Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Prevenção do suicídio: esquecimento do ser e era da técnica / Suicide prevention: forgetfulness of being and technical era / Prevención del suicidio: olvido del ser y la era de la técnica

Martin Heidegger, em sua ontologia, destaca uma característica específica da atualidade que atravessa o comportamento humano, na filosofia, na ciência ou no senso comum: o esquecimento do ser. O filósofo diferencia a época atual das demais épocas históricas. O horizonte histórico contemporâneo se desvela por meio do desafio e da exploração, da tentativa de controle e domínio dos acontecimentos, ao modo da disponibilidade e em função da produtividade. O filósofo esclarece que todo esse desenraizamento do homem atual está atrelado ao esquecimento daquilo que é o mais essencial, qual seja, a existência. A questão que norteia este estudo é apurar, por meio das referências de Heidegger e dos estudos sobre suicídio, o quanto a interpretação da morte voluntária nos dias atuais está atravessada por tal esquecimento. Pretendemos investigar o quanto as ações de prevenção desenvolvidas pela suicidologia se encontram atravessadas por tal esquecimento do ser do homem e, dessa forma, acabam por estabelecer relações entre ser e ente em uma consequente redução ao ente como invariante e atemporal. O caminho para investigar a questão iniciará por abordar, em maiores detalhes, a analítica existencial, a questão da técnica e o movimento de esquecimento do ser apontados por Heidegger a fim de problematizar as perspectivas científicas atuais sobre o suicídio em sua prevenção para, então, estabelecer uma compreensão fenomenológica e existencial sobre o referido fenômeno.(AU)

Martin Heidegger, in his ontology, highlights a specific characteristic of the present moment that crosses human behavior, in philosophy, science, or common sense: the forgetfulness of being. The philosopher differentiates the current age from other historical ages. The contemporary historical horizon is unveiled by the challenge and the exploration, from the attempt to control and dominate events, to the mode of standing reserve and in terms of productivity. The philosopher clarifies that all this uprooting of the current man is linked to the forgetfulness of what is the most essential, namely, the existence itself. The question that guides this study is to investigate, via Heidegger's references and studies on suicide, to what extent the interpretation of voluntary death today is crossed by such forgetfulness. We intend to investigate to what extent the prevention actions developed by suicidology are crossed by such forgetfulness of the human's being and, in this way, they end up establishing relationships between being and entity in a consequent reduction to entity as an invariant and timeless. The path to investigate the issue will start by addressing, in greater detail, the existential analytics, the question concerning technique and the movement of forgetting the being pointed out by Heidegger to problematize the current scientific perspectives on suicide and its prevention to, then, propose a phenomenological and existential understanding about the referred phenomenon.(AU)

Martin Heidegger en su ontología destaca una característica específica del presente que atraviesa el comportamiento humano, ya sea en la filosofía, la ciencia o el sentido común: el olvido del ser. El filósofo diferencia la época actual de otras épocas históricas. El horizonte histórico contemporáneo se devela el desafío y la exploración, el intento de controlar y dominar los eventos, en la modalidad de disponibilidad y en términos de productividad. Y así aclara que todo este desarraigo del hombre actual está involucrado en el olvido de lo más esencial, que es la existencia misma. A partir de las referencias a Heidegger y de los estudios sobre el suicidio, este estudio busca saber hasta qué punto la interpretación de la muerte voluntaria hoy está atravesada por este olvido. Pretendemos investigar en qué medida las acciones de prevención desarrolladas por la suicidología se encuentran atravesadas por el olvido del ser del hombre y, de esta manera, terminan por establecer relaciones entre el ser y el ente, en una consecuente reducción al ente como invariante y atemporal. Para investigar el tema se abordará inicialmente, con mayor detalle, la analítica existencial, la cuestión de la técnica y el movimiento del olvido del ser señalado por Heidegger para problematizar las perspectivas científicas actuales sobre el suicidio y su prevención y, luego, proponer una comprensión fenomenológica y existencial sobre el referido fenómeno.(AU)

Spiritual Transcendence and Psychological Adjustment: The Moderating Role of Personality in Burn Patients.

