Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide: A review of its extraction and purification, structure analysis, and biological activity.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly distributed in Shanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan province of China. It is also found in Korea and Japan. Its dried roots and rhizomes are used as medicinal herbs and have been used to treat hyperglycemia and various inflammatory disorders. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the developments in the studies involving the extraction and purification, structure analysis, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of polysaccharides obtained from Polygonum cuspidatum. Additionally, the possible future research directions of this plant are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article used "Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide (PCP)" and "Polygonum cuspidatum" as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Polygonum cuspidatum using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. RESULTS: Excluding irrelevant and repetitive documents, 278 documents were finally included, of which 88 were in Chinese and 190 were in English. The CiteSpace software was used to visualize the trends and keywords in this research field. We concluded that the main extraction methods for Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide are water extraction and alcohol precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microjet extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography are also commonly used in the separation and purification of PCP. PCP has antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This paper provides an updated and deeper understanding of PCP, serving as a theoretical foundation for the further optimization of polysaccharide structures and the development of PCP as a novel functional material for clinical application.

Screening and characterization of potential anti-gout components from Polygonum cuspidatum by integration off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with affinity ultrafiltration and on-line HPLC-ABTS.

Polygonum cuspidatum (P. cuspidatum) is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history and proven efficacy in treating gout. However, due to the complexity of composition and extensive content distribution, the substance basis of its anti-gout effectiveness is still unclear. A strategy was proposed via integrating off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) and targeted rapid screening technology based on ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC/MS) and on-line high-performance liquid chromatography-2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (HPLC-ABTS) to accomplish high coverage and high throughput screening of anti-gout components from P. cuspidatum. As a result, twenty components were screened from P. cuspidatum extract with both xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity and free radical scavenging activity, then were preliminarily identified by high-resolution electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-Q-TOF/MS). The screened results were verified by the in vitro assays. Meanwhile, molecular docking further elucidated that the screened bioactive ingredients had favourable binding capabilities with XOD. The performance of this study can achieve high efficiency and high coverage screening of the anti-gout components from P. cuspidatum, which provides methodology and strategy support for the rapid screening of bioactive ingredients from complex medicinal plants.

Foliar application of nettle and Japanese knotweed extracts on Vitis vinifera: impact on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and antioxidant activity during veraison and harvest of cv. Touriga Franca.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based extracts have been recently used as sustainable tools to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and increase grape (Vitis vinifera L.) quality. However, knowledge about the effect of these extracts on secondary metabolism compounds, that are fundamental for grape and wine quality, is still scarce. In this study, a trial was installed in an experimental vineyard with the variety Touriga Franca located at University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Baixo Corgo sub-region of the Douro Demarcated Region, Portugal in two growing seasons: 2019 and 2020. The aim was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nettle (Urtica spp.) extract (NE) and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) extract (JKE) on grapevines leaves and berries bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant activity, at veraison and harvest. RESULTS: The application of NE increased the total carotenoids in leaves and the total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) in berries while JKE increased flavonoids content in leaves and the antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) in berries. CONCLUSION: These extracts seem to have a stimulatory effect on grapevine, enhancing bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity and, consequently, the physiological performance of the plant and the quality of the berries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preliminary study on molecular mechanism of COVID-19 intervention by Polygonum cuspidatum through computer bioinformatics.

