Lumbar spine fracture in a 34,100-year-old skeleton: the oldest known prehistoric spine fracture.

WE EXAMINED SPECIAL pathological changes of the lumbar spine from skeleton remains referred to as "Stetten 1," one of the earliest specimens of modern humans dating from the Early Stone Age (Upper Paleolithic). The skeleton was discovered during archaeological excavations under Riek in 1931 in the Vogelherd Cave near Stetten, close to the Lone Valley of southwestern Germany. The archaeological context is the so-called Aurignacian period (40,000-30,000 yr ago), representing the earliest cultural step of modern humans in Europe. Accelerator mass spectrometry with (14)C measurement yields a calibrated age of these remains averaging 34,100 years before the present. The L3-L4 vertebrae exhibit marginal bone fusion on the right side with a smooth surface. They show 20- to 30-degree kyphosis secondary to wedge impaction of the L4 vertebral body. The facet joints and vertebral bodies reveal small marginal osteophytes with even joint surfaces, indicating low degenerative changes. Stetten 1 is characterized by the presence of a healed lumbar spine fracture. It documents the earliest known case thus far of spine fracture among modern humans.

Historical perspective milestones in the evolution of lumbar spinal postural health in seating.

The best knowledge on seated posture before the Enlightenment was not scientific, but influenced by sociocultural, economic, and manufacturing factors. Although the pursuit of knowledge related to spinal postural health was advanced with the advent of empirico-analytic research, academic opinion continued to be influenced by unsubstantiated information, often resulting in incorrect advice to the public. Only in the past decade has advice on "correct" seated posture, spanning the time from the Hippocratic texts to the present, been brought into question by evidence-based research. By exploring seating from 3100 B.C to the present, this article discusses key influences that have an impact on seating functional to spinal postural health. Emphasis is placed on the role of medical opinion.

[Pott triad and Schmorl nodules. A historical overview of kyphosis with special reference to tuberculous spondylitis and Scheuermann disease]. / Von Pott-Trias und Schmorl-Knoten. Ein geschichtlicher Uberblick zur Kyphose unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der tuberkulösen Spondylitis und des Morbus Scheuermann.

This report provides an overview of the history of the different types of kyphosis (arcuated and angulated forms). Especially tuberculous spondylitis and Scheuermann's disease are pointed out from among the large group of kyphotic diseases. Therefore, Beckhterew's disease, the combination of rickets and kyphosis as well as the dysraphic diseases and constitutional kyphosis caused by faulty posture are only mentioned. These two special types of kyphosis (Scheuermann's disease and tuberculous spondylitis) are presented from the first description with diagnostic findings, the ideas of pathogenesis and aspects of treatment through to the different periods of medical history. This article describes the way of thinking and discussing of opinion leaders at the beginning of the century and the influence of new techniques and developments (asepsis, antisepsis, anesthesia, bacteriology, X-ray, antibiotics) on the differential diagnosis and therapy. It is impossible to give a complete overview of all aspects during the centuries concerning tuberculous spondylitis or arcuated kyphosis. The authors of this article have focussed their studies on developments from the first descriptions until World War II, based mainly on literature from German journals and historical books from the library of the German Museum for Orthopedic History and Science.

The old and the new camptocormia.

A forced posture with a forward-bent trunk was termed camptocormia by the French neurologist Souques in 1915. In his case history, which consisted of young soldiers, the condition occurred acutely, was usually psychogenic, lasted for months, and could be cured quickly and durably by a "persuasive" electrotherapy. Numerous similar cases were observed during the World War I and II and immediately thereafter. In the last 10 years, the same term has been used to describe kyphotic postural anomalies resulting from a primary or neurogenic affection of the paravertebral muscles. This condition mainly occurs in older women, takes a chronically progressive course, and responds well to corticosteroid therapy. To avoid misunderstandings of nomenclature, this somatic disease should not be designated as camptocormia, but rather as thoracolumbar kyphosis in old age.

[Praying for the hunchback man. On the cultural history of scoliosis and kyphosis]. / Beten fürs bucklicht Männlein. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Skoliose und Kyphose.

Numerous ancient burial sites contain spines with scoliotic deformities. However, very little is known about the lives of these people, the "hunchbacks". Their everyday life, how they saw themselves and were seen by others, their social status and perspectives can usually only be deduced indirectly from a variety of sources. These include fairy-tales and myths, beliefs and superstitions, classical and light literature, and accounts by theological and philosophical writers. The present paper proves that severely deformed scoliosis patients were generally burdened with a pitful fate in ancient times and during the Middle Ages. There was no effective treatment, healthy citizens showed little compassion, hunchbacks were said to have a vile and base character, and they were usually stigmatised outsiders. The sociopsychological situation for these patients did not improve until modern times, beginning with increased public awareness during the last century, in parallel with the slow development of orthopaedic treatment methods for scoliosis.