Brief discussion of the differences in the acupoint location between Meridians and Acupoints and Acupuncture and Moxibustion. / æµ è®®ã€Šç»ç»œè §ç©´å­¦ã€‹å’Œã€Šé’ˆç¸å­¦ã€‹"十四五"规划教材经穴定位差异.

There are the differences in the location of some acupoints between textbooks Meridians and Acupoints and Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Both of the textbooks are in the category of the "14th Five-Year Plan". The differences in acupoint location have brought some confusion for students, full-time teachers and researchers in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In the paper, based on GB/T 12346-2021： Nomenclature and Location of Meridian Points, published in2021, and in reference with GB/T 12346-2006： Nomenclature and Location of Acupuncture Points, published in 2006, the discrepancy in the acupoint location was systematically collated in the aspects of the expression style and layout, text expression and potential difference of location between these two textbooks, published by China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People's Medical Publishing House and China Science Publishing. Based on the historical evolution and the academic controversy of acupoint positioning, the reasons of the differences in acupoint location were analyzed, the potential influences on the teaching, examination, competition and research of Chinese medicine acupuncture were explored, and the suggestions for solution were proposed.

Similarities and differences between kaiy in Persian medicine and moxibustion in Chinese medicine.

Kaiy (medieval cautery) is an ancient method of heat therapy in traditional Persian medicine (TPM). Some of its important applications have been neglected during the medical revolution. Meanwhile, different treatment modalities that incorporate heat, including moxibustion, have progressed in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we reviewed the main TPM textbooks that were written specifically in the field of kaiy. We considered the traditional teachings in the context of contemporary information, gathered from the scientific literature about moxibustion and modern cauterization. Some surgical therapeutic indications of kaiy (e.g., debridement and coagulative procedures) have been advanced by the innovation of electro-cauterization. However, those therapeutic applications that were based on the TPM humoral theory for relieving body coldness or myofascial pains-which are similar to moxibustion usages-have not received the same attention. Apart from the broad similarities of kaiy and moxibustion as thermal therapies with similar indications, there is a striking correspondence between kaiy point mapping and acupoints. Therefore, further research on different kaiy aspects is recommended. Please cite this article as: Jaladat AM, Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Atarzadeh F, Ayati MH, Kazemi AH, Akin E, Hashempur MH. Similarities and differences between kaiy in Persian medicine and moxibustion in Chinese medicine. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(4):354-360.

Similarities and differences between kaiy in Persian medicine and moxibustion in Chinese medicine / 中西医结合学报

Kaiy (medieval cautery) is an ancient method of heat therapy in traditional Persian medicine (TPM). Some of its important applications have been neglected during the medical revolution. Meanwhile, different treatment modalities that incorporate heat, including moxibustion, have progressed in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we reviewed the main TPM textbooks that were written specifically in the field of kaiy. We considered the traditional teachings in the context of contemporary information, gathered from the scientific literature about moxibustion and modern cauterization. Some surgical therapeutic indications of kaiy (e.g., debridement and coagulative procedures) have been advanced by the innovation of electro-cauterization. However, those therapeutic applications that were based on the TPM humoral theory for relieving body coldness or myofascial pains-which are similar to moxibustion usages-have not received the same attention. Apart from the broad similarities of kaiy and moxibustion as thermal therapies with similar indications, there is a striking correspondence between kaiy point mapping and acupoints. Therefore, further research on different kaiy aspects is recommended. Please cite this article as: Jaladat AM, Alizadeh Vaghasloo M, Atarzadeh F, Ayati MH, Kazemi AH, Akin E, Hashempur MH. Similarities and differences between kaiy in Persian medicine and moxibustion in Chinese medicine. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(4):354-360.

[Exploration of GAO Shu-zhong's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion].

This paper summarizes professor GAO Shu-zhong's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion. Professor GAO studies classic literature and clarifies the authentic Chinese medicine from the origin. He provides the unique understandings on the theories, e.g "four passes", gaohuang, the flowing rule of nutrient and defensive qi, lung governing management and regulation and moxibustion for sinking of qi. By analyzing the differences in diagnosis and treatment between acupuncture and herbal medication therapies and exploring the syndrome/pattern differentiation, he advocates the rules of disorder differentiation and treatment in clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, creates GAO 's three-promotion theory and summarizes the characteristic diagnostic methods. He proposes novel statement, perfects theoretic system and creates GAO's extra points. He puts forward that the human acupoint system should be reconstructed to compose of two systems, i.e. meridian acupoints and collateral acupoints systems. Professor GAO pays the attention to acupuncture techniques, proposes a trinity needling technique, "pulse diagnosis, acupoint detection and qi differentiation under needle", and applies different needling techniques in treatment accordingly. He thinks highly of moxibustion, especially umbilicus moxibustion therapy, which has been used widely in practice. Besides, professor GAO provides the comprehensive methods flexibly, with acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medication in combination.