To explore the mechanism of action of Polygonum cuspidatum in intervening in coronavirus disease 2019 using a network pharmacology approach and to preliminarily elucidate its mechanism. The active ingredients and action targets of P cuspidatum were classified and summarized using computer virtual technology and molecular informatics methods. The active ingredients and relevant target information of P cuspidatum were identified using the TCM Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, the TCM Integrated Pharmacology Research Platform v2.0, and the SwissTarget database. The GENECARDS database was used to search for COVID-19 targets. The STRING database was analyzed and combined with Cytoscape 3.7.1 software to construct a protein interaction network map to screen the core targets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis was then performed. The core compound, polydatin, was selected and the core targets were analyzed by computer virtual docking using software such as discovery studio autodock tool. In vitro cell models were constructed to experimentally validate the activity of the core compound, polydatin. By computer screening, we identified 9 active ingredients and their corresponding 286 targets from P cuspidatum. A search of the GENECARDS database for COVID-19 yielded 303 core targets. By mapping the active ingredient targets to the disease targets, 27 overlapping targets could be extracted as potential targets for the treatment of COVID-19 with P cuspidatum. In addition, the enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway on core targets showed that the coronavirus disease, MAPK signaling pathway, NF kappa B signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways were highly enriched. Combined with the degree-high target analysis in the protein interaction network, it was found to be mainly concentrated in the NF-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, indicating that the NF-κB signaling pathway may be an important pathway for P cuspidatum intervention. In vitro assays showed no effect of 0.1 to 10 µM polydatin on cell viability, but an inhibitory effect on the transcriptional activity of NF-κB-RE. Molecular docking showed stable covalent bonding of polydatin molecules with Il-1ß protein at residue leu-26, TNF protein ser-60, residue gly-121, and residue ile-258 of ICAM-1 protein, indicating a stable docking result. The treatment of COVID-19 with P cuspidatum is characterized by multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway, which can exert a complex network of regulatory effects through the interaction between different targets, providing a new idea and basis for further exploration of the mechanism of action of P cuspidatum in the treatment of COVID-19.

Polygonum Cuspidatum Alcohol Extract Exerts Analgesic Effects via the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway.

Objective: Traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) has significant effects on reducing pain. In this study, we investigated the analgesic effects of the alcohol extract of PC on three types of inflammatory pain and explored its mechanism. Methods: Potential targets for the analgesic effects of the main active components of PC alcohol extract were screened by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Three different inflammatory pain mouse models (acetic acid twisting, formalin foot swelling, and xylene ear swelling) were used to study the analgesic effects of PC. The expression of latent signaling pathways in L4-6 spinal cord tissues in formalin foot swelling mice was evaluated using real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. Results: Network pharmacology analysis shows that PC analgesic mechanism is related to the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. The five main active components of PC have good docking ability with JNK and p38. PC alcohol extract significantly reduced the pain behavior and alleviated inflammatory reactions in three mouse models, inhibited the mRNA and protein phosphorylation levels of JNK, ERK, p38, and CREB in spinal cord tissues. Conclusion: PC alcohol extract can inhibit inflammation and alleviate pain, which is related to its inhibition of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in spinal cord. Thus, PC alcohol extract is a promising candidate for pain treatment.

Deposition is a phosphorus source for Fallopia japonica during early-stage primary succession.

Phosphorus is a key plant nutrient linked to plant growth during the early stages of primary succession in volcanic soils. Available phosphorus is thought to include soil and atmospheric phosphorus, but it is not well understood. Here, we focused on deposition as a potential phosphorus source. We evaluated the contribution of deposition to phosphorus uptake and growth in Fallopia japonica, a key pioneer species of primary succession. When we experimented with growing F. japonica under field conditions, F. japonica not covered by a roof absorbed more phosphorus than that covered by the roof, suggesting the influence of total (dry + wet) deposition. Furthermore, we tested the effects of deposition by treating F. japonica seedlings with wet deposition or distilled water in six volcanic soils. Plants that received the wet deposition treatment exhibited higher phosphorus contents and growth rates than those treated with distilled water. The phosphorus from wet deposition and the phosphorus from soil contributed nearly equally to F. japonica development. Our findings suggest that F. japonica grows during primary succession and builds up the phosphorus cycle by absorbing a trace amount of phosphorus from deposition and volcanic soils.

Fallopia japonica Root Extract Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation in a CARAS Mouse Model by Modulating the IL-33/TSLP/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Fallopia japonica (Asian knotweed) is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat inflammation, among other conditions. However, the effects of F. japonica root extract (FJE) on airway inflammation associated with combined allergic rhinitis and asthma (CARAS) and the related mechanisms have not been investigated. This study examined the effect of FJE against CARAS in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced CARAS mouse model. Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were randomly segregated into six groups. Mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with OVA on days 1, 8, and 15, and administered saline, Dexamethasone (1.5 mg/kg), or FJE (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) once a day for 16 days. Nasal symptoms, inflammatory cells, OVA-specific immunoglobulins, cytokine production, mast cell activation, and nasal histopathology were assessed. Administration of FJE down-regulated OVA-specific IgE and up-regulated OVA-specific IgG2a in serum. FJE reduced the production of T helper (Th) type 2 cytokines, and the Th1 cytokine levels were enhanced in nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, FJE positively regulated allergic responses by reducing the accumulation of inflammatory cells, improving nasal and lung histopathological characteristics, and inhibiting inflammation-associated cytokines. FJE positively modulated the IL-33/TSLP/NF-B signaling pathway, which is involved in regulating inflammatory cells, immunoglobulin levels, and pro-inflammatory cytokines at the molecular level.

