[Nutritional intervention in the control of gallstones and renal lithiasis]. / Intervención nutricional en el control de la colelitiasis y la litiasis renal.

INTRODUCTION: Cholelithiasis and kidney stones are frequent pathologies in developed countries. Gallstones can be pigmentary, cholesterol (75%) or mixed. Age, female sex, obesity, rapid weight loss, consumption of refined sugars, saturated fat, iron deficiency, vitamin D and low intake of fiber and vitamin C are factors associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis. On the other hand, the intake of ω-3 fatty acids, oleic acid, calcium, magnesium, fiber, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, nuts, coffee, moderate consumption of alcohol, vitamin C supplements, physical exercise and a regular diet have a protective paper. The most frequent kidney stones are calcium oxalate followed by mixed ones (oxalate and calcium phosphate), struvite, uric acid and cystine. A high water intake is recommended (> 2.5 l / day), varying the type of recommended or unadvisable food depending on the type of calculus. In oxalic lithiasis it is recommended to reduce the consumption of meat, moderate that of spinach, Swiss chard, asparagus, chocolate and avoid excessive sodium intake. The administration of oxalate-degrading probiotics (Lactobacillus) may reduce intestinal absorption, although further studies are necessary to corroborate these results. In calcium phosphate acidifying diet is recommended and limit the consumption of coffee and tea. The prevention of uric calculus is based on hydration with alkalizing drinks and vegetarian diet, decreasing foods rich in purines (liver, kidney, fish eggs, anchovies, sardines and seafood) and in calculus of cystine diet is recommended alkalizing. Since the formation of struvite calculi is due to urinary infections, pharmacological treatment and the consumption of acidifying diets, moderation of the intake of phosphate-rich foods and limiting the contribution of fats and citrus fruits are necessary. The nutritional intervention is an effective measure in the prevention of biliary and renal lithiasis and prevent its recurrence.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colelitiasis y litiasis renal son patologías frecuentes en países desarrollados. Los cálculos biliares pueden ser pigmentarios, de colesterol (75%) o mixtos. La edad, el sexo femenino, la obesidad, la pérdida rápida de peso, el consumo de azúcares refinados, la grasa saturada, la deficiencia de hierro y de vitamina D y la baja ingesta de fibra y vitamina C son factores asociados a mayor riesgo de colelitiasis. Por otro lado, la ingesta de ácidos grasos ω-3, ácido oleico, calcio, magnesio, fibra, frutas y verduras, lácteos, frutos secos, café, un consumo moderado de alcohol, suplementos de vitamina C, ejercicio físico y una alimentación regular desempeñan un papel protector. Las litiasis renales más frecuentes son de oxalato cálcico, seguidas de las mixtas (oxalato y fosfato cálcico), estruvita, ácido úrico y cistina. Se aconseja una elevada ingesta hídrica (> 2,5 l/día), variando el tipo de alimentos recomendados o desaconsejados en función del tipo de cálculo. En litiasis oxálica se recomienda reducir el consumo de carne, moderar el de espinacas, acelgas, espárragos, chocolate y evitar el aporte excesivo de sodio. La administración de probióticos degradantes de oxalato (Lactobacillus) podría reducir su absorción intestinal, aunque son necesarios más estudios para corroborar estos resultados. En las de fosfato cálcico se aconseja dieta acidificante y limitar el consumo de café y té. La prevención de cálculos de úrico está basada en la hidratación con bebidas alcalinizantes y dieta vegetariana, disminuyendo los alimentos ricos en purinas (hígado, riñón, huevas de pescado, anchoas, sardinas y mariscos), y en cálculos de cistina se aconseja el consumo de dietas alcalinizantes. Dado que la formación de cálculos de estruvita se debe a infecciones urinarias, es necesario un tratamiento farmacológico y el consumo de dietas acidificantes, moderar la ingesta de alimentos ricos en fosfatos y limitar el aporte de grasas y cítricos. La intervención nutricional es una medida eficaz en la prevención de la litiasis biliar y renal y para evitar su recurrencia.

