ABSTRACT
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. is herbaceous, monecious annual plant used traditionally to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to find the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential acute toxicity, and emetic activity present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) and dichloromethane fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). The compounds detected in both fractions were mostly fatty acids, with about seven compounds in EAFCT and 10 in DCMFCT. These included pharmacologically active compounds such as imipramine, used to treat depression, or hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, an antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, hypocholesterolemic, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- is used as a cancer preventive, antiarthritic, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, insectifuge, nematicide, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester have antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester have the property to decrease blood cholesterol, Antioxidant and antimicrobial, 1-Eicosanol is used as an antibacterial, 1-Hexadecene has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Both DCMFCT and EAFCT fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC50 values of 10 µg and 130 µg, respectively. Both the fractions were found to be toxic in a dose-dependent manner, inducing emesis at 0.5g onward and lethargy and mortality from 3-5 g upwards. Both the fractions combined with distilled water showed highly emetic activity. The significant increase in the number of vomits was shown by EAFCT plus distilled water which are 7.50±1.29, 7.25±3.10, and 11.75±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2g, and 3g/kg concentration respectively, while DCMFCT plus distilled water showed 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52 and 10.25±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg correspondingly. The antiemetic standard drug metoclopramide has a higher impact against the emesis induced by both the fractions than dimenhydrinate. Metoclopramide decreases the number of vomits caused by EAFCT to 1.00±0.00, 2.00±0.00, 4.00±1.00 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg sequentially, while dimenhydrinate decreases the number of vomits to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.15, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g respectively. In the same way, Metochloprimide decreases the number of emesis caused by DcmCt from 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52, 10.25±2.22 to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.1, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg concentrations. The present study is the first documented report that scientifically validates the folkloric use of Chrozophora tinctoria as an emetic agent.
Subject(s)
Dimenhydrinate , Euphorbiaceae , Acetylcholinesterase , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Dimenhydrinate/analysis , Emetics/analysis , Esters/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Metoclopramide/analysis , Models, Animal , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Vomiting , WaterABSTRACT
The in vitro boar spermatozoon test was compared with the LC ion trap MS analysis for measuring the cereulide content of a pasta dish, implemented in serious emetic food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus. Both assays showed that the poisonous food contained approximately 1.6 microg of cereulide g(-1) implying the toxic dose in human as < or =8 microg kg(-1) body weight. The threshold concentration of cereulide provoking visible mitochondrial damage in boar sperm exposed in vitro was 2 ng of cereulide ml(-1) of extended boar sperm. The same threshold value was found for cereulide extracted from the food and from the cultured bacteria. This shows that other constituents of the food did not enhance or mask the effects of cereulide. Exposure of four human cell lines (HeLa, Caco-2, Calu-3 and Paju) to cereulide showed that the threshold concentration for the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in human cells was similar to that observed in boar sperm. Human cells and boar sperm were equally sensitive to cereulide. The results show that boar spermatozoan assay is useful for detecting cereulide concentrations toxic to humans. Spermatozoa in commercially available extended fresh boar and cryopreserved bull semen were compared, boar sperms were 100 times more sensitive to cereulide than bull sperms.
Subject(s)
Bacillus cereus , Bacterial Toxins/toxicity , Depsipeptides , Emetics/toxicity , Mitochondria/drug effects , Peptides, Cyclic/toxicity , Toxicity Tests/methods , Animals , Bacillus cereus/chemistry , Bacillus cereus/metabolism , Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Biomass , Caco-2 Cells/drug effects , Caco-2 Cells/pathology , Cattle , Emetics/analysis , Food Analysis , Foodborne Diseases , HeLa Cells/drug effects , HeLa Cells/pathology , Humans , Male , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Peptides, Cyclic/analysis , Plant Extracts/poisoning , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Spermatozoa/pathology , Swine , Triticum/chemistryABSTRACT
Procedures are described for the analysis of the main anthraquinone glycosides of senna powder, senna fruit tablets, and sennoside tablets by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In one HPLC analysis, TLC was used to separate the glycosides prior to elution on a strong anion-exchange column with 0.1 M ammonium nitrate solution (pH 9.0) as the mobile phase. In another HPLC analysis, separation was effected using a weak anion-exchange column with 0.1 M ammonium nitrate solution (pH 5.7A) as the mobile phase.