[Periodization of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline and its research methods and challenges].

As a discipline, the independent knowledge system of acupuncture-moxibustion has been established in Wei-Jin Dynasties, while the education and management institutes have tended to be formalized since Northern and Southern Dynasties and continue to late imperial period. In the period of the Republic of China, acupuncture-moxibustion discipline began to be constructed intentionally, and the knowledge system, education institutes and institution have changed significantly with the characteristics of modern science. Now acupuncture has fully met the conditions of modern subjects. The study of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline needs the perspective of internal and external history integration, focusing on the differences from academic history and educational history. In addition, four important topics in the current research of the history of acupuncture-moxibustion discipline are suggested: the relationship between acupuncture- moxibustion discipline and related disciplines, scientific value and technology philosophy, international recognition and branch disciplines.

[Contribution of Jiusheng by ZHOU Meisheng to moxibustion].

Mr. ZHOU Meisheng was a famous acupuncturist in China. He succeeded the acupuncture from his family in childhood, and practiced acupuncture strictly with insightful and original perspective. The Jiusheng, one of his magnum opus, proposed innovative ideas in the theory and clinical practice of moxibustion, such as revival of moxibustion, three phases of moxibustion sensation, moxibustion for heat syndromes. In this article, the contribution of Jiusheng to moxibustion was discussed from background of compiling this book, poem and medical cases, explanation on moxibustion theory and practice and its effects on later ages.

[Origin and evolution of the thunder-fire moxibustion therapy].

Through analyzing the origin and evolution of the thunder-fire moxibustion therapy, the mysteries and misunderstandings of it were revealed. As a result, a more objective and comprehensive recognition of this ancient therapy was displayed to the people nowadays. The thunder-fire moxibustion therapy maybe originate from the Taoism magic arts before the Yuan Dynasty and became matured in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Two categories were divided during the long-term evolution in the history. In one category, the peach twig was taken as the moxa material rather than moxa stick and the incantation of Taoism remained. Regarding the other category, the herbal medicine was mixed in the moxa stick and the herbal composition was relatively specified. The incantation was removed. The moxibustion in the first category vanished at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The latter one kept on development from the middle of the Ming Dynasty through the modern times. Additionally, the herbal composition of moxa material has been modified; the indication enlarged and the operation improved. This therapy is still developed and applied by many doctors at the present times.

[A new textual criticism on block-printed edition of Zhenjiu Dacheng in the Ming dynasty].

It has always been considered that Zhenjiu Dacheng (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) printed by ZHAO Wenbing is the earliest version. In comparative study, it is found that there are two versions in the Ming dynasty, one is the original, stored in the Library of China Academy of Sciences and another one is the revision, stored in the Library of Tianjin University of TCM, Zhejiang Provincial Library and the Library of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The last item, Chengjiang (CV 24) in the Acupoint Indication of Conception Vessel in volume 7 is included in the revised edition, but not covered in the original one, which is the difference between the two versions. Both of the versions were in the Ming dynasty, rather than the block-printed one in the Qing dynasty.

[Analysis on intestinal disorders in Jiujing Tu (Illustration of Moxiustion) found from Dunhuang].

Jiujing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion), excavated from Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang, is one of the earliest existing monographs on moxibustion. The medical masters from different schools have focused on this book because it is different from the existing ancient medical works and have not been collected in the medical works of different dynasties. In this study, the literature of Jiujing Tu on five acupoints (Dachangshu, Pangguangshu, Daxiaochangshu, Nieshu and Cigong) relevant with intestinal disorders is collected. It is intended to discuss and analyze the acupoint location, main intestinal disorder, moxibustion characters, recognition on the literature of different dynasties and modern clinical applications. It is believed that the thought of strong moxibustion in the treatment of intestinal disorders advocated in Jiujing Tu has profound impact on the medical development in later generations. It deserves us to have a further digging, collection and promotion of this thought in the modern time.

[Supplement of Dongyuan acupuncture-moxibustion therapy and clinical records].