Cholelithiasis in home parenteral nutrition (Hpn) patients--complications of the clinical nutrition: diagnosis, treatment, prevention.

UNLABELLED: Long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is an important factor for cholelithiasis. An individualized nutrition program, trophic enteral nutrition and ultrasound bile ducts monitoring is a necessity in those patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of prophylactic cholecystectomy in patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis requiring HPN. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 292 chronic HPN patients were analyzed in the period from 2005 to 2012. Patients were divided into four groups: A - without cholelithiasis, B - with asymptomatic cholelithiasis, C - urgent cholecystectomy because of cholecystisis caused by gallstones, D - cholecystectomy in patients without cholelithiasis performed during an operation to restore the continuity of the digestive tract. The patients were additionally divided depending on the extent of resection of the small intestine and colon. RESULTS: 36.9% of chronic HPN patients had cholelithiasis confirmed using ultrasonographic examination. Cholecystectomy due to acute cholecystitis symptoms was performed in 14.4% of the patients. The remaining 22.6% patients had asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Prophylactic cholecystectomy was performed in 5.5% patients with no signs of cholelcystisis during the planned operation to restore the continuity of the digestive tract. CONCLUSIONS: Cholelithiasis in chronic HPN patients is a frequent phenomenon. It seems useful to perform prophylactic cholecystectomy during primary subtotal resection of the small intestine, because the risk of cholelithiasis in this group of patients is very high.

Dietary garlic and onion reduce the incidence of atherogenic diet-induced cholesterol gallstones in experimental mice.

Mice fed with diet containing 0.5 % cholesterol for 10 weeks resulted in cholesterol supersaturation in gallbladder bile which promoted the formation of cholesterol gallstones (CGS). In this study, dietary hypocholesterolaemic spices, garlic and onion (both raw or heat-processed) were examined for their antilithogenic potential by including at 0.6 and 2.0 % level, respectively, along with lithogenic (LG) diet for 10 weeks. Dietary garlic and onion reduced the CGS incidence by 15-39 %, the effect being maximum in the heat-processed onion group. Dietary garlic and onion markedly reduced biliary cholesterol. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio which was 1.58 in the LG diet group was reduced to 0.73-0.96 in the garlic and onion groups. The biliary cholesterol saturation index was 0.92, 1.25, 1.09 and 0.86, respectively, in the heat-processed onion, raw garlic, heat-processed garlic and raw onion groups, while it was 1.9 in the LG group. The hydrophobicity index of bile was - 0.08, - 0.079, - 0.032 and - 0.073, respectively, in the heat-processed onion, raw garlic, heat-processed garlic and raw onion groups, while it was +0.054 in the LG group. Hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase activity was lowered in the LG diet-fed group, while dietary garlic or onion countered this alteration and also increased the activities of hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase. Serum and liver cholesterol were decreased by feeding garlic or onion compared to the LG diet. Thus, dietary Allium spices exerted antilithogenic influence by decreasing the cholesterol hyper-secretion into bile and increasing the bile acid output thus decreasing the formation of lithogenic bile in experimental mice.

Consumo de café y sistema hepatobiliar / No disponible

No disponible

Nutritional and metabolic complications of bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for patients with clinically severe obesity. In addition to significant weight loss, it is also associated with improvements in comorbidities. Unfortunately, bariatric surgery also has the potential to cause a variety of nutritional and metabolic complications. These complications are mostly due to the extensive surgically induced anatomical changes incurred by the patient's gastrointestinal tract, particularly with roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion. Complications associated with vertical banded gastroplasty are mostly due to decreased intake amounts of specific nutrients. Macronutrient deficiencies can include severe protein-calorie malnutrition and fat malabsorption. The most common micronutrient deficiencies are of vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Other micronutrient deficiencies that can lead to serious complications include thiamine, folate, and the fat-soluble vitamins. Counseling, monitoring, and nutrient and mineral supplementation are essential for the treatment and prevention of nutritional and metabolic complications after bariatric surgery.