Exploring the inhibition mechanism of interleukin-1-beta in gouty arthritis by polygonum cuspidatum using network pharmacology and molecular docking: A review.

Polygonum cuspidatum (Huzhang, HZ) is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicines for treating gouty arthritis (GA), but the specific mechanism is not clear. This study employed network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of HZ on GA. The network pharmacology approach, including active ingredient and target screening, drug-compound-target-disease network construction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, enrichment analysis, and molecular docking, was used to explore the mechanism of HZ against GA. Ten active ingredients of HZ were predicted to interact with 191 targets, 14 of which interact with GA targets. Network pharmacology showed that quercetin, physovenine, luteolin, and beta-sitosterol are the core components of HZ, and IL (interleukin)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are the core therapeutic targets. The mechanism of HZ in GA treatment was shown to be related to the IL-17 signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and is involved in the inflammatory response, positive regulation of gene expression, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, and other biological processes. Molecular docking showed that all four core compounds had good binding properties to IL-1ß, with luteolin and beta-sitosterol showing better docking results than anakinra, suggesting that they could be used as natural IL-1ß inhibitors in further experimental studies. The mechanism of action of HZ against GA has multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics, which provides an important theoretical basis for the study of the active ingredients of HZ as natural IL-1ß inhibitors.

Evaluation of the Biological Properties of an Optimized Extract of Polygonum cuspidatum Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction.

Phytochemicals are natural compounds found in plants that have potential health benefits such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and immune reinforcement. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is a source rich in resveratrol, traditionally consumed as an infusion. In this study, P. cuspidatum root extraction conditions were optimized to increase antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS+), extraction yield, resveratrol concentration, and total polyphenolic compounds (TPC) via ultrasonic-assisted extraction using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The biological activities of the optimized extract and the infusion were compared. The optimized extract was obtained using a solvent/root powder ratio of 4, 60% ethanol concentration, and 60% ultrasonic power. The optimized extract showed higher biological activities than the infusion. The optimized extract contained 16.6 mg mL-1 resveratrol, high antioxidant activities (135.1 µg TE mL-1 for DPPH, and 230.4 µg TE mL-1 for ABTS+), TPC (33.2 mg GAE mL-1), and extraction yield of 12.4%. The EC50 value (effective concentration 50) of the optimized extract was 0.194 µg mL-1, which revealed high cytotoxic activity against the Caco-2 cell line. The optimized extract could be used to develop functional beverages with high antioxidant capacity, antioxidants for edible oils, functional foods, and cosmetics.

Discovery of the potential neuraminidase inhibitors from Polygonum cuspidatum by ultrafiltration combined with mass spectrometry guided by molecular docking.

Neuraminidase is an important target in the treatment of the influenza A virus. Screening natural neuraminidase inhibitors from medicinal plants is crucial for drug research. This study proposed a rapid strategy for identifying neuraminidase inhibitors from different crude extracts (Polygonum cuspidatum, Cortex Fraxini, and Herba Siegesbeckiae) using ultrafiltration combined with mass spectrometry guided by molecular docking. Firstly, the main component library of the three herbs was established, followed by molecular docking between the components and neuraminidase. Only the crude extracts with numbers of potential neuraminidase inhibitors identified by molecular docking were selected for ultrafiltration. This guided approach reduced experimental blindness and improved efficiency. The results of molecular docking indicated that the compounds in Polygonum cuspidatum demonstrated good binding affinity with neuraminidase. Subsequently, ultrafiltration-mass spectrometry was employed to screen for neuraminidase inhibitors in Polygonum cuspidatum. A total of five compounds were fished out, and they were identified as trans-polydatin, cis-polydatin, emodin-1-O-ß-D-glucoside, emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside, and emodin. The enzyme inhibitory assay showed that they all had neuraminidase inhibitory effects. In addition, the key residues of the interaction between neuraminidase and fished compounds were predicted. In all, this study could provide a strategy for the rapid screening of the potential enzyme inhibitors from medicinal herbs.

