Análise das propriedades físico-químicas de amostras de mel comercializado em feiras livres do município de Assis Chateaubriand, PR / Analysis of the physico-chemical properties of samples of honey marketed in open fairs of the municipality of Assis Chateaubriand, PR

O mel é um produto alimentício natural, utilizado pela população desde o antigo Egito, como fonte de alimento e na medicina popular, devido as suas propriedades antioxidante, cicatrizante, expectorante, ação sedativa, analgésica e anti-inflamatória, além de possuir atividade antibacteriana. O aumento do consumo de mel pela população, associada à prática da apicultura, tem-se demonstrado uma atividade promissora e rentável para os produtores e para a economia do Brasil. Contudo, devido ao aumento da demanda de consumo, o mel pode ser alvo da adição de substâncias adulterantes, como açúcar comercial, ocasionando a diminuição da qualidade do produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise das propriedades físico-químicas de amostras de mel comercializadas em feiras livres do município de Assis Chateaubriand, PR. Foram analisadas cinco amostras de méis quanto aos parâmetros: umidade, presença de corante, determinação da densidade, Reações de Jagerschmidt, Lugol, Fiehe, acidez total, teor de cinzas e análise microscópica e organoléptica. Para execução dos experimentos, a metodologia adotada foi baseada nos métodos físico-químicos para Análise de Alimentos, do Instituto Adolf Lutz, sendo o mesmo, realizado em triplicata. Pode-se concluir que, das cinco amostras analisadas, duas se apresentaram positivas para a adição de açúcar. Os resultados apresentados obtiveram variações entre as amostras, uma vez que a composição do mel difere de acordo com a espécie floral e região da qual o mesmo é oriundo, além das condições de armazenamento e manejo do mesmo.(AU)

Honey is a natural food product, used by the population since ancient Egypt, as a food source and in popular medicine, due to its antioxidant, healing, expectorant, sedative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as antibacterial activity. The increase in honey consumption by the population, associated with the practice of beekeeping, has been shown to be a promising and profitable activity for producers and for the Brazilian economy. However, due to the increase in consumption demand, honey may be the target of the addition of adulterating substances, such as commercial sugar, causing a decrease in product quality. The objective of this work was to perform an analysis of the physicochemical properties of samples of honey marketed in open fairs of the municipality of Assis Chateaubriand-PR. The parameters evaluated were moisture, dye presence, density determination, Jagerschmidt reactions, Lugol, Fiehe, total acidity, ash content and analysis. The samples were analyzed commercially at free trade fairs in the municipality of Assis Chateaubriand. microscopic and organoleptic. For the execution of the experiments, the methodology adopted was based on the physical-chemical methods for Food Analysis, of the Adolf Lutz Institute, being the same, carried out in triplicate. It can be concluded that of the five samples analyzed, two were positive for sugar addition. The presented results obtained variations among the samples, since the composition of the honey differs according to the floral species and region from which it comes from, besides the conditions of storage and handling of the same.

Determinação de paraquate em batatas / Determination of paraquat in potatoes

O Paraquate (1,1'-dimetil-4,4'-bipiridina- dicloreto) é herbicida amplamente utilizado em vários países para diferentes culturas. O objetivo é determinar a concentração de Paraquate em batatas comercializadas em diferentes estabelecimentos da zona leste de São Paulo. Foram coletadas 12 (doze) amostras de batatas adquiridas no comércio varejista (sacolões, ou seja, do de frutas, verduras e legumes; supermercados e feiras livres) da zona leste do município de São Paulo. A quantificação do Paraquate foi baseada na reação de complexação com o ditionito de sódio, gerando composto de cor azulada, cuja absorvância foi lida em espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 600nm. Foi construída a curva padrão e a determinada a equação da reta (y = 1,6448x e R2= 0,9945). O limite de tolerância do herbicida em alimentos é de 0,2 partes por milhão ou 0,2 mg/kg, enquanto que a ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) é de 0,004 mg/kg de peso corpóreo. Assim, pode-se observar que os valores encontrados em três amostras estão acima do limite máximo permitido, enquanto quatro apresentaram concentrações muito próximas ao limite. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe a necessidade de intensificação na fiscalização nos locais de comercialização de alimentos produzidos com a utilização de agrotóxicos.(AU)

Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'- bipyridine-dichloride) is herbicide widely used in several countries in different plantations. The objective is to determine the concentration of Paraquat in potatoes, marketed in different establishments in the eastern zone of São Paulo. Twelve (12) samples of potatoes purchased from the retail trade ("sacolões", ie fruit, vegetable and vegetable markets, supermarkets and free markets) were collected from the eastern part of the city of São Paulo. The quantification of Paraquat was based on the reaction of complexation with the sodium dithionite, generating compound of blue color, whose absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at wavelength of 600 nm. The standard curve was constructed and the equation of the line was determined (y = 1,6448x e R2 = 0,9945). The tolerance limit of the herbicide in foods is 0.2 parts per million or 0.2 mg/kg, while the acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 0.004 mg/kg body weight. Thus, it can be observed that the values found in three samples are above the maximum allowed limit, while four of them presented concentrations very close to the limit. The results allow inferring that there is a need for intensification in the inspection in the commercial places of food produced with the use of pesticides.

Caracterização fisico-quimica e teor de nitrato em alface do tipo crespa e americana cultivadas sob sistema hidropônico e convencional / Physico-chemical characterization and nitrate content in crisp and American lettuce cultivated under a hydroponic and conventional system

A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) possui grande importância na alimentação humana, como fonte de vitaminas e sais minerais, além de possuir baixo valor calórico. Apesar do cultivo hidropônico estar em expansão no Brasil e ser bastante vantajoso, não há uma legislação específica dos nutrientes a serem utilizados para produção dessas hortaliças, levando ao risco da veiculação de contaminantes como o nitrato por meio da solução nutritiva. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o teor de nitrato e as características físico-químicas de amostras de alface de duas espécies, cultivadas no sistema hidropônico e convencional. As amostras de alface foram coletadas semanalmente, em triplicata, no comércio local, por cinco semanas consecutivas, sendo analisados dois tipos de alface (crespa e/ou americana) produzidos pelo sistema convencional e hidropônico. Observou- se maior variação nos teores de cinzas e nitrato entre os sistemas de cultivo (hidropônico e convencional) e nos teores de vitamina C entre os tipos de alface (crespa e americana). Os maiores teores de nitrato foram encontrados nas amostras de alface hidropônica, com destaque para a cultivar Americana. Os teores de nitrato encontrados não excederam o limite máximo permitido pela legislação internacional.(AU)

Análise microbiológia da casca do abacaxi (Ananás comosus) sob diferentes condições de higienização para obtenção de suco e chá / Microbiological analysis of pineapple bark (Ananás comosus) under different hygienic conditions to obtain juice and tea

A casca do abacaxi é um resíduo da agroindústria que pode auxiliar na dieta humana de forma complementar, permitindo sua utilização em alimentos de baixo valor nutricional. Percebendo que a casca do abacaxi é desprezada pelas indústrias de alimentos e devido à grande preocupação global atual de se minimizar os resíduos buscando uma melhoria do meio ambiente e de geração de lucros para empresas, neste estudo teve-se por objetivo avaliar os micro-organismos existentes na casca do abacaxi, antes e após a higienização e sanitização para o preparo de sucos e chás. Na higienização foi utilizada água corrente e na sanitização solução clorada a 200 ppm. Com os dados obtidos concluiu-se que os cuidados com a higienização adequada da casca são importantes, que a lavagem somente com água não é eficaz para a eliminação total dos micro-organismos presentes na casca do abacaxi, já a higienização com solução clorada é amplamente recomendada para retardar ou eliminar o crescimento microbiano.