The current study examined the moderating role of personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) on the relationship between spiritual transcendence and positive change, and spiritual transcendence and distress in burn patients. The sample (N = 98) comprised adult burn patients (age = 25-50) admitted to three hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. They were assessed according to a demographic information sheet, the NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae and Costa in J Personal Soc Psychol 52:81-90, 1987), the Spiritual Transcendence Index (Seidlitz et al. in J Sci Study Relig 41:439-453, 2002), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (Lovibond and Lovibond in Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress scales, Psychology Foundation, Sydney, 1995), and the Perceived Benefit Scales (McMillen and Fisher in Soc Work Res 22(3):173-186, 1998). Stepwise moderated regression analysis showed that both personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) played a moderating role in the relationship between spiritual transcendence and positive change, and spiritual transcendence and distress in burn patients. The findings highlight the potential role spiritual transcendence may have in understanding and improving the psychological adjustment of burn patients.

La psicosomática en el psicoanálisis contemporáneo / Pschosomatics in contemporary psychoanaysis

La autora considera que hoy día la psicosomática está en el centro del campo psicoanalítico. Para ello describe dos funcionamientos psíquicos que conviven: el psiconeurótico o edípico y el no-neurótico, donde estarían, entre otras, las somatosis. A la vez, señala la idea de dos inconscientes: uno reprimido o edípico y otro no reprimido o genuino o propiamente dicho, origen del funcionamiento no-neurótico y residencia de las huellas sensoriales traumáticas primitivas, que no han tenido traducción psíquica y que, al ser investidas por un acontecimiento actual, traumas o duelos, pueden desencadenar, entre otros, un fenómeno somático. También describe el abordaje clínico de estos pacientes, que de entrada suelen exigir el uso de un encuadre creativo, la instrumentación de la contratransferencia y la elaboración de construcciones, ilustrando sus ideas con un material clínico (AU)

The author considers that nowadays psychosomatics is at the core of the psychoanalytic field. She describes two kinds of psychic functioning that coexist: a psycho-neurotic or Oedipal functioning, and another, non-neurotic, where she includes somatosis. Likewise, she puts forward the idea of two unconscious systems: one is repressed or Oedipal, while the other is non-repressed, genuine or the Unconscious proper. The latter constitutes the origin of the non-neurotic functioning and contains primitive, traumatic sensory traces, which haven't been turned into psyche and which, on being invested by a present occurrence: such as traumas or important losses that need to be mourned, may uncham a somatic phenomenon (among others). The author also describes the clinical approach to these patients, who usually demand the use of a creative setting the instrumentation of counter-transference, and the use of constructions. She illustrates these ideas with a clinical material (AU)

[What do Interpreters Cost? - A Retrospective Analysis of the Costs for Interpreters in Treatment of Refugees in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic in Berlin]. / Was kosten uns Dolmetscher? ­ Eine retrospektive Analyse der Dolmetscherkosten in der Behandlung von Flüchtlingen in einer Psychiatrischen Institutsambulanz in Berlin.

Clinical diagnostics of mental disorders especially among refugees and asylum seekers come with unique difficulties: language barriers, different forms of expression and concepts of the understanding of mental illness as well as a different cultural background. Therefore professional interpreters are needed but associated with a higher effort related to costs and time. We conducted a retrospective analysis of costs, which incurred by the use of professional interpreters in our outpatient clinic in Berlin, Germany, in the first quarter 2016 for the treatment of refugees and asylum seekers. The sample consisted of 110 refugees and asylum seekers; the highest costs in the use of interpreters incurred among Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (53.04%), especially Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (39.04%), as well as affective disorders (38.47%), especially major depressive episodes (25.23%). Our data point out the crucial need of a regulation of costs with regard to the service of professional interpreters in Germany.