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based lipidomics reveals key lipid molecules as potential therapeutic targets of Polygonum cuspidatum against hyperlipidemia in a hamster model.

Polygonum cuspidatum is a homology of traditional medicine and functional food widely distributed around the world. Our previous study on the hyperlipidemic animal model demonstrated that Polygonum cuspidatum was effective in ameliorating hyperlipidemia, which is characterized by lipid disorders. Herein, the regulatory effect of Polygonum cuspidatum on lipid metabolism needs to be known if its hypolipidemic mechanism is desired to clarify. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based lipidomic strategy was first applied to investigate the lipidomic patterns of high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic hamsters when treated with Polygonum cuspidatum. The results showed that Polygonum cuspidatum improved the lipidomic profile of hyperlipidemia. A total of 65 differential lipids related to the hypolipidemic effect of Polygonum cuspidatum were screened out and identified, and these differential lipids covered various categories, such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, triacylglycerols, sphingomyelins and so on. Orally administrated Polygonum cuspidatum restored these differential lipids back to normal or nearly normal levels. This study adopted lipidomics to reveal the key lipid molecules as potential therapeutic targets of Polygonum cuspidatum against hyperlipidemia, which would provide a scientific basis for its clinical application.

Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation by Treatment with Itadori Leaf Extract.

Treatment with itadori extract inhibited the growth of mouse colon cancer cells (Colon-26) in mice. In addition, it induced DNA fragmentation and caspase 3/7 activation in Colon-26 cells, suggesting potent induction of apoptosis. Itadori extracts are rich in neochlorogenic acid and rutin and also contain quercetin and piceatannol. These polyphenols are thought to be involved in the observed DNA fragmentation and caspase 3/7 activation in colon cancer cells and may thus have anticancer effects. There is hence scope for development of the leaf of itadori, which currently has only a few known uses, as a novel anti-tumor therapeutic.

Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum - A review.

CONTEXT: Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (Polygonaceae), the root of which is included in the Chinese Pharmcopoeia under the name 'Huzhang', has a long history as a medicinal plant and vegetable. Polygonum cuspidatum has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hyperlipemia, etc. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the pharmacological action and the clinical applications of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts, whether in vivo or in vitro. We also summarized the main phytochemical constituents and pharmacokinetics of Polygonum cuspidatum and its extracts. METHODS: The data were retrieved from major medical databases, such as CNKI, PubMed, and SinoMed, from 2014 to 2022. Polygonum cuspidatum, pharmacology, toxicity, clinical application, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. RESULTS: The rhizomes, leaves, and flowers of Polygonum cuspidatum have different phytochemical constituents. The plant contains flavonoids, anthraquinones, and stilbenes. Polygonum cuspidatum and the extracts have anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, anticancer, heart protection, and other pharmacological effects. It is used in the clinics to treat dizziness, headaches, traumatic injuries, and water and fire burns. CONCLUSIONS: Polygonum cuspidatum has the potential to treat many diseases, such as arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, and cardiac hypertrophy. It has a broad range of medicinal applications, but mainly focused on root medication; its aerial parts should receive more attention. Pharmacokinetics also need to be further investigated.

Preparation of Solid Dispersion of Polygonum Cuspidatum Extract by Hot Melt Extrusion to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Resveratrol.

The aim of this study was to improve the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of resveratrol (RES-SD) Solid Dispersion in Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) by hot melt extrusion (HME). In addition, the role of the auxiliary substances in PCE was also studied. The solid dispersion of Polygonum cuspidatum extract was prepared by hot-melt extrusion. The optimum formula was selected by single factor design and orthogonal test. The optimum formula was barrel temperature 140 °C, screw rotation speed 40 rpm/min, and the ratio of Polygonum cuspidatum extract to HPMCAS was 1:2. The dissolution test showed that PCE-SD increased the dissolution of RES from 46.75 ± 0.47% to 130.06 ± 0.12%. The pharmacokinetics curve of rats showed that PCE-SD increased AUC0-t of RES from 111,471.22 ± 11.4% to 160,458.968 ± 15.7%, indicating an approximately 1.44-fold increase in absorption. In addition, the rotation speed of PCE-SD screw is less than that of RES-SD screw. The bioavailability of PCE-SD was slightly better than that of RES-SD. PCE-SD is more hygroscopic than RES-SD. PCE-SD increased the solubility and oral bioavailability of RES. The auxiliary substances in Polygonum cuspidatum extract have influence on its preparation technology, stability, and bioavailability.