Determinação da qualidade físico-química e instrumental de maionese desenvolvida à base de óleo de coco / Determination of physicochemical and instrumental quality of coconut oil-based mayonnaise

A busca por alimentos industrializados com ingredientes mais saudáveis tem aumentado. O óleo de coco tem alto teor de ácidos graxos saturados e com isso pode ser utilizado em substituição a outros óleos vegetais. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou a elaboração de uma maionese com a utilização de óleo de coco. Foram elaboradas duas formulações diferentes, uma com apenas óleo de coco e outra com parte de azeite de oliva, em igual proporção, sendo as duas formulações temperadas com salsa, cebolinha e alho. Realizaram-se análises físico-químicas e instrumentais (cor e textura) a fim de verificar as características do produto final, os dados foram avaliados por Anova e Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre as amostras nas análises acidez, estabilidade das emulsões, textura e cor (a* e b*). Apenas o pH e a luminosidade (L) não diferiram entresi estatisticamente. Assim, pode-se concluir que os produtos obtidos apresentam qualidade físico-química e ainda que a utilização de óleo de coco para a elaboração de maioneses pode ser uma forma alternativa de ingestão deste tipo de ácido graxo e seus componentes propiciando benefícios à saúde.

The demand for healthy processed foods has increasing. The coconut oil has high content of saturated fatty acids and therefore, can be utilized to replacement for others vegetable oils. This present study aimed the formulation an oil coconut mayonnaise. Were produced two different elaborations, one with only coconut oil and other with coconut/olive oil in equal proportions, and the two formulations flavor with parsley, chive and garlic. Were analyzed the physical and chemical and instrumental (color and texture) in order to examine the characteristics of the final product, data were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0,05). There was significant difference between the sample in acid analysis, stability of emulsions, texture and color (a* and b*). Just the pH and luminosity (L) did not differ statistically. Thus, it could be conclude that the final products presented physical and chemical quality and that the using coconut oil for the formulation an oil coconut mayonnaise could be alternative intake this fatty acid and their components providing health benefits.

Ocorrência de Giardia lamblia em alfaces (Lactuva sativa) comercializadas nos municípios de Chapecó e Xanxerê, SC / Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in lettuces (Lactuca sativa) marketed in the municipalities of Chapeco and Xanxere, SC

A Organização Mundial da Saúde alerta sobre a grande quantidade de doenças parasitárias na população mundial e comenta que uma das fontes de infecção humana é através da ingestão de alimentos contaminados. A Giardia lamblia é um protozoário que pode ser transmitido através do consumo de hortaliças contaminadas, quando produzidas e comercializadas de forma inadequada. A contaminação desses produtos pode ocorrer durante o seu cultivo ou na sua venda em mercados e feiras, quando manipulada por vendedores infectados. O objetivo desse estudo foi coletar alfaces (Lactuva sativa) comercializadas nos municípios de Chapecó e Xanxerê, Santa Catarina e identificar a presença de Giardia lamblia nas mesmas. Foram coletadas 33 amostras e posteriormente processadas através da técnica de Faust e col. para a detecção de Giardia lamblia. Das 33 amostras, em 18,18% (6/33) detectou-se a presença de cistos do protozoário. Um manejo correto da adubação e da irrigação utilizados para o cultivo das hortaliças e uma boa manipulação dos mesmos, garante um alimento de alta qualidade e evita prejuízos à saúde pública, evitando dessa forma a presença de zoonoses, como a Giardíase, que afeta principalmente crianças e pessoas imunossuprimidas.

The World Health Organization warns of the large amount of parasitic diseases in the world population and said that one of the main sources of human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated vegetables, when produced and marketed improperly. The contamination of these products can occur during cultivation or in sale, in markets and fairs, when manipulated by infected sellers. The aim of this work were collect lettuces (Lactuva sativa) marketed in Chapecó and Xanxerê municipalities, Santa Catarina State, Brazil and to check the presence of Giardia lamblia under the same. Thirty three samples were collected and then processed through the Faust et al. technique for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Of the 33 samples, 18.18% (6/33) were positive for the presence of protozoan cysts. Proper management of fertilization and irrigation used for the cultivation of vegetables and a good handling them ensures a high quality food and prevents damage to public health; what prevents the presence of zoonoses such as giardiasis, which mainly affects children and immunosuppressed people.

