Mulberry leaf meal: A potential feed supplement for juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala "Huahai No. 1".

This study was performed to evaluate the potential application of mulberry leaf meal (ML) and fermented mulberry leaf meal (FML) as feed supplements in aquatic animals for developing varieties of practical and economical feed ingredients. Juveniles Megalobrama amblycephala were fed a basal diet (35.7% crude protein, 10.4% crude lipid; control group) supplemented with 2.22% and 4.44% mulberry leaf meals (ML2, ML4) and fermented mulberry leaf meals (FML2, FML4) for 8 weeks. Generally, the two-way ANOVA showed the supplementation level exhibited a prominent effect on the growth performance and physiological status of fish. Furthermore, the two-way ANOVA showed the supplementary fermented mulberry leaf meal increased plasma complement 4 (C4) content (P < 0.05). The weight gain rate (WGR, 145.87%) and the specific growth rate (SGR, 1.63%) were significantly increased in FML2 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The muscle crude lipid content and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were higher in FML2 group than that in ML2 group (P < 0.05). The hepatic GSH content in ML4 group and CAT, T-SOD activities in FML4 group were significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The hepatic MDA content in FML4 group was significantly decreased compared with the FML2 group (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol (TC) contents showed a significant decrease in ML4 and FML4 groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding the gene expression, sirtiun 1 (Sirt1) gene expression was elevated in FML2 group compared with the ML2 group (P < 0.05). Compare to the control group, FML2 diet significantly increased the expression of i-kappa-B alpha (IKBα) gene in liver, and decreased the expression of forkhead box O1 α (FoxO1α), toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) genes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 2.22% FML promoted the growth performance of M. amblycephala and enhanced the anti-inflammatory responses by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. On the other hand, 4.44% FML reduced plasma lipid content (hypolipedemic effect) and improved the hepatic antioxidant capacity of M. amblycephala.

The yin and the yang of early classical pathway complement disorders.

The classical pathway of the complement cascade has been recognized as a key activation arm, partnering with the lectin activation arm and the alternative pathway to cleave C3 and initiate the assembly of the terminal components. While deficiencies of classical pathway components have been recognized since 1966, only recently have gain-of-function variants been described for some of these proteins. Loss-of-function variants in C1, C4, and C2 are most often associated with lupus and systemic infections with encapsulated bacteria. C3 deficiency varies slightly from this phenotypic class with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and infection as the dominant phenotypes. The gain-of-function variants recently described for C1r and C1s lead to periodontal Ehlers Danlos syndrome, a surprisingly structural phenotype. Gain-of-function in C3 and C2 are associated with endothelial manifestations including hemolytic uremic syndrome and vasculitis with C2 gain-of-function variants thus far having been reported in patients with a C3 glomerulopathy. This review will discuss the loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes and place them within the larger context of complement deficiencies.

[Study on the effect of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in the treatment of brucellosis].

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine on brucellosis and its influence on humoral immune indexes. Methods: In October 2019, 169 cases of brucellosis hospitalized in Tianjin Second People's Hospital were selected as the research objects, and divided into two groups according to the random number method, 84 cases in the integrated treatment group and 85 cases in the western medicine treatment group. The western medicine treatment group was given antibiotics and other routine western medicine support treatment. The integrated treatment group was given traditional Chinese medicine for treatment based on syndrome differentiation, on the basis of western medicine treatment group, and 6 weeks was a course of treatment. The clinical efficacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scores were compared between the two groups of patients after treatment, and the changes in humoral immune indexes, biochemical, and liver and kidney functions of the patients before and after treatment were analyzed. Results: The total effective rate was 100.00% (84/84) in the integrated treatment group and 97.65% (83/85) in the western medicine treatment group. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) . The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) . There was no statistically significant difference in TCM syndrome scores between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05) , and the TCM syndrome scores after treatment were lower than before treatment (P<0.05) . Among them, the TCM syndrome scores of the integrated treatment group were lower than those of the western medicine treatment group (P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, miRNA-155, C-reactive protein (CRP) , erythrocyte sedimention rate (ESR) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05) . After treatment, IgG, IgA, IgM, miRNA-155, CRP, ESR, ALT and AST were all lower than before treatment, and C3 and C4 complement levels were higher than before treatment (P<0.05) . Among them, IgG, IgA, IgM, miRNA-155, CRP, ESR, ALT and AST in the integrative treatment group were all lower than the western medicine treatment group, while the C3 and C4 complement levels were higher than the western medicine treatment group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The treatment of brucellosis with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine can significantly improve the TCM syndrome score and reduce the levels of CRP and ESR. The mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the patient's humoral immunological indicators.