Fallopia Japonica and Prunella vulgaris inhibit myopia progression by suppressing AKT and NFκB mediated inflammatory reactions.

BACKGROUND: The increased global incidence of myopia requires the establishment of therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Fallopia Japonica (FJ) and Prunella vulgaris (PV) extract on myopia caused by monocular form deprivation (MFD). METHODS: We used human retinal pigment epithelial cell to study the molecular mechanisms on how FJ extract (FJE) and PV extract (PVE) lowering the inflammation of the eye. The effect of FJE and PVE in MFD induced hamster model and explore the role of inflammation cytokines in myopia. RESULTS: FJE + PVE reduced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression in RPE cells. Furthermore, FJE and PVE inhibited inflammation by attenuating the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) pathway. In addition, we report two resveratrol + ursolic acid compounds from FJ and PV and their inhibitory activities against IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression levels in RPE cells treated with IL-6 and TNF-α. FJE, PVE, and FJE + PVE were applied to MFD hamsters and their axial length was measured after 21 days. The axial length showed statistically significant differences between phosphate-buffered saline- and FJE-, PVE-, and FJE + PVE-treated MFD eyes. FJE + PVE suppressed expressions of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. They also inhibited myopia-related transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-ß1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and NF-κB expression while increasing type I collagen expression. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that FJE + PVE may have a therapeutic effect on myopia and be used as a potential treatment option.

In vivo identification of the pharmacodynamic ingredients of Polygonum cuspidatum for remedying the mitochondria to alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that currently lacks approved pharmacological treatment options. The mechanisms and active ingredients of Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) that regulate the mitochondria to relieve MAFLD have not been assessed. Thus, this study was designed to explore the bioactive components of PC extract in regulating mitochondria to alleviate high-fat diet-induced MAFLD using mitochondrial pharmacology and pharmacochemistry. Our results demonstrate that PC protected the mitochondrial ultrastructure and inhibited oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorder in the liver mitochondria. Furthermore, PC-derived components in the liver mitochondria attenuated oxidative stress and restored the energy metabolism of fat emulsion-induced steatosis in L02 cell. Sixteen compounds were identified in the liver-mitochondrial extracts of PC-treated rats. The antisteatotic effects of three identified monomers and anti-MAFLD ability of the monomer group were confirmed. Collectively, our data suggest that the extract of PC can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder in MAFLD by protecting the mitochondrial ultrastructure, reducing oxidative stress injury, and promoting energy metabolism. The sixteen identified compounds were potentially the main effective ingredients of PC in treating MAFLD. Thus, PC shows potential in treating MAFLD and related mitochondrial dysfunction. The proposed strategy to identify the ingredients of herbal medicines based on mitochondrial pharmacology and pharmacochemistry presents a new approach in exploring the pharmacodynamic components of herbal medicines that regulate mitochondria in preventing and treating diseases.

[Identification, biological characteristics, and screening of effective fungicides of Phoma rhei causing leaf spot on Polygonum cuspidatum].

Severe leaf spot on Polygonum cuspidatum was found in the planting base of P. cuspidatum in Fangxian county, Shiyan of Hubei province. To clarify the types of pathogens and their pathogenesis, the present study isolated and purified the pathogen of leaf spot disease of P. cuspidatum according to Koch's postulates, determined the pathogenicity of the pathogen, and investigated its biological characteristics. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of 11 types of fungicides on the bacteria were determined according to the mycelium growth rate, and suitable prevention and control drugs were selected. The results showed that the pathogen isolated from the diseased leaves of P. cuspidatum was Phoma rhei by morphological and molecular identification. The colony morphology and microscopic characteristics were the same as those of Ph. rhei. The homology of rDNA-ITS and TEF gene sequences with Ph. rhei reached 99.96% and 99.43%, respectively. The optimal growth temperature of Ph. rhei was 25 ℃, and the optimal pH was 7-10. Furthermore, Ph. rhei grew faster under dark or light conditions. In fungicides, 0.3% eugenol, 250 g·L~(-1) propiconazole, and 33.5% quinoline copper had significant inhibitory effects on the pathogen with EC_(50) values of 57.54, 59.58, 88.69 µg·mL~(-1), respectively. Eugenol is a botanical fungicide, which can be used as a green and environmentally friendly fungicide in the prevention and control of P. cuspidatum. This study reported for the first time that the pathogen of P. cuspidatum leaf spot was Ph. rhei. investigated the biological characteristics of the pathogen, and screened the indoor chemicals, which provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of P. cuspidatum leaf spot in production.