Isolation, morphological and molecular characterization of phytate-hydrolysing fungi by 18S rDNA sequence analysis

Phytate is the primary storage form of phosphate in plants. Monogastric animals like poultry, pigs and fishes have very low or no phytase activities in their digestive tracts therefore, are incapable to efficiently utilize phytate phosphorus from the feed. Phytase from microbial sources are supplemented to feedstuff of these to increase the uptake of phytate phosphorus. In the present work efforts were made to isolate and characterize proficient phytase producing fungi from soil. Phytase producing fungi were isolated using phytate specific medium. Fungal isolates were selected according to their higher phytase activities. These isolates were further characterized and identified by morphological and microscopic analysis and confirmed by amplification of 18S rRNA gene, using specific primers. This gene was subsequently sequenced and phylogenetic affiliations were assigned. Fungal isolates were identified as various species of Aspergillus. Phytases from these fungi could be utilized as a feed additive in poultry and swine industries.

Inhibitory effect of essential oils against Lactobacillus rhamnosus and starter culture in fermented milk during its shelf-life period

The use of essential oils in foods has attracted great interest, due to their antagonistic action against pathogenic microorganisms. However, this action is undesirable for probiotic foods, as products containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The aim of the present study was to measure the sensitivity profile of L. rhamnosus and a yogurt starter culture in fermented milk, upon addition of increasing concentrations of cinnamon, clove and mint essential oils. Essential oils were prepared by steam distillation, and chemically characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and determination of density. Survival curves were obtained from counts of L. rhamnosus and the starter culture (alone and in combination), upon addition of 0.04% essential oils. In parallel, titratable acidity was monitored over 28 experimental days. Minimum inhibitory concentration values, obtained using the microdilution method in Brain Heart Infusion medium, were 0.025, 0.2 and 0.4% for cinnamon, clove and mint essential oils, respectively. Cinnamon essential oil had the highest antimicrobial activity, especially against the starter culture, interfering with lactic acid production. Although viable cell counts of L. rhamnosus were lower following treatment with all 3 essential oils, relative to controls, these results were not statistically significant; in addition, cell counts remained greater than the minimum count of 10(8)CFU/mL required for a product to be considered a probiotic. Thus, although use of cinnamon essential oil in yogurt makes starter culture fermentation unfeasible, it does not prevent the application of L. rhamnosus to probiotic fermented milk. Furthermore, clove and mint essential oil caused sublethal stress to L. rhamnosus.

Application of response surface methodology to enhancement of biomass production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus E/N

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of various medium components on biomass production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus E/N. This strain is commonly used in the pharmaceutical and food industries due to its beneficial effect on the human gut and general health. The best medium composition derived from RSM regression was (in g/l) glucose 15.44, sodium pyruvate 3.92, meat extract 8.0, potassium phosphate 1.88, sodium acetate 4.7, and ammonium citrate 1.88. With this medium composition biomass production was 23 g/l of dry cell weight after 18 h of cultivation in bioreactor conditions, whereas on MRS the yield of biomass was 21 g/l of dry cell weight. The cost of 1 g of biomass obtained on MRS broth was calculated at the level of 0.44 € whereas on the new optimal medium it was 25 percent lower. It may be concluded then, that the new medium, being cheaper than the control MRS allows large scale commercial cultivation of the L. rhamnosus strain. This study is of relevance to food industry because the possibility to obtain high yield of bacterial biomass is necessary step in manufacturing of probiotic food.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da alface (Lactuca sativa), comercializada na cidade de Pará de Minas, MG / Evaluation of microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), sold in the city of Para de Minas, MG