Professor JIA Chunsheng believes that "Dongyuan's acupuncture therapy" proposed by GAO Wu could not entirely reflect LI Dongyuan's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion. Hence, we collected all of the academic works of LI Dongyuan and extracted the texts relevant with acupuncture-moxibustion therapy, titled as Dongyuan's acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. This process contributed to the deeper study on Dongyuan's acupuncture and moxibustion academic thought. By the influence of Dongyuan's acupuncture-moxibustion academic thought, in association with his clinical experience for dozens of years, Professor JIA Chunsheng proposed that acupuncture and moxibustion should pay attention to the regulation and tonification of spleen and kidney. In clinical practice, Zhongwan (CV 12), bilateral Tianshu (ST 25), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4) are commonly selected to consolidate the root, cultivate the primary and treat the spleen and kidney simultaneously. The locations of the above selected points are distributed like a star. This "star-like point selection method" points to the importance of the spleen and kidney (the primary qi). For many diseases, especially the disorders of internal injury, the star-like acupuncture therapy is commonly used and the relevant acupoints are supplemented. The good clinical efficacy has been achieved.

[Evolution of Classification Methods and Nomenclature of Clinical Disorders Treated by Acupuncture and Moxibustion in the 20th Century].

Through systematic review of the literature on the treatment of different clinical conditions or illnesses with acupuncture and moxibustion therapies in the 20th century, the authors of the present paper analyzed the evolution process of classification of related clinical disorders. It was found that the classification and nomenclature of clinical disorders or illnesses are defined in terms of traditional Chinese medicine or western medicine, which undergoes an evolutionary process from western medicine to Chinese medicine and back to western medicine. This evolution process is due to the intrinsic requirement' of clinical practice such as thinking ways of diagnosis and treatment or to be influenced by extrinsic factors including introduction of western medicine at the Republic period, policies of"advanced studies of traditional Chinese physcians" and "western medicine doctors" lear-ning from traditional Chinese medicine, and the leading role of western medicine,etc. The former issue about the diagnosis and treatment of clinical problems needs being researched further.

[Point application in literature of Dunhuang stone chamber and its application].

Acupuncture-moxibustion material found in Dunhuang stone chamber shows academic value on research of acupuncture-moxibustion in Tang Dynasty and before. In the paper we summarize its medical prescriptions and the existing acupoint application contents. It is considered that its acupoint application is widely clinically used in dermatological department, cosmetology department, ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology departments, paediatrics department, gynaecology department, anorectal department, orthopedics and traumatology department. It achieves remarkable effects in dermatological department, orthopedics and traumatology department. Medical literature of Dunhuang is a treasure of TCM with distinctive feature and it deserves to be further explored so as to serve the clinic and promote the inheritance and development of Dunhuang medicine, such as finding out high effect prescription.

[WANG Zhizhong and his Experience on Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy].

WANG Zhizhong, born in the Southern Song Dynasty, was proficient in TCM theory and enjoyed summarizing proved prescriptions. During his spare time, he wrote Experience on Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy with scientific writing structure, wide quote of references and attached medical reports, which modified and enriched the content of acupoint therapy. This book played an important role as a link between past and future; it included a considerable number of moxibustion methods and was considered as the greatest medical achievement before Song Dynasty. In addition, this book contained the greatest number of proved prescriptions among the ancient acupuncture books, so its academic value was self-evident. However, when examining and correcting the acupoints, WANG ignored the fact that acupuncture physicians had different clinical experience and their understanding on the body structure was discrepant, so the contradictions of location and indications of acupoints appeared in the book.

[Rules of acupoints combination of ancient acupuncture for Xiaoke based on data mining technology].

The rules of acupoints combination of ancient acupuncture for Xiaoke are mainly explored. By retrieval on ancient literature, the database of acupuncture and moxibustion for Xiaoke is established; based on the database, association analysis between acupoints and symptoms is performed. According to the association analysis in 5 databases of Xiaoke database, Xiaoke database of kidney deficiency, Xiaoke-database of dry mnouth and thirst, Xiaoke database of difficult urination, Xiaoke database of drinking addiction, the results are mainly characterized with symptom differentiation combination, distal-local combination, local combination and front-back combination, which can nourish yin and clear heat. It is believed that establishment of TCM ancient literature database and exploration of data mining technology is a potential research orientation.

[New merge of knowledge of the acu-moxibustion academic in the Republican period].

During the republican period, western science and technology as well as western medicine spread quickly in China, and inevitably had a profound influence on the academic of acu-moxibustion. The confluence of Chinese and western medicine with the scientification of acu-moxibustion had left an obvious mark on the academic of acu-moxibustion. No matter whether the theory involves science of channels and collaterals, acupoints and methods of needling and moxibustion or the improvement of acu-moxibustion apparatus and new therpy methods, all carrying remarkable characteristic of new merge of knowledge, and providing solid foundation and valuable reference for the development of contemporary academic of acu-moxibustion.

[Professor MA Ji-xing and Acupuncture Scientification at the Primary Stage of Establishment of the People's Republic of China].