[Inhibiting effects of recipe for dispersing stagnated liver qi to promote bile flow on cholesterol gallstone formation in guinea pigs].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of the inhibiting effects of recipe for dispersing stagnated liver qi to promote bile flow (Danshijing Tablets) on cholesterol gallstone formation and provide experimental evidence for its clinical application. METHODS: Eighty guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were normal control group, untreated group, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-treated group and Danshijing Tablets-treated group. The gallstones in guinea pigs were induced by high-cholesterol diet. UDCA and Danshijing Tablets were given orally to guinea pigs in the corresponding group respectively for seven weeks. Then the physical signs of the guinea pigs, the rates of gallstone formation and the histomorphological changes of the gallbladder were examined. RESULTS: The behavior of guinea pigs in the Danshijing Tablets-treated group was obviously improved and the rate of gallstone formation was significantly decreased as compared with those in both untreated and UDCA-treated groups (P<0.05). The inflammation reaction of mucous membrane in gallbladder was evidently reduced in the Danshijing Tablets-treated group and its morphological appearance turned to be approximately normal. CONCLUSION: Recipe for dispersing stagnated liver qi to promote bile flow may decrease gallstone formation. Its mechanism may be related to reducing pathologic changes in gallbladder tissues, which will reduce the damages of cholesterol to the smooth muscle in gallbladder and enhance the contractility of gallbladder.

[Effects of Shengqing Capsules on cholelithiasis-related genes in guinea pigs].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanisms of Shengqing Capsules in treating cholelithiasis. METHODS: Sixty female guinea pigs were randomized into 3 groups: group I (fed with normal diet), group II (fed with low-protein diet) and group III (fed with low-protein diet and Shengqing Capsules). After six-week feeding, the gallstone formation and the expressions of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (B-UGT) mRNA and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA were observed. RESULTS: The proportions of stone-formed in groups I, II and III were 2/14, 9/12 and 4/14, respectively. There were significant differences among the three groups (P<0.05). The expressions of B-UGT and CYP7A1 mRNAs were higher in both group I and group III as compared with those in the group II (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Shengqing Capsules can reduce the rate of stone-formation, which may be due to its interference of metabolism of bilirubin and cholesterol and up-regulation of the expressions of B-UGT and CYP7A1 mRNAs.

[Use of essentiale and cholagogum in prevention of cholelithiasis in fat hepatosis with concomitant cholecystitis].

AIM: To assess efficacy of essentiale in combination with cholagogum in prevention of cholelithogenesis in patients with fat hepatosis (FH) and concomitant cholecystitis (CC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 patients aged 31-60 years with FH and CC were examined using clinical, device and biochemical tests. The diagnosis was verified by the results of ultrasonography, computed and MR tomography. Fractionated duodenal tubing followed by biochemical examination of bile was conducted in all the patients. RESULTS: Changes in physico-chemical properties of hepatic and vesical bile corresponding to stage I of cholelithiasis occurred in most of the examinees. Treatment with essentiale +cholagogum is clinically effective, improves functional condition of bile ducts and the liver, diminishes bile lithogenicity. CONCLUSION: In fat hepatosis and concomitant cholecystitis, essentiale and cholagogum improve biochemical composition of bile, resulting finally in decreased risk of cholelithogenesis.

[New approaches to cholelithiasis prevention in young patients].

The purpose of the study was to evaluate efficacy of poliphepan and hepabene as components of complex therapy in patients with chronic cholecystitis (CC). The subjects were 33 CC patients with biliary tract (BT) dyskinesia and biliar sludge. Application of the drugs led to significant improvement of clinical symptoms and the parameters of BT functional condition, as well as to decrease of bile lithogenicity and improvement of life quality.