Investigation of the Potential Key Genes and the Multitarget Mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum against Heart Failure Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

In this study, systematic pharmacology and bioinformatic approaches were employed to identify the potential targets of Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) for treating heart failure (HF). The active ingredients of PC were screened by using the TCMSP database, and HF-related genes were identified in the GEO database. Then, the herb-HF targeted-gene networks were constructed using Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analyses were performed to obtain the enriched molecular pathways associated with the pathogenesis of HF. Finally, in vitro experiment was performed to evidence network pharmacology analysis. 170 intersection genes were obtained, and key genes (FOXO3, NFKB1, and TNF) were identified. Besides, GO and KEGG findings indicated that PC treatment of HF was achieved via regulating apoptosis, IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, response to oxidative stress, and response to reactive oxygen species. And cell experiment revealed that PC could decrease the expression of NFKB1 and TNF and increase the expression of FOXO3, SOD1, and GPX1 in H9C2 cells. These findings showed that the therapeutic mechanism of PC in the treatment of HF may be associated with the regulation of inflammation-related and oxidative stress-related genes.

The Extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum Root and Rhizome Block the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Omicron Pseudotyped Viruses via Inhibition of the S-Protein and 3CL Protease.

COVID-19, resulting from infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, caused a contagious pandemic. Even with the current vaccines, there is still an urgent need to develop effective pharmacological treatments against this deadly disease. Here, we show that the water and ethanol extracts of the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix), a common Chinese herbal medicine, blocked the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus into fibroblasts or zebrafish larvae, with IC50 values ranging from 0.015 to 0.04 mg/mL. The extracts were shown to inhibit various aspects of the pseudovirus entry, including the interaction between the spike protein (S-protein) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, and the 3CL protease activity. Out of the chemical compounds tested in this report, gallic acid, a phytochemical in P. cuspidatum, was shown to have a significant anti-viral effect. Therefore, this might be responsible, at least in part, for the anti-viral efficacy of the herbal extract. Together, our data suggest that the extracts of P. cuspidatum inhibit the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, and so they could be considered as potent treatments against COVID-19.

Polygonum cuspidatum Extract (Pc-Ex) Containing Emodin Suppresses Lung Cancer-Induced Cachexia by Suppressing TCF4/TWIST1 Complex-Induced PTHrP Expression.

Cachexia, which is characterised by the wasting of fat and skeletal muscles, is the most common risk factor for increased mortality rates among patients with advanced lung cancer. PTHLH (parathyroid hormone-like hormone) is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PTHLH expression and the inhibitors of PTHLH have not yet been identified. The PTHLH mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) expression levels were measured using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between TCF4 (Transcription Factor 4) and TWIST1 and the binding of the TCF4-TWIST1 complex to the PTHLH promoter were analysed using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results of the mammalian two-hybrid luciferase assay revealed that emodin inhibited TCF4-TWIST1 interaction. The effects of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (Pc-Ex), which contains emodin, on cachexia were investigated in vivo using A549 tumour-bearing mice. Ectopic expression of TCF4 upregulated PTHLH expression. Conversely, TCF4 knockdown downregulated PTHLH expression in lung cancer cells. The expression of PTHLH was upregulated in cells ectopically co-expressing TCF4 and TWIST1 when compared with that in cells expressing TCF4 or TWIST1 alone. Emodin inhibited the interaction between TCF4 and TWIST1 and consequently suppressed the TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced upregulated mRNA and protein levels of PTHLH and PTHrP. Meanwhile, emodin-containing Pc-Ex significantly alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy and downregulated fat browning-related genes in A549 tumour-bearing mice. Emodin-containing Pc-Ex exerted therapeutic effects on lung cancer-associated cachexia by inhibiting TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced PTHrP expression.