Effects of dietary vitamin D3 on growth performance, antioxidant capacities and innate immune responses in juvenile black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus.

The aim of this experiment was used to investigate the effects of different contents of dietary vitamin D3 on the growth performance and antioxidant and innate immune responses in juvenile black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. Black carp juveniles were fed six levels of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) (96, 220, 412, 840, 1480, and 3008 IU/Kg) for 9 weeks. Results showed that highest weight gain (WG) and special growth ratio (SGR) were obtained at 534.2 IU/Kg dietary VD3 according to the second-order polynomial regression model. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of black carp could be significantly increased by 412, 840, and 1480 IU/Kg dietary VD3 (p < 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were reduced by 412, 840, and 1480 IU/Kg dietary VD3 (p < 0.05). Adequate dietary VD3 content (412, 840, and 1480 IU/Kg) could significantly upregulate expression levels of lipoxygenase 5 (LPO 5); increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR); and improve GSH contents and total antioxidant capacities (T-AOC) in the liver of black carp. However, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced by adequate dietary VD3 content (412, 840, and 1480 IU/Kg) in the fish liver. In addition, 412, 840, and 1480 IU/Kg dietary VD3 could significantly upregulate the mRNA expression levels of interferon-α (IFN-α), lysozyme (LYZ), hepcidin (HEPC), natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP), and complement component 3 (C3) and C9 in the hemocytes and liver of black carp juveniles compared with the VD3-deficient diet (96 IU/Kg). Meanwhile, higher contents of dietary VD3 could increase serum LYZ and ACP activities and C3 and C4 contents in black carp juveniles compared with the groups fed VD3-deficient diet. In conclusion, these results suggest that adequate dietary VD3 could increase growth performances, improve antioxidant capacities, and then enhance innate immune parameters in black carp juveniles.

Dietary Habits in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are often interested in which diets to follow. Our aim was to investigate which dietary habits were common among our patients, and which of them were in correlation with laboratory parameters of disease activity, such as complement values and 24-h proteinuria. This study included 76 patients with SLE in clinical remission with a 6-month flare free period. They completed a specialized, self-administered, 23-item food frequency questionnaire about their weekly dietary habits. Basic anthropometric data, levels of C3 and C4, and 24-h proteinuria were recorded and analyzed with respect to their dietary habits. The majority of patients had a normal body mass index of 18.5-25 kg/m2, and worked out regularly. The most frequently consumed foods reported by the patients were fruits, milk, vegetables, meat, pasta, rice, and bread. Decreased values of C3 were found in 34 (44.7%) patients, and decreased values of C4 in 28 (36.8%) patients. Decreased values of C3 were found in patients who often consumed meat (P = .015), and decreased values of C4 in patients who often consumed fast food (P = .043). Patients who often consumed fast food demonstrated a decreasing trend of C3 (P = .060), and patients who often consumed fried food had a decreasing trend of C4 (P = .051). Significant correlation between daily proteinuria and dietary habits was not found. Dietary habits can influence the disease course of SLE. Our study confirms that decreased levels of complement compounds C3 and C4, which are possible predictors of disease activation, are associated with frequent consumption of low quality proteins and food rich in calories.

Effects of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidant status, and intestinal bacteria of quail.

This study was designed to evaluate the potential application of the stems and leaves of Astragalus membranaceus (AMSL) in the poultry industry. Quails were divided into four groups and fed daily with an AMSL-free diet (control) or with 1%, 3%, or 5% (w/w) AMSL-incorporated diets for 35 days. The results showed that supplementing AMSL in the diet, especially at a concentration of 3%, increased daily gain and feed intake during the entire experiment (p < 0.05). The immune organ development of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius was promoted, and the immune system was enhanced by increasing the quantities of IgA and complements C3 and C4 (p < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, the 3%-5% AMSL groups regulated the intestinal flora by promoting the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria and inhibiting the growth of coliform bacteria (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding incorporated diets with appropriate AMSL levels significantly increased growth performance, strengthened the immune system, improved antioxidative status, and regulated the intestinal microflora of quails, suggesting that AMSL has the potential to serve as a feed additive in the poultry industry.

Optimal α-lipoic acid strengthen immunity of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by enhancing immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin.