La perversión: ¿algo realmente intratable? / Perversion: something really intractable?

Al hablar de la perversión como estructura psíquica, serias confusiones y dogmatismos entorpecen las labores investigativas, generando perjuicios que limitan el hacer terapéutico con sujetos de dicha estructura, tanto así como para creer que la labor clínica no es posible con estos sujetos. No obstante, Freud comprobó con sus investigaciones que todos los seres humanos reprimen, y que en consecuencia nacen las diferentes estructuras psíquicas, frutos de una defensa contra la realidad, por ende, si hay represión, teniendo en cuenta la teoría psicoanalítica, hay, inevitablemente, inconsciente, y es este elemento primordial lo que se aborda en la clínica psicoanalítica; por tanto, todo el que tenga inconsciente es apto para el análisis o un encuentro terapéutico, sólo hay que tener en cuenta el deseo del paciente y la verdad que se esconde tras su queja y su síntoma. Así que, teniendo esto en cuenta, es necesario preguntar: ¿es la perversión algo realmente intratable?

When talking about perversion as a psychic structure, serious confusions and dogmatisms hinder the investigative work, generating damages that limit the work a doctor with subjects of said structure, as well as to believe that the clinical work It is not possible with these subjects. Nevertheless, Freud checked with his investigations that all human beings repress, and that consequently the different ones are bornpsychic structures, fruits of a defense against reality, therefore, if there is repression, taking into account psychoanalytic theory, there is, inevitably, unconscious, and it is this primordial element what is addressed in the psychoanalytic clinic; Therefore, everyone who have unconscious is suitable for analysis or a therapeutic encounter, you just have to take into account the patient's desire and the truth behind his complaint and his sintaking. So, with this in mind, it is necessary to ask: is perversion something really intractable?

Basics of the ascetical (christian) psychotherapy.

It is obvious that contemporary man is suffering. His sufferings often seem pointless and causeless. Modern science more and more comes to reveal and acknowledge that human sufferings have a psychosomatic basis. In some of the cases, these sufferings are noogenic neuroses. They do not originate from the psychological dimension but from the noological or spiritual one of human existence. The pointlessness of life is the basic cause for the noogenic neurosis and depression from which the humankind suffers. e. Hence, the many escapes from such experienced reality into various addictions. Possible way towards healing is to retrieve one's meaning of life, to strengthen his will to meaning. Religion has always been - and still remains - a powerful and appealing purpose that fulfills the life and being of the believers. This article demonstrates the systematization of the spiritual development of a person presented in a table of the harmony of the ascetic-hesychastic struggle, according which everyone can find his place on the ladder of spiritual development, become aware, and reconciliate the mode of personal struggle according to his spiritual development. The reconciliation of the primary function of the mind with its secondary function - the intellect, is of an essential importance. Contemporary religious psychology do not regard man merely as a biological or a psychological being. The subject matter of research is the human being as a whole, as a spiritual person that is characterized by autonomy, regarding the biological and psychological processes. The importance of understanding the spiritual level of human existence enables holistic approach and experiencing of the human personality as a whole. Furthermore, it offers new perspectives of psychotherapeutic action not only within the range of the classical psychotherapeutic modalities but also within the range of the applied Christian Psychotherapy.

Implementación de la filosofía hooponopónica modificada en el programa terapéutico para pacientes que funcionan a nivel neurótico / Using the modification of the ho´oponopono philosophy in the therapeutic program for patients with neurotic levels

