Mortalidad asociada al trastorno neurocognitivo y dependencia en personas mayores de 55 años. Revisión sistemática / Mortality associated with neurocognitive disorder and dependence in people over 55 years of age. Systematic review

Introducción El creciente envejecimiento poblacional trae consigo un aumento de la incidencia del trastorno neurocognitivo (TNC) así como diversas situaciones generadoras de dependencia. Objetivo Analizar mediante una revisión sistemática la relación que existe entre TNC y dependencia con el riesgo de mortalidad en personas mayores. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de los estudios longitudinales publicados en Pubmed y Scopus abordando la relación entre TNC, dependencia para las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) y mortalidad publicados entre los años 1995 y 2021 De los 1040 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 10 estudios. Resultados Se observó que las cohortes de personas mayores con TNC presentaron riesgo de mortalidad asociado a la afectación de las ABVD (test de Barthel) y a las puntuaciones de Mini-Mental State Examination siguiendo una tendencia lineal significativa. Otros factores asociados al riesgo de mortalidad fueron: niveles bajos de educación, vivir solo y presentar fragilidad. Es clara la vinculación entre los tres términos utilizados en la búsqueda de este trabajo y, sin embargo, destaca que haya pocos estudios longitudinales que los analicen conjuntamente. Conclusiones Los resultados hallados subrayan la importancia de realizar evaluaciones del estado cognitivo y funcional mediante escalas validadas, ya que ambas áreas se asocian con la mortalidad. La evaluación de la dependencia y de la función cognitiva en adultos mayores debe considerarse tanto en la investigación como en la práctica clínica, ya que aportarían información sobre su posible relación con la mortalidad. (AU)

Introduction The increasing aging of the population brings with it an increase in the incidence of neurocognitive disorder (NCD) as well as various situations that generate dependence. Objective To analyze by means of a systematic review the relationship between NCD and dependence with the risk of mortality in the elderly. Methods A bibliographic search of longitudinal studies published in Pubmed and Scopus addressing the relationship between NCI, dependence for basic activities of daily living (ADL) and mortality published between 1995 and 2021 was performed. Of the 1040 articles found, 10 studies were selected. Results It was observed that cohorts of elderly people with NCI presented mortality risk associated with ABVD impairment (Barthel test) and Mini-Mental State Examination scores following a significant linear trend. Other factors associated with mortality risk were low levels of education, living alone, and frailty. Conclusions The results underline the importance of performing assessments of cognitive and functional status using validated scales, since both areas are associated with mortality. The link between the three terms used in the search for this work is clear, but it is noteworthy that there are few longitudinal studies that analyze them together. The assessment of dependence and cognitive function in older adults should be considered in both research and clinical practice as it would provide information on their possible relationship with mortality. (AU)

Postoperative neurocognitive disorders: A clinical guide.

For years, postoperative cognitive outcomes have steadily garnered attention, and in the past decade, they have remained at the forefront. This prominence is primarily due to empirical research emphasizing their potential to compromise patient autonomy, reduce quality of life, and extend hospital stays, and increase morbidity and mortality rates, especially impacting elderly patients. The underlying pathophysiological process might be attributed to surgical and anaesthesiological-induced stress, leading to subsequent neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, burst suppression and the development of hypercoagulopathy. The beneficial impact of multi-faceted strategies designed to mitigate the surgical and perioperative stress response has been suggested. While certain potential risk factors are difficult to modify (e.g., invasiveness of surgery), others - including a more personalized depth of anaesthesia (EEG-guided), suitable analgesia, and haemodynamic stability - fall under the purview of anaesthesiologists. The ESAIC Safe Brain Initiative research group recommends implementing a bundle of non-invasive preventive measures as a standard for achieving more patient-centred care. Implementing multi-faceted preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative preventive initiatives has demonstrated the potential to decrease the incidence and duration of postoperative delirium. This further validates the importance of a holistic, team-based approach in enhancing patients' clinical and functional outcomes. This review aims to present evidence-based recommendations for preventing, diagnosing, and treating postoperative neurocognitive disorders with the Safe Brain Initiative approach.