This study was for the first time to investigate the effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) on growth and immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 540 healthy grass carp (with initial body weight at 216.59 ±â€¯0.33 g) were randomly divided into six groups and fed six separate diets with graded dietary levels of LA for 70 days. Un-supplemented group did not find LA and its concentrations in the other five diets were 203.25, 403.82, 591.42, 781.25 and 953.18 mg kg-1, respectively. After the growth trial, fish were challenged with A. hydrophila for 14 days. The results showed that, compared with the un-supplemented group, optimal LA improved lysozyme (LZ) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities, enhanced complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin (Ig) M contents and up-regulated hepcidin, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2A, LEAP-2B and ß-defensin-1 mRNA levels in the head kidney, spleen and skin of young grass carp; meanwhile, optimal LA up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, TGF-ß2, interleukin (IL)-4/13A (not IL-4/13B), IL-10 and IL-11 mRNA levels partly related to target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ2, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40 (not IL-12p35), IL-15 (not in the skin) and IL-17D mRNA levels partially associated with nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in the head kidney, spleen and skin of young grass carp. Above results indicated that optimal LA enhanced the immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin in fish. Interestingly, excessive LA decreased the growth and impaired the immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin in fish. Finally, on the basis of the percent weight gain (PWG), the ability against skin hemorrhage and lesion, the IgM content in the head kidney and the LZ activity in the spleen, the optimal dietary LA levels were estimated to be 315.37, 382.33, 353.19 and 318.26 mg kg-1 diet, respectively.

High-fat diet-induced plasma protein and liver changes in obese rats can be attenuated by melatonin supplementation.

Obesity triggers changes in protein expression in various organs that might participate in the pathogenesis of obesity. Melatonin has been reported to prevent or attenuate such pathological protein changes in several chronic diseases. However, such melatonin effects on plasma proteins have not yet been studied in an obesity model. Using a proteomic approach, we investigated the effect of melatonin on plasma protein profiles after rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. We hypothesized that melatonin would attenuate abnormal protein expression in obese rats. After 10weeks of the HFD, animals displayed increased body weight and fat accumulation as well as increased glucose levels, indicating an obesity-induced prediabetes mellitus-like state. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry revealed 12 proteins whose expression was altered in response to the HFD and the melatonin treatment. The altered proteins are related to the development of liver pathology, such as cirrhosis (α1-antiproteinase), thrombosis (fibrinogen, plasminogen), and inflammation (mannose-binding protein A, complement C4, complement factor B), contributing to liver steatosis or hepatic cell death. Melatonin treatment most probably reduced the severity of the HFD-induced obesity by reducing the amplitude of HFD-induced plasma protein changes. In conclusion, we identified several potential biomarkers associated with the progression of obesity and its complications, such as liver damage. Furthermore, our findings reveal melatonin's beneficial effect of attenuating plasma protein changes and liver pathogenesis in obese rats.

Effects of partial replacement of fish meal by yeast hydrolysate on complement system and stress resistance in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian).

A 10-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary fish meal replacement by yeast hydrolysate (YH) on growth performance, complement system and stress resistance of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (initial average weight 19.44 ± 0.06 g). In the study, there were five groups: one control group was fed with a basal diet (YH0), and four treatment groups were fed with dietary fish meal replaced by 1% YH (YH1), 3% (YH3), 5% (YH5) and 7% (YH7), respectively. Each group had four replicates. At the end of feeding trial, twelve fish from each group (three fish per replicate) were randomly selected for assessing the growth and immunity. Meanwhile, 20 fish per replicate were injected by Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that (1) Replacement levels of YH significantly affected the growth of the fish with the highest values of weight gain (WG) occurred in fish fed YH3 diet. However, no significant difference in feed conversion ratios (FCR) was observed among all groups. (2) Pre-stressed plasma lysozyme activity, total protein and albumin contents and complement component 3 (C3) and complement component 4 (C4) levels of fish fed YH3 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed YH0 diet. However, post-stressed immune parameters of fish in all groups were significantly lower. (3) There was a trend that the expression levels of the complement-related genes (c1r/s-A, c4-1, c3-H1, c5-1, fb/c2-A, mbl-2 and masp) initially increased and then decreased except mbl-2 and masp, with the maximum values observed in fish fed YH3 diet. Before stress, the expression levels of the inflammation-related genes (alp, il-1ß and tnf-α) in the hepatopancreas and spleen of fish fed YH1 diet and YH7 diet were significant higher than that of fish fed YH0 diet. After stress, no significant difference in the expression levels of those genes was observed among all groups. These results indicated that FM replacement by YH could improve growth performance, enhance innate immunity, and activate complement via the alternative complement pathway (ACP) and the classical complement pathway (CCP).

