Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption.

With the rapid development of the economy and productivity, an increasing number of citizens are not only concerned about the nutritional value of algae as a potential new food resource but are also, in particular, paying more attention to the safety of its consumption. Many studies and reports pointed out that analyzing and solving seaweed food safety issues requires holistic and systematic consideration. The three main factors that have been found to affect the food safety of algal are physical, chemical, and microbiological hazards. At the same time, although food safety awareness among food producers and consumers has increased, foodborne diseases caused by algal food safety incidents occur frequently. It threatens the health and lives of consumers and may cause irreversible harm if treatment is not done promptly. A series of studies have also proved the idea that microbial contamination of algae is the main cause of this problem. Therefore, the rapid and efficient detection of toxic and pathogenic microbial contamination in algal products is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. At the same time, two other factors, such as physical and chemical hazards, cannot be ignored. Nowadays, the detection techniques are mainly focused on three major hazards in traditional methods. However, especially for food microorganisms, the use of traditional microbiological control techniques is time-consuming and has limitations in terms of accuracy. In recent years, these two evaluations of microbial foodborne pathogens monitoring in the farm-to-table chain have shown more importance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, there are also many new developments in the monitoring of heavy metals, algal toxins, and other pollutants. In the future, algal food safety risk assessment will not only focus on convenient, rapid, low-cost and high-accuracy detection but also be connected with some novel technologies, such as the Internet of Things (artificial intelligence, machine learning), biosensor, and molecular biology, to reach the purpose of simultaneous detection.

Hypervitaminosis A Following the Ingestion of Fish Liver: Report on 3 Cases from the Poison Control Center in Marseille.

In European countries, vitamin A toxicity is most often the result of an excessive intake of vitamin supplements and rarely the consequence of the ingestion of a large carnivorous fish liver. We report 3 cases of vitamin A poisoning after fish liver ingestion in mainland and overseas France. The patients were a 12-y-old girl, a 36-y-old pregnant woman, and a 62-y-old man. They experienced headache, nausea, emesis, and desquamation. Laboratory examination showed a high serum retinol level in the girl. The woman's pregnancy progressed to a miscarriage. This case series shows that this kind of poisoning is not restricted to the polar regions. In patients presenting with flushing combined with signs of intracranial hypertension, accurate questioning of the patient's diet is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary examinations. Pregnant women or women of child-bearing age should be informed of the risk to pregnancy in the case of excessive fish liver ingestion.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) can be grown safety on human consumption in slight Hg-contaminated soils across China mainland.

Mercury (Hg) exposure poses serious health risks to humans, resulting in extensive investigations examining Hg accumulation, biotransformation and uptake in crops. In this investigation, Hg accumulation in potato tubers due to bioaccumulation processes was determined and bioconcentration factors affecting bioaccumulation were identified using a greenhouse experiment. Our results showed that the percentage of available Hg concentrations from total Hg in soil samples were less than 1.2%, indicating that soils used in our experiment exhibited a high binding strength for Hg, with alkaline soil recording the lowest available Hg/total Hg ratio. Results indicated that soil type and Hg treatment, as well as their interactions, significantly affected Hg accumulation in potato tubers (P < 0.01). Importantly, our results also indicated that potatoes grown in soil with a Hg concentration two times higher than the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard exhibited no obvious toxic effects on humans; Bioconcentration factors (BCF) values (<0.04) suggested that potatoes can be considered as a low Hg accumulating species and suitable for human consumption. Potato yields in acidic soil were lower than those in neutral or alkaline soils, making this medium unsuitable for growth.

