ABSTRACT
Since the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea in 2010-2011, a trivalent vaccine has been used as a routine vaccination. Despite the high efficacy of the trivalent vaccine, low antibody formation was reported in the pig industry and there is considerable concern about the ability of the vaccine to protect against the Andong strain responsible for recent outbreaks in South Korea. To overcome these problems, immunostimulators have been widely used to improve vaccine efficacy in South Korea, although without any scientific evidence. Based on the current situation, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of germanium biotite, a feed supplement used to enhance the immune system, on the immune responses to FMD vaccination through the Andong strain challenge experiment in trivalent vaccinated pigs. Following the challenge, the germanium biotite-fed pigs showed high levels of IL-8 in serum, and increased cellular immune responses to stimulation with the Andong strain antigen compared to nonsupplemented pigs. In addition, higher FMD virus (FMDV) neutralizing antibody titers were detected in the germanium biotite-fed group than in the nonsupplemented group before the challenge. The findings of this study indicate that germanium biotite supplement might enhance immune responses to the FMD vaccine in pigs.
Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Aluminum Silicates/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Ferrous Compounds/administration & dosage , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Germanium/administration & dosage , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage , Adaptive Immunity/drug effects , Aluminum Silicates/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis , Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements , Ferrous Compounds/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology , Germanium/immunology , Interleukin-8/blood , Republic of Korea , Swine , Vaccination , Viral Vaccines/immunologyABSTRACT
Clinical status, hematological and biochemical parameters, and allergenic activity of organogermanium compounds used as adjuvants in complex with preparation from Orlov rubella virus vaccine strain and reference commercial anti-rubella vaccine based on Wistar RA 27/3 strain were studied on Macaca fascilcularis of both genders. Physiological parameters of monkeys immunized with the Russian and foreign rubella virus vaccine strains with and without adjuvants did not differ. The adjuvants were inessential for the safety of vaccines (absence of toxicity, reactogenic activity, or allergenic activity) in preclinical studies on lower primates.