Changes in the biochemical and immunological components of serum and colostrum of overweight and obese mothers.

BACKGROUND: Obesity in pregnancy is associated with systemic inflammation, immunological changes and adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. Information on the association between maternal obesity and breast milk composition is scarce. This study describes changes and relationships between biochemical and immunological parameters of colostrum and serum of overweight and obese women. METHODS: Colostrum and blood samples were collected from 25 normal weight, 24 overweight and 19 obese women for determination of glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, immunoglobulins, complement proteins (C3 and C4), fat and calorie content and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: Glucose was higher in colostrum of obese women (p = .002). In normal weight and obese women, total protein content was higher in colostrum than in serum (p = .001). Serum triglycerides (p = .008) and cholesterol (p = .010) concentrations were significantly higher in overweight and obese women than in their normal weight counterparts, but in colostrum their concentrations were similar across the three groups. Secretory IgA (sIgA) in colostrum and IgA in serum concentrations were significantly higher (p = .001) in overweight and obese mothers, whereas IgG and IgM concentrations did not vary among the groups (p = .825). Serum C3 (p = .001) and C4 (p = .040) concentrations were higher in obese women. No differences in colostrum complement proteins were detected among the groups. Calorie content (p = .003) and fat (p = .005) concentrations in colostrum and serum CRP (p = .002) were higher in obese women. CONCLUSIONS: The results corroborate the hypothesis that colostrum of overweight and obese women undergoes biochemical and immunological changes that affect its composition, namely increasing glucose concentrations, calorie content, fat and sIgA concentrations.

Effect of dietary arginine on the immune response and gene expression in head kidney and spleen following infection of Jian carp with Aeromonas hydrophila.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that elevated dietary arginine enhances immunity of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish were fed graded levels of dietary arginine for 9 weeks. Subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Head kidney and spleen weights, as well as erythrocyte and leukocyte counts were significantly influenced by dietary arginine levels. A similar trend was also observed for hemagglutination titre, serum lysozyme activity, IgM concentration, C3 and C4 content. The highest survival rates following A. hydrophila infection were obtained in fish fed the diets containing arginine at 16.1-21.9 g/kg diet. Phagocytic activity of leukocytes was significantly enhanced by dietary arginine supplementation. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity significantly decreased with dietary arginine levels. Dietary arginine levels did not have a significant effect on the total iron-binding capacity. Gene expression of TNF-α and TGF-ß in head kidney significantly increased with dietary arginine levels up to 21.9 g/kg diet, and decreased thereafter. Fish fed the basal diet exhibited the highest IL-10 mRNA expression level. Gene expression of IL-1ß and TOR increased with dietary arginine addition, reaching a plateau at 18.5 and 21.9 g arginine/kg diet, respectively. In spleen, higher IL-1ß and TNF-α gene expressions were obtained in fish fed the diets containing 24.5 g arginine/kg diet than in fish fed the other dietary treatments. TGF-ß mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in fish fed the diets containing ≤21.9 g arginine/kg diet. IL-10 and TOR mRNA expression levels were lower in fish fed 16.1 g arginine/kg diet, while 4E-BP mRNA expression levels increased with dietary arginine levels up to 12.7 g/kg diet and decreased thereafter. Our results indicate that arginine has beneficial effects on regulating mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as TOR and 4E-BP and improving humoral and cellular immunity, therefore enhancing disease resistance of fish.

Methods for quantitative detection of antibody-induced complement activation on red blood cells.

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver (extravascular hemolysis) or leading to intravascular lysis of RBCs. Alloantibodies (e.g. ABO) or autoantibodies to RBC antigens (as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA) leading to complement activation are potentially harmful and can be - especially when leading to intravascular lysis - fatal(1). Currently, complement activation due to (auto)-antibodies on RBCs is assessed in vitro by using the Coombs test reflecting complement deposition on RBC or by a nonquantitative hemolytic assay reflecting RBC lysis(1-4). However, to assess the efficacy of complement inhibitors, it is mandatory to have quantitative techniques. Here we describe two such techniques. First, an assay to detect C3 and C4 deposition on red blood cells that is induced by antibodies in patient serum is presented. For this, FACS analysis is used with fluorescently labeled anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Next, a quantitative hemolytic assay is described. In this assay, complement-mediated hemolysis induced by patient serum is measured making use of spectrophotometric detection of the released hemoglobin. Both of these assays are very reproducible and quantitative, facilitating studies of antibody-induced complement activation.

Serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic opium (Taryak) smokers.

A relationship between the expression of inflammation markers, oxidative stress and opium use has not been clearly established. This study was done to determine serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), quantity of C3 and C4 complement factors, immunoglobulins, nitric oxide (NO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in opium smokers and non-drug-using control participants. The present study was done on 44 male opium smokers and 44 controls of the same sex and age (20-40 years). The control group was healthy individuals with no lifetime history of drug abuse or dependence. All of the opium abusers were selected from those who had a history of opium use, for at least one year, with a daily opium dosage not less than 2g. Addicts known to abuse alcohol or other drugs were excluded. Serum hs-CRP concentration was measured using ELISA method and serum C3, C4 and immunoglobulins concentration were determined by Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) method. NO production was estimated through Griess reaction and TAC was assessed by Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. Serum hs-CRP, complement factors (C3 and C4) and FRAP levels were significantly higher in the opium smokers (8.93 ± 1.93; 138.47 ± 13.39; 68.79 ± 7.02 and 972.75 ± 11.55, respectively) relative to the control group (0.72 ± 0.09; 93.36 ± 8.73; 33.08 ± 7.39 and 761.95 ± 18.61, respectively). These results permit us to conclude that opium smokers indeed present with a low to moderate grade inflammation, which is defined by an increase in acute phase proteins.

[Effects of rhubarb powder on serum complement 3, complement 4, and hs-CRP in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of rhubarb powder on serum complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) after operation. METHODS: Forty inpatients with HICH after operation were recruited from Department of Cerebral Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2009 to March 2010. They were randomly assigned to the treatment group (20 cases) and the control group (20 cases). From the 4th day after surgery, all patients received routine Western medical treatment. The rhubarb powder, 5-10 g dissolving in 40 mL warm water, was administered or nasally fed to those in the treatment group, 2 -3 times daily for 10 successive days. The contents of serum C3, C4, and hs-CRP were detected in the two groups on the 7th day and the 14th day after operation. The serum hs-CRP content was detected using latex particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. The Scandinavia Stroke Scale (SSS) scores were recorded in the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the same group on the 4th day after operation, the levels of serum C3 and C4 increased on the 7th day after operation, and SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the control group (P < 0.05). The contents of C4 and hs-CRP decreased, and the SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Compared with the same group on the 7th day after operation, the contents of C4 and hs-CRP decreased and the SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group at the same time points, the contents of C4 and C3 decreased on the 7th day after operation; the contents of C3, C4, and hs-CRP decreased, and SSS score increased in the treatment group on the 14th day after operation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rhubarb powder could significantly decrease the serum levels of C3, C4, and hs-CRP, and improve the curative effect in patients with HICH after operation.

Maternal anemia induces changes in immunological and nutritional components of breast milk.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of low maternal hemoglobin levels on the immunological and nutritional components of breast milk at different maturation stages were investigated. METHODS: Colostrum, transitional and mature milk were collected from 25 mothers with normal hemoglobin levels (control group) and 18 mothers with hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL (anemia group). Total protein, antibodies, complement proteins, fat and calorie, lipase, iron, transferrin levels, total iron-binding capacity, latent iron-binding capacity (LIBC) and transferrin saturation index (TSI) were determined. RESULTS: In contrast to the control group, anemic mothers had higher total protein levels in milk, lower IgA and IgG levels in colostrum, lower C3 protein levels in milk, lower C4 protein levels in colostrum and transitional milk, higher fat in the colostrum and lower calorie content in mature milk. In both groups, lipase was lower in mature milk and iron concentration was similar. Transitional and mature milk from anemic mothers had higher LIBC and lower TSI values. CONCLUSION: A decrease in maternal hemoglobin levels causes immunological and nutritional alterations in milk at different maturation stages. Special measures must therefore be taken for mothers at risk of developing anemia to ensure they can provide high-quality milk to their babies.