Occurrence and diversity of ciliated protozoa in the most commonly consumed leafy greens in Brazil: a qualitative study / Ocorrência e diversidade de protozoários ciliados nos vegetais folhosos mais consumidos no Brasil: um estudo qualitativo

Ciliated protozoa are an ubiquitous group of eukaryotes that have been poorly reported on leafy greens. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence and diversity of ciliated protozoa in the leaves and roots of three of the most commonly consumed leafy greens in Brazil – lettuce, rocket and coriander. The vegetable samples were washed by manual agitation (3 minutes) in two different media (mineral water and Page ́s Amoeba Saline solution). After washing, the contents were incubated in Petri dishes and aliquots were removed for microscopic identification and in vivo observation. A total of 21 ciliated protozoa species were found, most of which were bacterivorous. Leafy greens have commonly been associated with foodborne outbreaks and ciliated protozoa, which although they are not a Public Health concern, can act as “Trojan Horses” harboring bacteria, viruses and other protozoa cysts and oocysts and can suggest a new route towards microbiological quality related to the food chain. This is the first report of ciliated protozoa on leafy greens consumed in Brazil.

Os protozoários ciliados constituem um grupo onipresente de eucariotos pouco relatados em vegetais folhosos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência e a diversidade de protozoários ciliados nas folhas e raízes de três dos vegetais folhosos mais consumidos no Brasil - alface, rúcula e coentro. As amostras de vegetais foram lavadas por agitação manual (3 minutos) em dois meios diferentes (água mineral e Solução Salina para Ameba). Após a lavagem, o conteúdo foi incubado em placas de Petri e alíquotas foram retiradas para identificação microscópica e observação in vivo dos organismos. Um total de 21 espécies de protozoários ciliados foi encontrado, a maioria das quais era bacterívora. Tais hortaliças têm sido comumente associadas a surtos transmitidos por alimentos e os protozoários ciliados que, embora não sejam um problema de saúde pública, podem atuar como “Cavalos de Tróia” ao abrigar bactérias, vírus além de cistos e oocistos de protozoários o que pode sugerir uma nova rota para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica relacionada à cadeia alimentar. Este é o primeiro relato de protozoários ciliados em folhas verdes consumidas no Brasil.

Anti-foodborne enteritis effect of galantamine potentially via acetylcholine anti-inflammatory pathway in fish.

Foodborne enteritis has become a limiting factor in aquaculture. Plant protein sources have already caused enteritic inflammation and inhibition in growth performance. Attempts have been made to find an effective solution to foodborne enteritis. Based on the previously suggested fish cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, galantamine, a typical cholinesterase inhibitor, was tested for the repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines for soybean meal induced enteritis by injection into grass carp. Both the phylogenetic analysis of cholinesterase, AchR and bioinformatic prediction, indicated galantamine's potential use as an enteritis drug. The result highlighted galantamine's potential effect for anti-enteritis in fish, especially in carps. Subsequently, a 4-week feeding trail using galantamine as an additive, in a zebrafish soybean meal induced enteritis model, demonstrated the prevention of enteritis. The results demonstrated that galantamine could prevent intestinal pathology, both histologically and molecularly, and also maintain growth performance. Reflected by gene expressional analysis, all mechanical, chemical and immune functions of the intestinal barrier could be protected by galantamine supplementation, which aided molecularly in the control of fish foodborne enteritis, through down-regulating Th17 type proinflammatory factors, meanwhile resuming the level of Treg type anti-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the current results shed light on fish intestinal acetylcholine anti-inflammation, by the dietary addition of galantamine, which could give rise to protection from foodborne enteritis.

Concentrations of various forms of vitamin B6 in ginkgo seed poisoning.

A 2-year-old girl required medical attention for a sudden onset of repetitive tonic-clonic convulsions after ingesting 20-30 ginkgo seeds. Concentrations of the major forms of circulating vitamin B6, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), and 4-pyridoxic acid, as well as the known ginkgo seed toxin 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) were measured in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). PLP is an active form of vitamin B6 and necessary for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. High MPN concentrations were observed in both the serum and CSF. As the PLP to PL ratio was markedly decreased in serum and CSF examinations, we suspected the ratio to be important in GABA production. This case report provides novel information on the metabolism of vitamin B6 in humans as a result of ginkgo seed poisoning.

