El cuidado de la salud del Ejército de los Andes del general San Martín / The health care of the Army of Andes of General San Martín

A través de la revisión de documentos históricos y otras fuentes bibliográficas, y desde la perspectiva de la enfermería, se describen los recursos y prácticas sanitarias con que contaba el equipo de salud que acompañó al cuerpo del Ejército de los Andes al mando del general José de San Martín desde el inicio del cruce de los Andes el 19 de enero en las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, hasta finalizada la batalla de Chacabuco, en la Capitanía General de Chile, el 12 de febrero de 1817. Este trabajo nos permite conocer el trabajo de los primeros sanitarios militares que asistieron en el cuidado de los soldados de los ejércitos patrios y contribuir así a difundir la historia de la Medicina Argentina. (AU)

Through the review of historical documents and other bibliographic sources, and from the perspective of nursing, we describe the health resources and practices held by the health team that accompanied the Army of Los Andes under the command of General José de San Martín, from the start of crossing Los Andes on January 19th in the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, to finish in the battle of Chacabuco, in the General Captaincy of Chile on February 12th, 1817. This work allows us to know the work of the first military health professionals who assisted in the care of the soldiers of the patriotic armies and contribute to spread the history of the Argentine Medicine. (AU)

Estudio descriptivo y analítico del "Formulario cirujíco para uso del Hospital del Militar de Mahón" / Surgical Formulary for use at the Military Hospital of Mahon

El "Formulario cirujíco para el uso del Hospital Miliar de Mahón" fue redactado por el director del hospital y cirujano mayor el Dr. Manuel Rodríguez Caramazana el 25 de marzo de 1808. Este artículo recoge el estudio descriptivo y analítico realizado en la edición facsímil del formulario publicada en 2014 por la Fundación Uriach en colaboración con la Fundación Hospital Illa del Rei. El Hospital de la Isleta o Real Hospital del Ejército y la Marina fue considerado el más relevante entre los hospitales militares de la península ibérica, por su situación geográfica y por las aplicaciones terapéuticas, quirúrgicas y medicamentosas realizadas. El estudio contextualiza el texto original y describe los preparados farmacéuticos utilizados en la asistencia a los heridos de este Hospital de Menorca durante la Guerra de la Independencia Española y que, un siglo más tarde, todavía fueron utilizados en hospitales europeos de renombre como el de París

The Surgery Formulary for the use at the Military Hospital of Mahon was critten by the hostpial director and surgeon-major Dr. Manuel Rodríguez Caramazana on 25th March 1808. This article includes the descriptive and analytical study carried out in the facsimile edition of the formulary published in 2014 by the Uriach Foundation in collaboration with the Hospital Illa del Rei Foundation. The Isleta Hospital or Royal Army and Navy Hospital was considered the most relevant among the military hospitals on the Iberian Peninsula, for its geographical location and the therapeutic, surgical and clinical treatments aplied. The study contextualizes the original text and describes the pharmaceutical preparations used in the care of the wounded of this Menorca Hospital during the Sapnish War of Independence and that, a century later, were still used in renowned European hospitals such as that in Paris

German battle casualties: the treatment of functional somatic disorders during World War I.

World War I witnessed the admission of large numbers of German soldiers with neurological symptoms for which there was no obvious organic cause. This posed a considerable challenge for the military and medical authorities and resulted in an active discussion on the etiology and treatment of these disorders. Current historiography is reliant on published physician accounts, and this represents the first study of treatment approaches based on original case notes. We analyzed patient records from two leading departments of academic psychiatry in Germany, those at Berlin and Jena, in conjunction with the contemporaneous medical literature. Treatment, which can be broadly classified into reward and punishment, suggestion, affective shock, cognitive learning, and physiological methods, was developed in the context of the emerging fields of animal learning and neurophysiology. A further innovative feature was the use of quantitative methods to assess outcomes. These measures showed good response rates, though most cured patients were not sent back to battle because of their presumed psychopathic constitution. While some treatments appear unnecessarily harsh from today's perspective and were also criticized by leading psychiatrists of the time, the concentration of effort and involvement of so many senior doctors led to the development of psychotherapeutic methods that were to influence the field of psychiatric therapy for decades to come.

[Leprosy--a stigma in the 21st century]. / Lepra--stigma a XXI. században.