Neurocognitive sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has been the leading cause of poisoning mortality in many countries and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is a widely accepted treatment for CO poisoning. However, some patients with CO poisoning will still develop neurocognitive sequelae regardless of HBO therapy, which can persist since CO poisoning or be present days to weeks after a recovery from CO poisoning. HBO has been used in the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive sequelae after CO poisoning, and some mechanisms are also proposed for the potential neuroprotective effects of HBO on the neurocognitive impairment after CO poisoning, but there is still controversy on the effectiveness of HBO on neurocognitive sequelae after CO poisoning. In this paper, we briefly introduce the neurocognitive sequelae after CO poisoning, summarize the potential predictive factors of neurocognitive sequelae, and discuss the use of HBO in the treatment and prevention of neurocognitive sequelae after CO poisoning.

Effectiveness of multisensory stimulation in managing neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with major neurocognitive disorder: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review was to synthesize the effectiveness of multisensory stimulation in managing neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in older adults with major neurocognitive disorder (NCD). INTRODUCTION: Major neurocognitive disorder is characterized by changes in specific cognitive domains with a progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and capacity for independent living. Most older adults with this condition have one or more concomitant symptoms known as NPS. Evidence shows that nonpharmacological therapies have been effective in controlling these symptoms, with multisensory stimulation attracting further investigation. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review considered studies on older adults aged 65 years or over with major NCD. The intervention of interest was multisensory stimulation, and the comparator was usual care (e.g. no occupational therapy, no cognitive training, and no art therapy, but with possible control of activities such as looking at photographs or doing quizzes), or another intervention (e.g. occupational therapy, cognitive training and art therapy). Primary outcomes were NPS (agitation, aggression, motor disturbances, mood liability, anxiety, apathy, night-time behaviour, eating disorders, delusion and hallucination). Secondary outcomes were quality of life, functional status in activities of daily living, cognitive status and caregiver burden. Experimental study designs were considered. METHODS: A broad range of keywords and a three-step search strategy were used to identify potentially eligible published and unpublished studies from January 1990 to June 2016 in major healthcare-related online databases. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. Two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of eight included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists for Randomized Controlled Trials and Quasi-Experimental Studies. Data were extracted using the standardized data extraction tool from the JBI System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (JBI SUMARI) and included details about the interventions, populations, study methods and outcomes of interest. Significant differences were found between participants, interventions, outcome measures (clinical heterogeneity), and designs (methodological heterogeneity). For these reasons, a meta-analysis could not be performed. Therefore, the results have been described in a narrative format. RESULTS: Eight studies (seven randomized controlled trials and one quasi-experimental study) were included, with a total sample of 238 participants (pre-intervention). Four studies confirmed the effectiveness of multisensory stimulation in domains such as physically nonaggressive behavior, verbally agitated behavior and agitation. However, these effects did not always persist in the long-term. Six studies showed poorly consistent results on the effects of multisensory stimulation in improving mood, with only one displaying significant effects. Similarly, despite poor results, two studies showed benefits concerning anxiety. Participants reported significantly decreased levels of anxiety over the course of the intervention, and this improvement persisted in the long-term. In regard to functional status in activities of daily living, two studies reported an improvement in the short-term. Moreover, the effectiveness in cognitive domains such as memory and attention to surroundings also showed inconsistent results across the seven studies that analyzed this outcome. Two studies reflected an improvement during the intervention, but also reported a gradual decline in the long-term. Only one study observed significantly better results during the intervention that persisted until the follow-up assessment. Apathy, night-time behavior, eating disorders, delusion and hallucination were NPS that were not explored in the studies that met the criteria to be included in this review. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that multisensory stimulation could be an effective intervention for managing NPS in older adults with major NCD in a mild to severe stage, particularly for managing behavioral symptoms such as agitation. This research provides an indication of the likely effect of the multisensory stimulation on NPS such as agitation and anxiety, as well on cognitive status.

Delirium em idosos em unidades de terapia intensiva: revisão integrativa da literatura / Delirium en ancianos en unidades de cuidados intensivos: revisión integradora de la literatura / Delirium in the elderly in intensive care units: an integrative literature review

Objective: conducting a survey about delirium in the elderly in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Method: an integrative review of the literature held in databases MEDLINE and IBECS, in May 2012, whose inclusion criteria were: to be published between May 2007 to May 2012, available in full and in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: there were found 68 productions and selected 16, which were categorized into: 1) Incidence and prevalence of delirium in the elderly in ICU; 2) Factors predisposing and precipitating risk of delirium in the elderly in ICU and 3) Strategies for preventing modifiable risk factors of delirium in the elderly patients in the ICU. Conclusion: the scientific production about delirium is incipient in Brazil,health professionals, especially nurses, need to improving the recognition of this syndrome and implementing strategies for risk prevention factors for delirium.