Se fundamenta la implementación de la filosofía hooponopónica, modificada en el programa terapéutico de los pacientes que funcionan a nivel neurótico en el Hospital de Día de Las Tunas, lo cual responde a una de las líneas de investigación del proyecto institucional FiloArtMed. La filosofía hooponopónica de fundamento idealista, exotérico y negador de la realidad, de orígenes milenarios en Hawái, fue modificada teniendo en cuenta el significado de sus palabras claves: perdóname, gracias, lo siento, te amo, de acuerdo a los preceptos dialécticos materialistas de la Medicina y la Psicología cubanas, insertándola en el programa terapéutico integral del hospital de día para pacientes neuróticos como técnica cognitiva conductual reguladora del comportamiento, rectorizando las terapias a manera de núcleo terapéutico. Se desecharon sus preceptos acientíficos tradicionales y se incluyó, además, el ejercicio de meditación, derivado de esta filosofía, basado en el principio de la neuroplasticidad cerebral, como técnica de relajación y de limpieza mental, fungiendo como la entrada B de la psicoterapia grupal sistémica de regulación emocional (AU)

This study deals with the use of the modification of the ho´oponopono philosophy in the therapeutic program for patients with neurotic levels who were treated at Las Tunas Psychiatric Day Hospital, as a response to the research lines of the FiloArtMed institutional project. The ho´oponopono philosophy of idealistic, exoteric and reality denier basis, which has millenary Hawaiian origins was modified taking into account the meaning of its keywords (forgive me, thanks, I am sorry and I love you) according to the dialectic materialistic precepts of Cuban Medicine and Psychology. Such modification is inserted in the therapeutic program of the day hospital for neurotic patients as a regulatory cognitive- behavioral therapy, ruling the therapies as a therapeutic nucleus. The traditional unscientific precepts were rejected and the meditation exercise derived from this philosophy and based on the brain neuroplasticity principle was included as a relaxation and mental cleaning technique, acting as the B entrance to systemic group psychotherapy of emotional regulation (AU)

Psychiatry in Former Socialist Countries: Implications for North Korean Psychiatry

Very little information is available regarding psychiatry in North Korea, which is based on the legacy of Soviet psychiatry. This paper reviews the characteristics of psychiatry in former socialist countries and discusses its implications for North Korean psychiatry. Under socialism, psychiatric disorders were attributed primarily to neurophysiologic or neurobiological origins. Psychosocial or psychodynamic etiology was denied or distorted in line with the political ideology of the Communist Party. Psychiatry was primarily concerned with psychotic disorders, and this diagnostic category was sometimes applied based on political considerations. Neurotic disorders were ignored by psychiatry or were regarded as the remnants of capitalism. Several neurotic disorders characterized by high levels of somatization were considered to be neurological or physical in nature. The majority of "mental patients" were institutionalized for a long periods in large-scale psychiatric hospitals. Treatment of psychiatric disorders depended largely on a few outdated biological therapies. In former socialist countries, psychodynamic psychotherapy was not common, and psychiatric patients were likely to experience social stigma. According to North Korean doctors living in South Korea, North Korean psychiatry is heavily influenced by the aforementioned traditions of psychiatry. During the post-socialist transition, the suicide rate in many of these countries dramatically increased. Given such mental health crises in post-socialist transitional societies, the field of psychiatry may face major challenges in a future unified Korea.

Personality traits modulate neural responses to emotions expressed in music.

Music communicates and evokes emotions. The number of studies on the neural correlates of musical emotion processing is increasing but few have investigated the factors that modulate these neural activations. Previous research has shown that personality traits account for individual variability of neural responses. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how the dimensions Extraversion and Neuroticism are related to differences in brain reactivity to musical stimuli expressing the emotions happiness, sadness and fear. 12 participants (7 female, M=20.33 years) completed the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and were scanned while performing a passive listening task. Neurofunctional analyses revealed significant positive correlations between Neuroticism scores and activations in bilateral basal ganglia, insula and orbitofrontal cortex in response to music expressing happiness. Extraversion scores were marginally negatively correlated with activations in the right amygdala in response to music expressing fear. Our findings show that subjects' personality may have a predictive power in the neural correlates of musical emotion processing and should be considered in the context of experimental group homogeneity.

French neuropsychiatry in the Great War: between moral support and electricity.

