Network meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of various antibiotics on footrot in sheep and cattle.

The present network meta-analysis was performed to compare the effects of antibiotics used in treating footrot in some ruminants and to rank these antibiotics based on their efficacy. Data of 14 eligible studies consisting of 5622 affected animals was included in the analysis. A Bayesian method and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations were utilized to analyze data. The estimated results were reported in the form of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% credible intervals (CrI). The Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) was used to rank antibiotics. Network meta-regressions (NMRs) were conducted to examine the influence of sample sizes, treatment duration, route of administration, and species of animals (sheep and cattle) on the overall outcome. The results indicated that gamithromycin impact on curing footrot was superior to other antibiotics and Lincomycin and oxytetracycline were ranked second and third. The difference between the impact of gamithromycin and amoxicillin (OR = 14.76, CrI: 1.07-193.49) and enrofloxacin (OR = 20.21, CrI: 1.57-229.25) on footrot was significant. There was a significant difference between the effect of oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin (OR = 5.24, CrI: 1.14-23.74) on footrot. The NMR performed based on species of animals fitted data better than network meta-analysis, suggesting erythromycin as the best third antibiotic instead of oxytetracycline. Egger's regression test and the shape of the funnel plot showed no publication bias among included studies. In conclusion, gamithromycin was associated with the highest curing rate benefit when used to treat footrot, followed by lincomycin and oxytetracycline/erythromycin. Among all evaluated antibiotics, enrofloxacin showed the lowest effects on footrot.

Panax quinquefolius Polysaccharides Ameliorate Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea Induced by Lincomycin Hydrochloride in Rats via the MAPK Signaling Pathways.

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is an herbal medicine with polysaccharides as its important active ingredient. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of the polysaccharides of P. quinquefolius (WQP) on rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) induced by lincomycin hydrochloride. WQP was primarily composed of galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. The yield, total sugar content, uronic acid content, and protein content were 6.71%, 85.2%, 31.9%, and 2.1%, respectively. WQP reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the ileum and colon, reduced the IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α levels, increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in colon tissues, improved the production of acetate and propionate, regulated the gut microbiota diversity and composition, improved the relative richness of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides, and reduced the relative richness of Blautia and Coprococcus. The results indicated that WQP can enhance the recovery of the intestinal structure in rats, reduce inflammatory cytokine levels, improve short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, promote recovery of the gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier, and alleviate antibiotic-related side effects such as diarrhoea and microbiota dysbiosis caused by lincomycin hydrochloride. We found that WQP can protect the intestinal barrier by increasing Occludin and Claudin-1 expression. In addition, WQP inhibited the MAPK inflammatory signaling pathway to improve the inflammatory status. This study provides a foundation for the treatment of natural polysaccharides to reduce antibiotic-related side effects.

Informe diário de evidências COVID-19: busca realizada em 17 de junho de 2020 / COVID-19 daily evidence report: search conducted on June 17, 2020

O Informe Diário de Evidências é uma produção do Ministério da Saúde que tem como objetivo acompanhar diariamente as publicações científicas sobre tratamento farmacológico e vacinas para a COVID-19. Dessa forma, são realizadas buscas estruturadas em bases de dados biomédicas, referente ao dia anterior desse informe. Não são incluídos estudos pré-clínicos (in vitro, in vivo, in silico). A frequência dos estudos é demonstrada de acordo com a sua classificação metodológica (revisões sistemáticas, ensaios clínicos randomizados, coortes, entre outros). Para cada estudo é apresentado um resumo com avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Essa avaliação tem por finalidade identificar o grau de certeza/confiança ou o risco de viés de cada estudo. Para tal, são utilizadas ferramentas já validadas e consagradas na literatura científica, na área de saúde baseada em evidências. Cabe ressaltar que o documento tem caráter informativo e não representa uma recomendação oficial do Ministério da Saúde sobre a temática. Foram encontrados 15 artigos.

Patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. from canine clinical cases presented at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci, often associated with treatment failure, is increasingly reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolates from canine samples submitted to the bacteriology laboratory at the University of Pretoria academic veterinary hospital between 2007 and 2012. Retrospective data of 334 Staphylococcus isolates were used to calculate the proportion of samples resistant to 15 antimicrobial agents. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to investigate temporal trends and logistic regression models were used to investigate predictors of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. RESULTS: Results show that 98.2% (55/56) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one drug while 42.9% were multidrug resistant. Seventy-seven percent (214/278) of the S. pseudintermedius isolates were resistant to at least one drug and 25.9% (72/278) were multidrug resistant. Resistance to lincospectin was more common among S. aureus (64.3%) than S. pseudintermedius (38.9%). Similarly, resistance to clindamycin was higher in S. aureus (51.8%) than S. pseudintermedius (31.7%) isolates. There was a significant (p = 0.005) increase in S. aureus resistance to enrofloxacin over the study period. Similarly, S. pseudintermedius exhibited significant increasing temporal trend in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (p = 0.004), clindamycin (p = 0.022) and orbifloxacin (p = 0.042). However, there was a significant decreasing temporal trend in the proportion of isolates resistant to doxycycline (p = 0.041), tylosin (p = 0.008), kanamycin (p = 0.017) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of multidrug resistance and the increasing levels of resistance to sulphonamides, lincosamides and fluoroquinolones among Staphylococcus spp. isolates in this study are concerning. Future studies will need to investigate local drivers of antimicrobial resistance to better guide control efforts to address the problem.