Objetivo: realizar um levantamento acerca do delirium em idosos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, nas bases de dados MEDLINE e IBECS, em maio de 2012, cujos critérios de inclusão foram publicados entre maio de 2007 a maio de 2012, com disponibilidade na íntegra,e nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: foram encontradas 68 produções e selecionadas16, as quais foram categorizadas em: 1) Incidência e prevalência de delirium em Idosos na UTI; 2) Fatores de risco precipitantes e predisponentes do delirium em idosos na UTI e 3) Estratégias de prevenção de fatores de risco modificáveis do delirium em idosos nas UTIs. Conclusão: a produção científica acerca do delirium no Brasil é incipiente, os profissionais de saúde, especialmente os da enfermagem, necessitam melhorar o reconhecimento desta síndrome e implementar estratégias de prevenção dos fatores de risco para delirium.

Objetivo: realizar un estudio acerca del delirium en los ancianos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Método: revisión integradora en bases de datos MEDLINE e IBECS, en mayo de 2012, cuyos criteriosde inclusión fueron: ser publicados entre mayo 2007 a mayo 2012, disponible en su totalidad en portugués, inglés y español. Resultados: se encontraron 68 producciones y seleccionadas 16, que fueron clasificadas en: 1) Incidencia y prevalencia de delirium en ancianos en la UCI; 2) Factores de riesgo precipitantes y predisponentes del delirium en ancianos en la UCI y 3) Estrategias de prevención de factores de riesgo modificables del delirium en ancianos en las UCI. Conclusión: la producción científica acerca del delirio es incipiente en Brasil, los profesionales de la salud, especialmente las enfermeras, tienen que mejorar el reconocimiento de este síndrome y poner en práctica estrategias para prevenir los factores de riesgo para el delirium.

[Neuroimmune parameters as markers of therapeutic and rehabilitation efficacy in children with organic mental retardation].

A complex of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures including neurometabolics (brain cytomedine cortexin, pantogam and glycine), antioxidants and vascular medications, massage, physiotherapeutic procedures and special psychological and educational correction was administered to 40 children, aged 5-8 years, with organic mental retardation. A control group consisted of age-matched healthy children. The efficacy of rehabilitation was assessed after 3 months basing on a special coefficient and correlations between this coefficient and some neuroimmune parameters. This approach makes it possible to specify favorable prognostic markers, i.e. the decrease of serum level of neuron-specific enolase, myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies and increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

[Clinical aspects of witchcraft delusions].

To distinguish clinical variants and to specify nosologic entity of witchcraft delusions, 69 patients (10 males, aged 15-72 years) have been examined. It was found that witchcraft delusions exist in passive and active forms. In a passive form, the patient is sure that unknown (mystic) power damaged him/her; in an active form the patient, possessing a gift for unusual abilities, can influence the others (bewitches, heals, etc). Five clinical syndromes, in the structure of which the above delusions were found, namely, paranoiac-hypochondriac, hallucination-paranoid, depressive-paranoid, paraphrenic and delirious, were identified. Psychoses of schizophrenia spectrum were diagnosed in 52 patients, organic--in 8, alcoholic--in 7 and recurrent depressive disorder--in 2. Clinical significance of witchcraft delusions is closely related to its social aspect. Being combined with ideas of persecution, poisoning and damage, it results in the brutal forms of delusions defense and may be considered as an unfavorable prognostic trait.

Psychosomatic medicine in the seventies: an overview.

The author discusses the theoretical, investigative, clinical, and teaching aspects of psychosomatic medicine in the seventies. Major research and clinical developments are discussed in relation to key theoretical postulates and concepts. The rapidly expanding field of psychosomatic medicine is far more divant than ever before. Its hallmarks include a multifactorial approach to the study of health and disease, formulation of testable hypotheses and their careful validation, concern with the clinical applicability of research, and development of integrative theories. Current advances in the field have far-reaching inplications for medicine, psychiatry, and the behavioral sciences.