In the initial stage (1950s) of the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Pavlov's theory played an important influence on Chinese biology and medical science fields. At that time, many schools or colleges of traditional Chinese medicine were set up one after another, the first edition of teaching materials or textbook was complete, and a lot of advanced training courses and training classes were developed. In that specific period of "acupuncture scientification", Mr. MA Ji-xing, a professor from China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, is a representative scholar who employed Pavlov's theory to make a scientific explanation about the underlying physiological mechanisms of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. For example, he employed nerve network or nerve system to explain topical acupuncture stimulation and distal stimulation to induce local effect or distal curative effect, employed the cutaneous-visceral reflex to explain the therapeutic effect of acu-moxibustion for visceral disorders, used the viscera-cutaneous reflex to explain the tender point (sensitized region) or Ashi-point, used the "predominant factor mechanism" or excitation transfer of the stimulated non-sensitized cutaneous region close to the diseased locus to explain the pain-relief of acupuncture stimulation, used the stimulation strength, duration, frequency and distance (to the locus) to explain the needling reinforcing or reducing effect, and so on and so forth. He wrote many articles and books about acupuncturology, one of which was named Jianyao Zhenjiu Xue (Concise Acupuncturology), a well-known demonstration teaching material for advanced training courses, inducing a significant influence on the acu-moxibustion field in both academic field and clinical practice. Looking back this period of history may provide a helpful reference for current research on academic development of acupuncturology.

[Professor ZHENG Kuishan's experience in the clinical treatment of bi syndrome with acupuncture and moxibustion].

Professor ZHENG Kuishan has been engaged in the education and clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion for over 60 years. Professor ZHENG is strict in scholarly research and exquisite in medical techniques and he is good at treatment of bi syndrome induced by invasion of wind, cold and damp with warming and, promoting therapy. He emphasizes on syndrome differentiation and acupoint combination and selects the accurate manipulations. Not only are the symptoms relieved apparently, but also the body state is improved. As a result, the primary and secondary are treated simultaneously. In the paper, professor ZHENG's experience is introduced in the treatment of bi syndrome in the aspects of theory, method, formula, acupoint and technique. And his clinical therapeutic approaches have been deeply analyzed.

[Study on Chinese Acup-Mox Medicine by YAO Tianmin].

The characteristics and academic thoughts of Chinese Acup-Mox Medicine written by YAO Tianmin during the Republic of China was studied and analyzed in this paper. The academic thoughts of this book were confluence of Chinese and western knowledge, respecting for classics culture but not stubborn, using western science and medicine without worshiping it. The main characteristics were the scientific meridian-acupoint theory, extensive acupoint selection, "qie" method of acupuncture, high recommendation on medicated thread and ironing moxibustion, reinforcing and reducing based on the meridian direction in infantile massage, using acupuncture and cream formula for surgical treatment, and creating his own acupuncture codes.

[Academic thoughts on Practice of acupuncture and moxibustion written by CHEN Jingwen, the acupuncture master in the Republic of China].

Through the collection of Practice of acupuncture and moxibustion written by CHEN Jingwen, the acupuncture master in the Republic of China, the academic characteristics on acupuncture and moxibusiton were analyzed. The literature comparison method was adopted to compare the works of LUO Zhaoju, ZENG Tianzhi and LI Wenxian, etc. at the same period. It was discovered that CHEN Jingwen was the medical master who systematicly brought up the theory of acupoint properties earlier in the modern times. Classifying drugs based on acupoints was his academic feature. Additionally, the compatibility therapy of Chinese medicine was introduced to explain the essential ideas on the acupoints combination. The treatment was determined on the basis of zangxiang theory and the reinforcing and reducing therapy of acupuncture was emphasized in the determination of treatment and prescription. CHEN Jingwen's theory of acupoint property had been stressed and spread among the medical scholars in the Republic of China and he had made the beneficial exploration for the development of modern acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.

[Analysis on academic frame of A-B classic of acupuncture and moxibustion by Huang Fumi].

The acupuncture-moxibustion academic frame system was firstly and systematically established in A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion authored by HUANG Fu-mi, which explained the knowledge and logical relationship among different parts of acupuncture-moxibustion. The academic frame consisted of acupuncture-moxibustion basis and clinical application. In the basic theory, zang-fu, qi-blood, meridians, acupoint, pulse diagnosis, acupuncture manipulation, etiology and pathogenesis, etc. were included; in the clinical application, various kinds of clinical diseases and their acupuncture treatment were included. The academic frame established by A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion is broader than the modern academic frame of acupuncture-moxibustion, in which the attribution and location of four-seas theory has certain differences from modern acupuncture-moxibustion theory.