A alface (Lactuca sativa) é a hortaliça folhosa mais comercializada no Brasil. Seu baixo valor calórico e alto teor nutritivo qualificam este alimento para diversos tipos de dietas. Seu consumo sob a forma crua possibilita a ocorrência de enfermidades intestinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica das alfaces de cultivo tradicional e variedade crespa, comercializada em diferentes regiões da cidade de Pará de Minas-MG. Dentre as amostras analisadas, 20% apresentaram baixos padrões higiênico-sanitários, evidenciados pela presença de coliformes termotolerantes. Não foi identificada presença de Salmonella sp. em nenhuma das amostras. Diante disso, a Vigilância Sanitária do município deveria intensificar a fiscalização da qualidade das hortaliças comercializadas no mercado local e ainda incentivar ações educativas.

Citric acid production from orange peel wastes by solid-state fermentation

Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) peel was employed in this work as raw material for the production of citric acid (CA) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Aspergillus niger CECT-2090 (ATCC 9142, NRRL 599) in Erlenmeyer flasks. To investigate the effects of the main operating variables, the inoculum concentration was varied in the range 0.5À10³ to 0.7À10(8) spores/g dry orange peel, the bed loading from 1.0 to 4.8 g of dry orange peel (corresponding to 35-80 percent of the total volume), and the moisture content between 50 and 100 percent of the maximum water retention capacity (MWRC) of the material. Moreover, additional experiments were done adding methanol or water in different proportions and ways. The optimal conditions for CA production revealed to be an inoculum of 0.5À10(6) spores/g dry orange peel, a bed loading of 1.0 g of dry orange peel, and a humidification pattern of 70 percent MWRC at the beginning of the incubation with posterior addition of 0.12 mL H2O/g dry orange peel (corresponding to 3.3 percent of the MWRC) every 12 h starting from 62 h. The addition of methanol was detrimental for the CA production. Under these conditions, the SSF ensured an effective specific production of CA (193 mg CA/g dry orange peel), corresponding to yields of product on total initial and consumed sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) of 376 and 383 mg CA/g, respectively. These results, which demonstrate the viability of the CA production by SSF from orange peel without addition of other nutrients, could be of interest to possible, future industrial applications.

Production of angkak through co-culture of Monascus purpureus and Monascus ruber

Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice) is a traditional Chinese medicine produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K /lovastatin, has been proven to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, a co-culture of Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 and Monascus ruber MTCC 1880 was used for angkak production. Four medium parameters screened by Plackett-Burman design were optimized by response surface methodology for highest lovastatin production in angkak during solid-state fermentation by the co-culture. Maximum lovastatin production of 2.84 mg g-1 was predicted in solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrients medium (malt extract 9.68 g l-1, dextrose 38.90 g l-1, MnSO4.H2O 1.96 g l-1, and MgSO4.7H2O 0.730 g l-1) by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA).

Control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) Sacc. In yellow passion fruit using Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

The use of antibiotics in agriculture is limited when compared to their applications in human and veterinary medicine. On the other hand, the use of antimicrobials in agriculture contributes to the drug resistance of human pathogens and has stimulated the search for new antibiotics from natural products. Essential oils have been shown to exert several biological activities including antibacterial and antifungal actions. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of 28 essential oils from medicinal plants cultivated at CPMA (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Collection), CPQBA/UNICAMP, against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., the anthracnose agent in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg), as well as evaluating their effect in the control of post-harvest decay. The oils were obtained by water-distillation using a Clevenger-type system and their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined by the micro-dilution method. According to the results, 15 of the 28 essential oils presented activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and the following four oils presented MIC values between 0.25 and 0.3 mg/mL: Coriandrum sativum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Lippia alba. The evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in the control of post-harvest decay in yellow passion fruit showed that the disease index of the samples treated with the essential oil did not differ (P < 0.05) from that of the samples treated with fungicide. The present study shows the potential of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in the control of the anthracnose agent in yellow passion fruit.