Oral administration of oxalate-enriched spinach extract as an improved methodology for the induction of dietary hyperoxaluric nephrocalcinosis in experimental rats.

Experimental induction of hyperoxaluria by ethylene glycol (EG) administration is disapproved as it causes metabolic acidosis while the oral administration of chemically synthesized potassium oxalate (KOx) diet does not mimic our natural system. Since existing models comprise limitations, this study is aimed to develop an improved model for the induction of dietary hyperoxaluria, and nephrocalcinosis in experimental rats by administration of naturally available oxalate rich diet. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Group I, control; group II rats received 0.75% EG, group III rats fed with 5% KOx diet and group IV and V rats were administered with spinach extract of 250 and 500 mg soluble oxalate/day respectively, for 28 d. Urine and serum biochemistry were analyzed. After the experimental period, rats were sacrificed, liver and kidney tissue homogenates were used for antioxidant and lipid peroxidation assay. Relative change in expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and crystal modulators genes in kidney tissues were evaluated. Tissue damage was assessed by histology studies of liver and kidney. Experimental group rats developed hyperoxaluria and crystalluria. Urine parameters, serum biochemistry, antioxidant profile, lipid peroxidation levels and gene expression analysis of experimental group II and III rats reflected acute kidney damage compared to group V rats. Histopathology results showed moderate hyperplasia in liver and severe interstitial inflammation in kidneys of group II and III than group V rats. Ingestion of naturally available oxalate enriched spinach extract successfully induced dietary hyperoxaluria and nephrocalcinosis in rats with minimal kidney damage.

Unintentional ingestion of Cordyceps fungus-infected cicada nymphs causing ibotenic acid poisoning in Southern Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Cordyceps fungus found in infected cicada nymphs ("cicada flowers") is utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. Cordyceps fungus toxicity in humans has not been previously reported. We report 60 cases of apparent Cordyceps poisoning in Southern Vietnam. METHODS: We retrospectively collected demographic and clinical data from the medical records (21 cases) and by telephone interview (39 cases) of patients admitted to seven hospitals in Southern Vietnam following ingestion of cicada flowers between 2008 and 2015. We also determined the species of Cordyceps present in the cicada flowers and performed a partial chemical analysis of the fungus. RESULTS: Sixty cases of toxic effects following ingestion of cicada flowers were documented. Symptom onset occurred within 60 minutes following ingestion. Symptoms included dizziness, vomiting, salivation, mydriasis, jaw stiffness, urinary retention, seizures, agitated delirium, hallucinations, somnolence and coma. None of the patients suffered liver or kidney injury. There was one fatality. The Cordyceps fungus involved in these poisoning was identified as Ophiocordyceps heteropoda. The presence of ibotenic acid was confirmed, but musimol and muscarine were absent. CONCLUSIONS: Cicada infected with Ophiocordyceps heteropoda in Vietnam contain ibotenic acid and are associated with a clinical syndrome consistent with its effects.

Protective Effect of Selenium on Aflatoxin B1-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice.

Aflatoxins have been considered as one of the major risk factors of male infertility, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most highly toxic and prevalent member of the aflatoxins family. Selenium (Se), an essential nutritional trace mineral for normal testicular development and male fertility, has received extensive intensive on protective effects of male reproductive system due to its potential antioxidant and activating testosterone synthesis. To investigate the protective effect of Se on AFB1-induced testicular toxicity, the mice were orally administered with AFB1 (0.75 mg/kg) and Se (0.2 mg/kg or 0.4 mg/kg) for 45 days. We found that that Se elevated testes index, sperm functional parameters (concentration, malformation, and motility), and the level of serum testosterone in AFB1-exposed mice. Moreover, our results showed that Se attenuated the AFB1-induced oxidative stress and the reduction of testicular testosterone synthesis enzyme protein expression such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17ß-HSD) in AFB1-exposed mice. These results demonstrated that Se conferred protection against AFB1-induced testicular toxicity and can be attributed to its antioxidant and increased testosterone level by stimulating protein expression of StAR and testosterone synthetic enzymes.