[Methodic approaches to treatment of the chronic generalized parodontitis in elderly and senile patients].

A comprehensive treatment with Likopid of chronic generalized parodontitis in 114 elderly and senile patients was carried out. The state of mechanisms of innate immunity (phagocytosis mechanisms) as well as the profile of proinflammatory cytokines was assessed. The effect of antibiotic-resistant strains of prior microflora on the combined therapy of patients of different age with chronic generalized parodontitis was studied. It is established that due to presence of various types of opportunistic pathogens in patients of different age with parodontitis using the prophylactic antibiotics for the empirical (to determine the antibiotic resistance), a combination of Metronidazole and Lincomycin with the mandatory appointment of immunomodulatory drugs for activation of monocyte-phagocytic system of the patient elderly is most advisable. Use of the drug , "Likopid" significantly improves the results of treatment the elderly and old patients with chronic generalized parodonthitis.

Biofilm formation of the pathogens of fatal bacterial granuloma after trauma: potential mechanism underlying the failure of traditional antibiotic treatments.

The pathogen of a new type of disease - fatal bacterial granuloma after trauma (FBGT) - was found to be Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Although in vitro studies showed that the pathogenic P. acnes are sensitive to conventional antibiotics, treatments of FBGT patients with these antibiotics were ineffective. The underlying mechanisms were not clear. Since P. acnes are able to form biofilm on orthopaedic biomaterials in vitro, and pathogenic P. acnes of acnes vulgaris was known to form biofilm in vivo, we hypothesize that the pathogens of FBGT are also able to form biofilm during the pathogenesis, which may be 1 of the reasons for antibiotics tolerance of FBGT. Biofilm forming capacity of the pathogens of FBGT were examined with XTT reduction method, as well as with scanning electron microscope. The effect of long-term subminimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) lincomycin on the biofilm forming ability of the pathogens was also tested. Our results show that both the type strain (NCTC737) and the pathogenic P. acnes of FBGT can form biofilm in vitro. These data demonstrated the biofilm formation of the FBGT pathogens in vitro, and its acceleration by lincomycin, which may be 1 of the major mechanisms for the failure of antibiotic treatment.

Evaluation of lincomycin in drinking water for treatment of induced porcine proliferative enteropathy using a Swine challenge model.

A single-location, challenge-model study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of lincomycin against porcine proliferative enteropathy when administered through the drinking water at 125 and 250 mg/gallon. The primary variables of interest were pig removal rate, diarrhea scores, demeanor scores, and abdominal appearance scores. Ancillary performance variables examined included average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed per gain. After a 3-day acclimation period, pigs were challenged on 2 consecutive days with a mucosal homogenate containing a total dose of 1.4 x 10(9) cells of Lawsonia intracellularis. Five days later, when porcine proliferative enteropathy was well established, drinking water medicated with 125 mg (L125) or 250 mg (L250) lincomycin/gallon was provided to two groups of pigs for 10 days. Pigs were observed for 13 days following the treatment period. A third group of pigs served as controls and received unmedicated drinking water throughout the study. The L250 group experienced a significantly lower (P < .05) pig removal rate than the control group over the 23-day observation period. Additionally, for every primary variable, the L250 group experienced a significantly decreased (P < .01) number of abnormal days compared with the control group. The L125 group showed a significant reduction (P < .05) in abnormal demeanor and abnormal abdominal appearance scores compared with controls.

Evaluation of enrofloxacin against egg transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Five groups of 20 commercial leghorn hens near peak production were challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and medicated with enrofloxacin in the drinking water at 7-11, 21-25, or 7-11 and 21-25 days postchallenge (PC), a combination of lincomycin/spectinomycin at 7-11 and 21-25 days PC, or left as untreated controls. Egg production records were maintained, and all eggs produced during the 63 days following challenge were incubated for 18 days and then cultured for M. gallisepticum. All groups experienced marked egg production drops beginning about 1 week PC; production returned to near normal levels after approximately 3 weeks. Under the conditions of this study water medication did not prevent egg production losses, probably because of the delay in the onset of medication, but medication may have resulted in a more rapid recovery of egg production. Enrofloxacin was highly effective in reducing the level of egg transmission of M. gallisepticum, although a small number of eggs (0-0.3%) in the treated groups were culture positive after medication was begun. Only 1 of 2463 live embryos was culture positive after the onset of treatment. In the unmedicated control group, 12.8% of all eggs were culture positive. Lincomycin/spectinomycin also reduced egg transmission (3.4% of eggs were culture positive after treatment was initiated), but not as effectively as enrofloxacin. Most of the egg transmission occurred before the medication could have had an effect. Both enrofloxacin and lincomycin/spectinomycin reduced the number of dead-in-shell embryos.

