control (parr: 2.0-, 2.4-, 2.1-, and 2.0-fold lower than SW; smolt: 4.2-, 1.9-, 2.4-, and 2.3-fold lower than SW, respectively). Hence, HPI axis genes may play a role in SW adaptation during migration from FW to SW environments. We showed that there was a negative correlation between rAQP3, HPI axis genes, and ion levels when the fish were transferred to SW, with levels being significantly lower in the rAQP3-injected group. Hence, cortisol appears to be a stress hormone and plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) levels significantly increased when the fish were transferred to SW, with levels being significantly lower in the rAQP3-treated group. These results indicate that rAQP3 modulates the HPI axis and ion transportation in rainbow trout.