Immune phenomena in neonates of women with depression during pregnancy: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of major and minor depression during pregnancy on the maternal and neonatal immunities. METHODS: Peripheral venous blood from depressed women and cord venous blood from their neonates taken simultaneously and immediately after parturition were used. The serum levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA and complements C3 and C4 were determined through single radial immunodiffusion with the kits manufactured by the Biogen company (Mashhad, Iran). To reduce error, all the ring diameters were measured by one experimenter unaware of the study groups. The blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte percentage were determined with a H1 counter and for more accuracy also with a Hycel counter. RESULTS: The immune parameters of depressed women were not significantly different from controls. The lymphocyte counts in neonates of women with major and minor depression were increased, whereas ratio of the cord blood level of IgG to the maternal blood level of IgG in neonates of women with major depression were decreased compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Major depression during pregnancy reduces the prenatal transfer of IgG from mother to neonate. The low prenatal transfer of IgG may have clinical significance, because it can compromise immune competence in neonates.

Role of complement in a murine model of peanut-induced anaphylaxis.

Peanut allergy is severe and persisting from childhood to adulthood. However, there is no effective prophylaxis or treatment for peanut allergy. Little is known to about the molecular process in the pathogenesis of peanuts allergy, especially in innate immunity. Thus we investigated the role of complement activation in murine peanut anaphylaxis. Complement component C3 deposition on peanut extract (PE) was evaluated using sera from wild-type (WT), mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP)-1/3 deficient, MASP-2 deficient, and C4 deficient mice. Sera from interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) deficient mice, which lack serum immunoglobulin, were also used. In anaphylaxis study, mice were pretreated with propranolol and a long-acting form of IL-4, and injected with PE. Mice were then assessed for plasma C3a levels and hypothermia shock by ELISA and rectal temperature measurement, respectively. C3 deposition on PE was abolished in immunoglobulin- and C4-deficient sera. No difference in C3 deposition levels were observed among WT, MASP-1/3 deficient and MASP-2 deficient sera. IgM, IgG2b, IgG3, C1q, and ficolin-A deposits were detected on PE. In anaphylaxis study, MASP-1/3 deficient mice showed elevation of plasma C3a levels similar to WT mice. However, they were significantly reduced in C4- and MASP-2-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Consistently, PE-induced anaphylactic shock was prevented in C4 deficient mice and partially in MASP-2 deficient mice. In conclusion, PE activates complement via both the lectin and classical pathways in vivo, and the complement activation contributes to hypothermia shock in mice.

Effects of rhubarb powder on serum complement 3, complement 4, and hs-CRP in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of rhubarb powder on serum complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) after operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty inpatients with HICH after operation were recruited from Department of Cerebral Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2009 to March 2010. They were randomly assigned to the treatment group (20 cases) and the control group (20 cases). From the 4th day after surgery, all patients received routine Western medical treatment. The rhubarb powder, 5-10 g dissolving in 40 mL warm water, was administered or nasally fed to those in the treatment group, 2 -3 times daily for 10 successive days. The contents of serum C3, C4, and hs-CRP were detected in the two groups on the 7th day and the 14th day after operation. The serum hs-CRP content was detected using latex particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. The Scandinavia Stroke Scale (SSS) scores were recorded in the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the same group on the 4th day after operation, the levels of serum C3 and C4 increased on the 7th day after operation, and SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the control group (P < 0.05). The contents of C4 and hs-CRP decreased, and the SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Compared with the same group on the 7th day after operation, the contents of C4 and hs-CRP decreased and the SSS score increased on the 14th day after operation in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group at the same time points, the contents of C4 and C3 decreased on the 7th day after operation; the contents of C3, C4, and hs-CRP decreased, and SSS score increased in the treatment group on the 14th day after operation (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rhubarb powder could significantly decrease the serum levels of C3, C4, and hs-CRP, and improve the curative effect in patients with HICH after operation.</p>

Maggot excretions affect the human complement system.

The complement system plays an important role in the activation of the inflammatory response to injury, although inappropriate complement activation (CA) can lead to severe tissue damage. Maggot therapy is successfully used to treat infected wounds. In this study, we hypothesized that maggot excretions/secretions influence CA in order to modulate the host's inflammatory response. Therefore, the effect of maggot excretions on CA was investigated in preoperatively and postoperatively obtained sera from patients. Our results show that maggot excretions reduce CA in healthy and postoperatively immune-activated human sera up to 99.9%, via all pathways. Maggot excretions do not specifically initiate or inhibit CA, but break down complement proteins C3 and C4 in a cation-independent manner and this effect proves to be temperature tolerant. This study indicates a CA-reducing substrate that is already successfully used in clinical practice and may explain part of the improved wound healing caused by maggot therapy. Furthermore, the complement activation-reducing substance present in maggot excretions could provide a novel treatment modality for several diseases, resulting from an (over)active complement system.