[Virus-induced dyslipidemias as possible risk factors in the development of somatic diseases]. / Virusindutsirovannye dislipidemii kak vozmozhnye faktory riska v razvitii somaticheskikh zabolevanii.

Experimental and clinical studies showed a number of virus infections to be accompanied by lipidemic disorders. Experimentally, dyslipidemias were found in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in mice, rotavirus infection in rabbits, and amyotrophic leukospongiosis in guinea pigs. The possibility of correcting the virus-induced lipidemic disorders with an antiviral drug, lincomycin, was demonstrated in TBE in mice. Dynamic study of the lipidemic status of patients with virus hepatitis A revealed marked dyslipidemia of the atherogenic type which was stable and persisted up to the time of clinical recovery. The data obtained supplement the current concepts concerning the pathogenesis of virus infections.

[Sensitivity of pathogens of post-ventilation pneumonia in newborns to antibacterial drugs]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' vozbuditelei postventiliatsionnoi pnevmonii u novorozhdennykh detei k antibakterial'nym preparatam.

The majority of the enteric bacteria and aerobic and anaerobic cocci causing postventilation pneumonia in newborns were susceptible to gentamicin, carbenicillin, ampicillin and cephalosporins. The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were mainly susceptible to gentamicin and carbenicillin. Bacteroides were susceptible to metronidazole, ceftazidime and lincomycin. 70.8 per cent of the causative agents of the pneumonia were polyresistant to at least 6 antibiotics.

Therapeutic efficacy of medicating drinking water with spectinomycin and lincomycin-spectinomycin in experimental Escherichia coli infection in poultry.

Although no microbiological activity was found in blood plasma during treatment of broilers through the drinking water with spectinomycin or lincomycin-spectinomycin, these drugs proved highly effective in treating experimentally induced colibacillosis. This efficacy may be produced by a metabolite or a degradation product of spectinomycin that reaches the infection site in the respiratory tract and interferes with adherence of bacteria.

In vitro and in vivo activities of sedecamycin against Treponema hyodysenteriae.

Sedecamycin (lankacidin A), one of the lankacidin-group antibiotics, showed potent activity against Treponema hyodysenteriae. The MICs of sedecamycin against 79 field isolates of T. hyodysenteriae ranged from 0.78 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, the MIC for 90% of the strains tested (MIC90) being 3.13 micrograms/ml. The protective and therapeutic effects of sedecamycin were compared with those of carbadox, tiamulin, and lincomycin against experimental infection with T. hyodysenteriae in mice. The protective effect of sedecamycin was similar to that of carbadox, two times more potent than that of tiamulin, and three times greater than that of lincomycin. In the therapeutic test, sedecamycin showed activity similar to that of carbadox and was two times more active than both tiamulin and lincomycin. At doses of 10 mg or more of sedecamycin per kg, the recurrence of shedding of T. hyodysenteriae into the feces of mice was not detected for at least 8 weeks postmedication.

[Effect of rifampicin, lincomycin and staphylococcal vaccine on the beta-lysin activity of the blood serum of animals infected with Staphylococcus]. / Vliianie rifampitsina, linkomitsina i stafilokokkovoi vaktsiny na aktivnost' beta-lizinov v syvorotke krovi zhivotnykh, infitsirovannykh stafilokokkom.

Changes in activity of beta-lysins in blood serum were studied in the time course on albino mice infected with staphylococci and treated with rifampicin, lincomycin and inactivated staphylococcal vaccine administered in combination or alone. It was shown that staphylococcal infection lowered activity of the serum beta-lysins in the animals and therapeutic use of inactivated staphylococcal vaccine stimulated beta-lysin activity. Therapeutic use of rifampicin or lincomycin under the same conditions lowered activity of beta-lysins. The inhibitory effect of rifampicin was less pronounced. Combined use of the antibiotics and the vaccine promoted an increase in activity of beta-lysins as compared to the use of the antibiotics alone.

[Pseudomembranous rectocolitis]. / Les rectocolites pseudo-membraneuses.

The following conclusions were drawn from a study of 15 cases of pseudo-membranous coloproctitis (PMCP): PMCP was seen in subjects of both sexes and all ages. The causative agent was found in all antibiotic classes. Clinical signs comprised constant diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, toxic shock and, more rarely, pseudo-occlusive, pseudo-perforative surgical evidence. Diagnosis involved visualization of pseudo-membranes by endoscopy. Lesions were most frequent in the left colon and increased in severity towards the distal end. Three stages were distinguished by histological examination: superficial necrosis of the mucous membranes, interruption of glands, complete necrosis of the mucous membrane. Without preparation the abdomen did not provide specific information; nor did barium enema which revealed lesions that were frequently diffuse but more marked in the left colon. Conventional coprocultures did not provide diagnostic information. Only a more sophisticated technique will be capable of detecting the pathogen currently considered to be the cause of PMCP: Clostridium difficile. The course of the disorder is generally satisfactory under medical treatment (parenteral feeding, vancomycin) but may sometimes call for surgery.