OzFoodNet quarterly report, 1 April to 30 June 2015.

The Australian Government Department of Health established the OzFoodNet network in 2000 to collaborate nationally to investigate foodborne disease. In each Australian state and territory, OzFoodNet epidemiologists investigate outbreaks of enteric infection. In addition, OzFoodNet conducts studies on the burden of illness and coordinates national investigations into outbreaks of foodborne disease. This quarterly report documents investigations of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness and clusters of disease potentially related to food, which commenced in Australia between 1 April and 30 June 2015. Data were received from OzFoodNet epidemiologists in all Australian states and territories. The data in this report are provisional and subject to change. During the 2nd quarter of 2015 (1 April to 30 June), OzFoodNet sites reported 352 outbreaks of enteric illness, including those transmitted by contaminated food or water. Outbreaks of gastroenteritis are often not reported to health authorities, which results in current figures under-representing the true burden of enteric disease outbreaks within Australia. There were 5,214 people affected in these outbreaks and 192 hospitalisations. There were 11 deaths reported during these outbreaks. This represents a decrease in the number of people affected compared with the 5-year average from 2010 to 2014 for the 2nd quarter (8,191). The majority of reported outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in Australia are due to person-to-person transmission. In this quarter, 72% (255/352) of outbreaks were transmitted via this route (see Table 1). This percentage was similar to the same quarter in 2014 (73%, 305/419) but the total number is lower than the 5-year average (2nd quarter, 2010-2014) of 360 outbreaks transmitted person-to-person. Of the person-to-person outbreaks in the 2nd quarter of 2015, 47% (119/255) occurred in child care facilities and 40% (102/255) occurred in aged care facilities.

OzFoodNet quarterly report, 1 July to 30 September 2015.

The Australian Government Department of Health established the OzFoodNet network in 2000 to collaborate nationally to investigate foodborne disease. In each Australian state and territory, OzFoodNet epidemiologists investigate outbreaks of enteric infection. In addition, OzFoodNet conducts studies on the burden of illness and coordinates national investigations into outbreaks of foodborne disease. This quarterly report documents investigations of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness and clusters of disease potentially related to food, which commenced in Australia between 1 July and 30 September 2015.

FATAL HONEY POISONING IN SOUTHWEST CHINA: A CASE SERIES OF 31 CASES.

Honey poisoning cases occur in southwestern China. In this case series, we attempted to determine the symptoms and causes of honey poisoning from 2007 to 2012 in southwestern China. We also conducted a quantitative melissopalynological analysis of honey samples. During the study period, 31 honey poisoning cases occurred in the study location, all during July to August. All the cases occurred after consuming at least 100 grams of honey. The most frequent symptoms were nausea and vomiting (100%), abdominal pain (90.3%), diarrhea (74.2%), palpitations (61.3%), dizziness (54.8%), chest congestion (48.4%) and dyspnea (48.4%). Severe cases developed oliguria/anuria, twitch, hematuria, ecchymosis or hematochezia. The median time from ingestion to onset of symptoms was 29 hours. Eight patients died (mortality rate: 25.8%). The pollen of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (a plant with poisonous nectar and pollen) was detected in 22 of 29 honey samples examined (75.9%). The results of pollen analysis were consistent with the clinical findings of previous cases. T. hypoglaucum appears to be the cause of honey poisoning in southwestern China. Honey poisoning should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who consume honey in this region and develop symptoms of food poisoning.

A Retrospective Study of Clinical Effects of Powdered Caffeine Exposures Reported to Three US Poison Control Centers.