[Prevention and treatment of cholelithiasis by traditional Chinese medicine].

Cholelithiasis is one of the clinically common and frequently encountered diseases. In this paper, the Chinese Meteria Medica and prescriptions utilized to treat cholelithasis were discussed in four aspects. In addition, we discussed the clinical effect and mechanism of actions of these drugs in order to provide some reference for future drug development in this area.

[Basis for the use of a new galena-based substance from plants for prevention and treatment of cholelithic disease]. / Obosnovanie primeneniia novoi galenovoi fitokompozitsii dlia profilaktiki i lecheniia zhelchnokamennoi bolezni.

With the purpose of prevention and treatment of cholelithic disease, a new galena-based phytocomposition having the choleritic, cholekinetic, spasmolytic and hypocholesterolemic effects at the same time was administered to patients along with lithotripsy. Clinical manifestations of cholecystitis disappeared after a daily intake of the phytocomposition during 30 days in 96 patients out of 418 people having the diagnosis of cholelithic disease and high initial concentrations of?-lipoproteins and cholesterol in the blood serum. The level of lipids dropped reliably, and it became much easier to use the lithotripsy method. Due to the decrease of bile viscosity, it was possible to note easier elimination of fragments from the gallbladder. During the monotherapy with the galena-based phytocomposition, full litholisis of single (up to 30 mm) or multiple (up to 50% of the gallbladder volume) calculi was determined in seven patients out of 47 (17%) during the period from two to six months.

Relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-aged Japanese men.

A possible protective effect of coffee or caffeine intake in the formation of gallstones has been suggested in some epidemiological studies. We examined the relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-aged Japanese men, distinguishing known gallstones from unknown diagnosed gallstones. Study subjects were 174 cases of gallstones as determined by ultrasonography, 104 cases of postcholecystectomy, and 6889 controls of normal gallbladder in the total of 7637 men who received a health examination at four hospitals of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF). Of the 174 cases of prevalent gallstones, 50 had been aware of having gallstones. Previously diagnosed gallstones and postcholecystectomy were combined as known gallstone disease. The consumption of coffee and green tea was ascertained by a self-administered questionnaire, and caffeine intake was estimated. Statistical adjustment was done for body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, rank in the SDF, and hospital. Coffee and caffeine intake were associated each with a statistically significant increase in the prevalence odds of known gallstone disease, but unrelated to newly diagnosed gallstones. Adjusted odds ratios of known gallstone disease were 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.8) for coffee consumption of five cups or more per day vs. no consumption and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.3-3.7) for caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more vs. less than 100 mg/day. The consumption of green-tea showed no material association with either unknown gallstones or known gallstone disease. The findings do not support a hypothesis that coffee drinking may be protective against gallstone formation.

Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Metabolic studies have shown that coffee affects several hepatobiliary processes that are involved in cholesterol lithogenesis. We previously showed that coffee drinking was associated with a lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. METHODS: We prospectively examined the association between coffee drinking and cholecystectomy, a surrogate of symptomatic gallstone disease, in a cohort of 80,898 women age 34-59 years in 1980 who had no history of gallstone disease. Coffee consumption and cholecystectomy were reported by participants on biennial mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: During 20 years of follow-up to the year 2000, 7,811 women reported a cholecystectomy. Compared with women who consistently reported consuming no caffeinated coffee, the multivariate relative risks (adjusting for risk factors for gallstone disease) of cholecystectomy comparing increasing categories of consistent intake of caffeinated coffee (0, 1, 2-3, and > or =4 cups/day) were 1.0, 0.91, 0.78, and 0.72 (95% confidence interval comparing extreme categories, 0.62-0.84; P value of test for trend < 0.0001). Caffeine intake from beverages and dietary sources was also inversely associated with risk of cholecystectomy. The multivariate relative risks comparing increasing categories of caffeine intake (< or =25, 26-100, 101-200, 201-400, 401-800, and >800 mg/day) were 1.0, 1.03, 1.01, 0.94, 0.85, and 0.85 (95% confidence interval comparing extreme categories, 0.74-0.96; P value of test for trend < 0.0001). In contrast, decaffeinated coffee was not associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that consumption of caffeinated coffee may play a role in the prevention of symptomatic gallstone disease in women.

Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber.

Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low. Consumption of dietary fibers that are viscous lowers blood cholesterol levels and helps to normalize blood glucose and insulin levels, making these kinds of fibers part of the dietary plans to treat cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Fibers that are incompletely or slowly fermented by microflora in the large intestine promote normal laxation and are integral components of diet plans to treat constipation and prevent the development of diverticulosis and diverticulitis. A diet adequate in fiber-containing foods is also usually rich in micronutrients and nonnutritive ingredients that have additional health benefits. It is unclear why several recently published clinical trials with dietary fiber intervention failed to show a reduction in colon polyps. Nonetheless, a fiber-rich diet is associated with a lower risk of colon cancer. A fiber-rich meal is processed more slowly, which promotes earlier satiety, and is frequently less calorically dense and lower in fat and added sugars. All of these characteristics are features of a dietary pattern to treat and prevent obesity. Appropriate kinds and amounts of dietary fiber for the critically ill and the very old have not been clearly delineated; both may need nonfood sources of fiber. Many factors confound observations of gastrointestinal function in the critically ill, and the kinds of fiber that would promote normal small and large intestinal function are usually not in a form suitable for the critically ill. Maintenance of body weight in the inactive older adult is accomplished in part by decreasing food intake. Even with a fiber-rich diet, a supplement may be needed to bring fiber intakes into a range adequate to prevent constipation. By increasing variety in the daily food pattern, the dietetics professional can help most healthy children and adults achieve adequate dietary fiber intakes.

Fish oil (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids beneficially affect biliary cholesterol nucleation time in obese women losing weight.

It has been reported that intake of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and decreases biliary cholesterol saturation in the bile of gallstone patients. We investigated the effect of n-3 PUFA on cholesterol saturation index (CSI) and nucleation time (NT) in obese subjects who were losing weight. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Obese women (n = 35) with a body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m(2), with no prior history of gallstones or cholecystectomy by ultrasound were first studied to ensure absence of stones or biliary sludge. The women were then assigned to a hypocaloric regimen [5.02 MJ (1200 kcal)/d] and to receive 1200 mg/d of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 11.3 g/d of (n-3) PUFA or a placebo for 6 wk. BMI, CSI and NT were recorded at baseline and at the end of the experimental period. BMI decreased 5.75 +/- 2.7%/mo (range, 1.5-12.42%/mo) during the experiment. The CSI did not change in any of the groups. Cholesterol NT decreased significantly in the UDCA and placebo groups, but not in the (n-3) PUFA group. None of the women had developed gallstones at 6 wk. These results suggest that (n-3) PUFA maintain the CSI and NT in obese women during rapid weight loss, which probably results in the prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation.

Soluble dietary fiber protects against cholesterol gallstone formation.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have suggested that soluble dietary fibers are hypocholesterolemic and may inhibit cholelithiasis. METHODS: Thirty prairie dogs were placed on a cholesterol-supplemented lithogenic diet. Ten animals received 5% psyllium (PSY) and 10 animals received 5% cellulose. After 6 weeks all gallbladders were inspected for stones; blood and bile were collected for analysis. RESULTS: Cholesterol stones were present in 8 of 10 of the control animals, in 6 of 10 of the cellulose group, and 3 of 10 of the PSY animals (P <0.05). Concentrations of cholesterol and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were significantly lower in the PSY group compared with controls (0.49 versus 0.88 mM and 4.2 versus 9.2 mM, respectively) leading to a significant reduction in the cholesterol saturation index (0.62 versus 1.2). CONCLUSIONS: A dietary soluble fiber (PSY) inhibits cholesterol stone formation by reducing the biliary cholesterol saturation index. This protective effect is associated with a selective decrease in biliary cholesterol and CDCA.