For the initiation of the French journalist Raoul Follereau in 1954 the UNO inaugurated the Leprosy Day (Martyr's Day) that is celebrated on the last Sunday of January every year. Although the bacterium that causes leprosy was isolated by the Norwegian scientist Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen in 1873 and from 1982 this disease can be cured with a special pharmaceutical complex, still 219.826 new leprous are detected on Earth every year, according to the data published in August, 2010 by WHO-experts. Ancient Chinese and Hindu source-strings from 600 B. C. are referring to leprosy, however, the disease was imported by the army of Alexander the Great from India around 327-326 B. C. Even the Old and the New Testament from the Holy Bible are mentioning leprosy in several details. During the Middle Ages the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, established in the Holy Land in 72 A. D., did pioneer work in nursing leprous. In the process of time the medical attendance concerning leprous was organized in special hospitals called "leprosoriums" built on river-banks. Special office and even services were organized for the treatment and isolation of the people infected. Although medical science has prevailed against leprosy, and almost simultaneously even jurisprudence defended the patients' rights via legislation, still mankind can regrettably not get rid of this disease that stigmatizes seriously.

From charity to caring: Nightingale's experience at Harley Street.

Florence Nightingale has been the subject of numerous biographies and topical studies since she became a public figure during the Crimean War of 1854-1856. However, both the biographical and the topical literature have given little emphasis to the fourteen months of Nightingale's superintendency at The Establishment for Gentlewomen During Illness located on Harley Street, London. Thematic analysis of primary documents including Nightingale's Quarterly Reports to the Governors of her Nursing Home and the recently identified found Minutes of the Ladies' Committee of the Establishment of Gentlewomen During Illness were utilized to identify specific themes considered essential to Nightingale's professional and philosophical development. Harley Street proved to be the catalyst of opportunity that later launched her into the public view as a visionary through which she was to develop nursing as a profession and promote nursing as a legitimate route for women's education and employment.

[The hospitalized legionnaire at the Rhine front at the outset of the Roman Principate]. / Römische Valetudinaria an der Rheinfront. Die stationäre Betreuung des kranken Legionärs zur frühen Kaiserzeit.

The ground plans of the military hospitals in legionary fortresses up to the end of the 1st century AD are described. During that period the design of these valetudinaria was brought to maturity. Assuming that the interpretation as valetudinarium is correct, general requirements for hospitals allow evaluating the functionality and efficiency of these buildings. Especially water supply, heating, building hygiene, and living conditions in the wards are discussed. This approach on the one hand confirms the interpretation of these ground plans as those of valetudinaria, on the other hand it gives us a new realistic assessment of the conditions under which interns, nursing services and patients alike worked and lived in such a valetudinarium.

Music for the injured soldier: a contribution of American women's military bands during World War II.

This study is an investigation of the contributions of women's military bands in the United States to the reconditioning of the injured American troops during World War II. Primary and secondary sources revealed that these bands welcomed home hospital ships, performed for convalescing soldiers in hospitals, and provided music for hospital dances. While each of the bands investigated served in similar capacities, only one, the 403rd Women's Army Corps (WAC) Band, was stationed at a hospital. While entertainment by women's bands was an important part of the Army Reconditioning Program for the injured, the study also revealed a working partnership that developed between these musicians and the medical community. Sixty years after the war, band members believe their performances in hospitals were the most important contribution of their service. Some historians have concluded that music used in military hospitals during the war was the impetus for the music therapy profession.

Los hospitales militares en la isla de Cuba durante la guerra de 1895-1898 / The military hospitals in the island of Cuba during the 1895-1898 war

Analiza la creación y desarrollo de la red sanitaria de enfermerías, clínicas y hospitales militares que el Cuerpo de Sanidad Militar puso en funcionamiento durante la guerra de Cuba entre los años 1895 a 1898. La gran cantidad de enfermos originó que muchos de estos centros sanitarios acogieran un mayor número de pacientes que aquel para el que estaban inicialmente diseñados, y que se instalaran en edificios y locales que muchas voces no reunían las condiciones técnicas e higiénico-sanitarias adecuadas. (AU)

[From hospice to high-rise hospital--the development of western hospitals]. / Vom Hospiz zum Bettenturm--Die Entwicklung des abendländischen Krankenhauses.

Departing from the first infirmaries in the Roman army installed as valetudinaria exclusively for sick and wounded soldiers the development of western hospital care began based on the idea of love for fellowman. The importance of the order of Monte Cassino founded by Benedict of Nursia in the 6th century is emphasized. The role of these hospices important as asylums and hospitals with spiritual assistance is exposed as well as the endeavours of lords, kings and citizens to found hospitals in the modern sense from the 17th century onwards. The institution of the general hospital became important from 1784 onwards in Vienna and soon thereafter in Berlin. Modern nursing movements developed from protestant nursing sisters in Kaiserswerth. Further organizations for nursing such as those initiated by Florence Nightingale and Agnes Karll and the establishment of organizations such as the Red Cross are discussed. During the 19th century the large hospitals were built, modeled either after the compact system of barracks or conceived to prevent hospitalism as pavilions. Specialized institutions developed at the same time from older asylums for plague, mentally ill or leprous patients. The most recent development of high rise hospitals as well as the ideas of disposable hospitals serve to discuss functional structures of a modern health care institution.