INTRODUCTION: Anhydrous caffeine, often sold on the Internet as a powdered caffeine product, is sold as "pure caffeine" to be used as an additive to beverages and has also been used as an ingredient in energy supplement products. METHODS: This is a retrospective multiple-poison center chart review of calls regarding powdered caffeine to poison centers covering Oregon, Alaska, Guam, Washington, and Utah between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2015. RESULTS: There were 40 calls to three poison centers over 30 months for powdered caffeine exposure. The majority of patients were over age 19 (52.5 %; 21/40) and male (70 %; 28/40). Sixty percent (24/40) of the patients were symptomatic but only 10 % (4/40) required admission; 52.5 % (21/40) of the patient calls were for inadvertent overdose of powdered caffeine; one patient overdosed in a self-harm attempt. DISCUSSION: Powdered caffeine calls to three poison centers during a 30-month study period were rare, and severe caffeine toxicity due to exposure was found in few patients. The majority of symptoms were reported after an inadvertent powdered caffeine overdose. CONCLUSIONS: An analysis of calls to three poison centers for powdered caffeine found that exposures were uncommon, but did result in toxicity, and highlighted that the lack of clear dosing instructions on product packaging may place patients at risk of inadvertent overdose.

Dietary supplement for energy and reduced appetite containing the ß-agonist isopropyloctopamine leads to heart problems and hospitalisations.

In 2013 the Dutch authorities issued a warning against a dietary supplement that was linked to 11 reported adverse reactions, including heart problems and in one case even a cardiac arrest. In the UK a 20-year-old woman, said to have overdosed on this supplement, died. Since according to the label the product was a herbal mixture, initial LC-MS/MS analysis focused on the detection of plant toxins. Yohimbe alkaloids, which are not allowed to be present in herbal preparations according to Dutch legislation, were found at relatively high levels (400-900 mg kg(-1)). However, their presence did not explain the adverse health effects reported. Based on these effects the supplement was screened for the presence of a ß-agonist, using three different biosensor assays, i.e. the validated competitive radioligand ß2-adrenergic receptor binding assay, a validated ß-agonists ELISA and a newly developed multiplex microsphere (bead)-based ß-agonist assay with imaging detection (MAGPIX(®)). The high responses obtained in these three biosensors suggested strongly the presence of a ß-agonist. Inspection of the label indicated the presence of N-isopropyloctopamine. A pure standard of this compound was bought and shown to have a strong activity in the three biosensor assays. Analysis by LC-full-scan high-resolution MS confirmed the presence of this 'unknown known' ß3-agonist N-isopropyloctopamine, reported to lead to heart problems at high doses. A confirmatory quantitative analysis revealed that one dose of the preparation resulted in an intake of 40-60 mg, which is within the therapeutic range of this compound. The case shows the strength of combining bioassays with chemical analytical techniques for identification of illegal pharmacologically active substances in food supplements.

Histamine, histamine intoxication and intolerance.

Excessive accumulation of histamine in the body leads to miscellaneous symptoms mediated by its bond to corresponding receptors (H1-H4). Increased concentration of histamine in blood can occur in healthy individuals after ingestion of foods with high contents of histamine, leading to histamine intoxication. In individuals with histamine intolerance (HIT) ingestion of food with normal contents of histamine causes histamine-mediated symptoms. HIT is a pathological process, in which the enzymatic activity of histamine-degrading enzymes is decreased or inhibited and they are insufficient to inactivate histamine from food and to prevent its passage to blood-stream. Diagnosis of HIT is difficult. Multi-faced, non-specific clinical symptoms provoked by certain kinds of foods, beverages and drugs are often attributed to different diseases, such as allergy and food intolerance, mastocytosis, psychosomatic diseases, anorexia nervosa or adverse drug reactions. Correct diagnosis of HIT followed by therapy based on histamine-free diet and supplementation of diamine oxidase can improve patient's quality of life.

First Report of a Foodborne Providencia alcalifaciens Outbreak in Kenya.