Effect of different varieties of pectin and guar gum on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids and cholesterol gallstone formation in hamsters fed on high-cholesterol diets.

The effect of high- (hePE) and low- (lePE) esterification pectin and high- (hvGG) and low-(lvGG) viscosity guar gum on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids and on prevention of cholesterol gallstones was investigated in male golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters were fed on cholesterol-rich (4 g/kg), gallstone-inducing diets for 6 weeks. The diets were supplemented with 80 g hePE, lePE, hvGG or lvGG/kg or 80 g additional cellulose/kg. No significant differences in plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations between hvGG and lvGG and the gallstone-inducing or cellulose-enriched diets were observed. The hePE diet produced a 16% (non-significant) reduction in total plasma cholesterol but significantly decreased the plasma triacylglycerol level by 45%. The lePE diet caused only minor changes in plasma lipids. Hepatic cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in hamsters fed on hvGG, lvGG, hePE or lePE primarily due to the accumulation of esterified cholesterol. Supersaturated bile samples, with lithogenic indices ranging from 1.6 to 2.0, were determined with all diets. The hePE and lePE diets slightly altered the bile acid profile by increasing glycocholic acid and decreasing taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations resulting in a higher cholic:chenodeoxycholic acid ratio. Cholesterol gallstone formation was not substantially inhibited by the two varieties of pectin and guar gum. The hvGG, lvGG, hePE and lePE diets did not alter faecal weight and caused only minor increases in faecal bile acid excretion. In general, the present findings demonstrate that dietary pectins and guar gums had only minor effects on cholesterol metabolism and did not prevent cholesterol gallstone formation in this hamster model. Possible explanations for this lack of a distinct response to pectin and guar gum are discussed.

Ground squirrel model for cholelithiasis: role of epithelial glycoproteins.

The cholesterol-fed Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) has proven to be an effective animal model in which to study factors that influence cholesterol gallstone formation and associated alterations in the gallbladder epithelium. Ground squirrels of either sex, fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet, exhibit cholesterol monohydrate crystal precipitation within 24 hours and macroscopically visible cholesterol stones by 3 weeks. Data on bile chemistry, biliary cholesterol precipitation, and various mucosal alterations occurring prior to, during, and after stone formation were collected using sampling intervals from 6 hours to 20 weeks on the diet. The results indicate that mucin hypersecretion appears to be more closely related to the initiation of nucleation than does either bile calcium of pH. Mucus hypersecretion begins within 18 hours of diet initiation and continues throughout the 20 week experimental period. Apical excrescences became more common and were larger in size during the early stages of cholelithiasis. Administration of aspirin during the experimental period demonstrated an inhibition of mucin synthesis and release. Gallstones were not formed in these aspirin-treated animals. A lectin-binding panel for 10 epithelial glycoprotein-related sugars indicated the mucin secreted by the gallbladder epithelium of 7 day experimental animals differed from that of controls. The most obvious difference was the abolition of WGA binding in the experimental animals, suggesting an absence of sialic acid expression in the mucin during the lithogenic process. Ultrastructural histochemistry indicated that both sulphomucin and sialomucin were present in the secretory granules and within the surface mucus layer of both experimental and control animals. Experimental animals, however, exhibited a significant predominance for sulphomucin. This pattern varies from that typically seen in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract where sialomucins predominate during pathologic processes.

[Galvanization of the liver in the prevention of cholelithiasis in patients with chronic cholecystitis]. / Gal'vanizatsiia pecheni v profilaktike kholelitiaza u bol'nykh khronicheskim kholetsistitom.

It is shown in 22 patients with chronic noncalculous cholecystitis that hepatic exposure of such patients to constant current changes chemical composition of bile components in such a way that bile lithogenic characteristics make formation of choleliths less probable.