ABSTRACT
The purpose of this review is to discuss the disease process and wide variety of treatment options for psuedofolliculitis barbae (PFB), or razor bumps. PFB is caused by hair follicles penetrating the skin and causing an inflammatory response. PFB can occur to anyone who shaves, and is more likely in those with curly hair. PFB can cause significant hyperpigmentation and scarring, more noticeable in darker skin types. PFB can be treated with a variety of topical, systemic, or light/laser therapies. Minimal progress has been made in treating PFB in recent years, partially due to the success of well-established current treatments discussed in this review. The most effective treatments involve a multifaceted approach including behavioral changes in shaving habits as well as the use of topical therapies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(3):246-250.
Subject(s)
Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use , Hair Diseases/therapy , Hair Removal/adverse effects , Low-Level Light Therapy/methods , Photochemotherapy/methods , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Face , Habits , Hair Diseases/epidemiology , Hair Diseases/etiology , Hair Follicle/pathology , Hair Follicle/radiation effects , Humans , Keratins, Hair-Specific/genetics , Keratins, Type II/genetics , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Biological evaluation of hair growth/differentiation activity in vitro has been a formidable challenge, primarily due to the lack of relevant model cell systems. To solve this problem, we generated a stable model cell line in which successive differentiation via epidermal progenitors to hair components is easily inducible and traceable. Mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cells were selected to stably express a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP4) expression cassette and a luciferase reporter driven by a hair-specific keratin 31 gene (krt31) promoter (Tet-BMP4-KRT31-Luc iPS). While Tet- BMP4-KRT31-Luc iPS cells could be maintained as stable iPS cells, the cells differentiated to produce luciferase luminescence in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and doxycycline (Dox), and addition of a hair differentiation factor significantly increased luciferase fluorescence. Thus, this cell line may provide a reliable cell-based screening system to evaluate drug candidates for hair differentiation activity.
Subject(s)
Alopecia/therapy , Cell Differentiation , Cell Engineering/methods , Hair/cytology , Hair/growth & development , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology , Animals , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism , Cell Line , Doxycycline/pharmacology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism , Keratins, Hair-Specific/genetics , Keratins, Hair-Specific/metabolism , Keratins, Type I/genetics , Keratins, Type I/metabolism , Luciferases/metabolism , Luminescent Agents/metabolism , Mice , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Tetracycline/pharmacology , Tretinoin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In a search for genes overexpressed in human sexual hairs, several partial complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences were isolated. Screening of a human scalp cDNA library with one fragment led to the isolation of a full-length cDNA clone, which showed identity to another known sequence, termed KAP24-1 (AB09693). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the gene for this cDNA consisted of one exon and was located ca. 86 kb away from the chromosome 21q22.1 keratin-associated protein (KAP) gene domain. RT-PCR analysis of a variety of organs showed that KAP24.1 was only present in human scalp. The KAP24.1 protein consisted of 254 amino acids, exhibited a high content of serine, proline, and tyrosine, but low cysteine content and possessed several carboxyterminal tyrosine-containing tandem decameric repeat structures. Evolutionary tree analysis showed no association to other KAP family members. In situ hybridization and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy studies using an antibody derived from KAP24.1 demonstrated specific expression in the middle/upper hair cuticle. The structure of the KRTAP24, its proximity to the chromosome 21q22.1 KAP gene domain, the presence of repeat motifs in the protein and its localization in the hair cuticle points to KAP24.1 being a novel human KAP family member.