Providencia alcalifaciens is an emerging bacterial pathogen known to cause acute gastroenteritis in children and travelers. In July 2013, P. alcalifaciens was isolated from four children appearing for diarrhea at Kiambu District Hospital (KDH) in Kenya. This study describes the outbreak investigation, which aimed to identify the source and mechanisms of infection. We identified seven primary and four secondary cases. Among primary cases were four mothers who had children and experienced mild diarrhea after eating mashed potatoes. The mothers reported feeding children after visiting the toilet and washing their hands without soap. P. alcalifaciens was detected from all secondary cases, and the isolates were found to be clonal by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Our study suggests that the outbreak was caused by P. alcalifaciens, although no fluid accumulation was observed in rabbit ileal loops. The vehicle of the outbreak was believed to be the mashed potato dish, but the source of P. alcalifaciens could not be confirmed. We found that lack of hygiene, inadequate food storage, and improper hand washing before food preparation was the likely cause of the current outbreak. This is the first report of a foodborne infection caused by P. alcalifaciens in Kenya.

Selenium and Iodine in Autoimmune Thyroiditis.

Selenium and iodine are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and function. Selenium, in form of selenocysteine, is found either in the catalytic center of enzymes involved in the protection of the thyroid gland from free radicals originating during thyroid hormone synthesis, and in three different iodothyronine deiodinases catalyzing the activation and the inactivation of thyroid hormones. Iodine is an essential constituent of thyroid hormones and its deficiency causes different disorders that include goiter, hypothyroidism, reduced fertility and alteration in growth, physical and neurological development. These two micronutrients could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, a spectrum of pathological conditions including Hashimoto's thryoiditis, post-partum thyroiditis, the so-called painless thyroiditis, Graves' disease and Graves' ophtalmopathy. Aim of this paper is to review the role played by selenium and iodine in autoimmune thyroiditis.

Heliotropium europaeum poisoning in cattle and analysis of its pyrrolizidine alkaloid profile.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are carcinogenic and genotoxic phytochemicals found exclusively in angiosperms. The ingestion of PA-containing plants often results in acute and chronic toxicities in man and livestock, targeting mainly the liver. During February 2014, a herd of 15-18-month-old mixed-breed beef cattle (n = 73) from the Galilee region in Israel was accidently fed hay contaminated with 12% Heliotropium europaeum (average total PA intake was 33 mg PA/kg body weight/d). After 42 d of feed ingestion, sudden death occurred over a time period of 63 d with a mortality rate of 33%. Necropsy and histopathological examination revealed fibrotic livers and moderate ascites, as well as various degrees of hyperplasia and fibrosis of bile duct epithelial cells. Elevated γ-glutamyl-transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were indicative of severe liver damage. Comprehensive PA profile determination of the contaminated hay and of native H. europaeum by LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of 30 PAs and PA-N-oxides, including several newly reported PAs and PA-N-oxides of the rinderine and heliosupine class. Heliotrine- and lasiocarpine-type PAs constituted 80% and 18% of the total PAs, respectively, with the N-oxides being the most abundant form (92%). The PA profile of the contaminated hay showed very strong resemblance to that of H. europaeum.

Foodborne outbreak of human brucellosis caused by ingested raw materials of fetal calf on Jeju Island.

Since the first reported case of human brucellosis in 2002 in South Korea, its incidence has been increasing nationally. However, bovine brucellosis has not been present from 2005 to date on Jeju Island. Despite Jeju Island being considered a clean area for bovine brucellosis, we experienced an outbreak of human brucellosis between 2012 and 2013. Herein, we report cases with human brucellosis after ingestion of raw materials of fetal calf at a restaurant. Patients were identified by isolation of the Brucella abortus in their blood and joint tissue. Because all patients developed zoonosis by a faulty folk remedy, we emphasize the importance of educational programs to increase the awareness of zoonosis, and the need for active surveillance and detection of illegal distribution channels of the infected animal. After the outbreak, we took control of the involved restaurant and its illegal distribution channel, and there have been no further outbreaks.