In World War I, an unprecedented number of soldiers were suffering from nervous disturbances, known as war psychoneuroses. Mechanisms of commotion, emotion, and suggestion were defined in order to explain these disturbances. In France, emphasis was placed on the mechanism of suggestion, based on pithiatism, introduced by Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) before the war to highlight the concept of suggestion and its hazy border with simulation. As a result, many soldiers suffering from war neuroses became considered as simulators or malingerers who were merely attempting to escape the front. A medical-military collusion ensued with the aim of sending as many of these nervous cases back to the front as possible through the use of painful or experimental therapies. Aggressive therapies flourished including torpillage, a particularly painful form of electrotherapy developed by Clovis Vincent (1879-1947) and subsequently by Gustave Roussy (1874-1948). At the end of the war, some psychiatrists, such as Paul Sollier (1861-1933), Georges Dumas (1866-1946), and Paul Voivenel (1880-1975), developed a more psychological approach. In Great Britain, where Charles Myers (1873-1946) coined the term shell shock in 1915 to describe these cases, psychological theories were more successful. In Germany, aggressive therapies developed by Fritz Kaufmann (1875-1941) emerged in the second part of the war. In Austria, the future Nobel Prize winner Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) was accused of performing violent therapies on patients with war neuroses. These methods, which now seem barbarian or inhuman, were largely accepted at the time in the medical community and today should be judged with caution given the cultural, patriotic, and medical background of the Great War.

Neurofeedback therapy in patients with non pain syndromes of chronic and paroxysmal character-literature review and own experience.

Neurofeedback has been used in treatment of many other than pain clinical syndromes. This group includes chronic as well as paroxysmal syndromes previously treated pharmacologically. However due to non satisfactory results of this treatment introduction of non-pharmacological therapy has been examined. Observations from our 9-year experience of neurofeedback therapy used in children and adult patients with epilepsy, Asperger syndrome, depression, neurosis, personality disorders, drug addiction and other (not pain) syndromes have been presented in this paper. Positive influence of neurofeedback therapy on symptoms intensity, frequency, duration and social relations of treated patients has been confirmed by our own and other authors observations. Neurofeedback therapy has been tried by patients with other difficult life problems and has been effective in some of them. The effectiveness of the therapy has been confirmed by patients, their relatives and also by neurophysiological results. Additionally, preliminary results of neurofeedback therapy used in management of computer addiction in children and adolescents have been presented herein.

Why nature doesn't turn off neurosis.

This paper develops an integration of psychoanalytic and wisdom tradition concepts to answer the question as to why nature does not turn off neurosis, The proposed answer is that nature wants a person to exploit the neurosis for two gains, one being the increase in adaptive capacity resulting from releasing it and the second involving the difficulty in the release itself, the latter related to gains proffered by the world's wisdom traditions. These see a movement from the psyche's creation by passive, unconscious means of finite promise rooted in parental love to creation by active, consciously chosen means of unlimited promise involving a direct relationship with nature and the Cosmos.

Psychological and physiological response of students to different types of stress management programs.

PURPOSE: To design, implement, and examine the psychoneuroendocrine responses of three different types of stress management programs. DESIGN: Randomly assigned. A pre/post experimental design comparing variables between three different programs and a control group. The first program included training in deep breathing, relaxation response, meditation, and guided imagery techniques (RRGI). The second program included training in cognitive behavioral techniques (CB). The third program included both RRGI and CB (RRGICB). SETTING: The study was conducted at Buenos Aires University. SUBJECTS: Participants (N  = 52) were undergraduate students. MEASURES: Anxiety, anger, hopelessness, neuroticism, respiration rate, and salivary cortisol levels were assessed. ANALYSIS: Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to investigate differences in pre and post variables. RESULTS: Subjects in the RRGI group showed significantly lower levels of anxiety (p < .011), anger (p < .012), neuroticism (p < .01), respiratory rate (p < .002), hopelessness (p < .01), and salivary cortisol (p < .002) after the treatment. Subjects in the CB group showed significantly lower levels of anxiety (p < .018), anger (p < .037), and neuroticism (p < .03) after the treatment. Subjects in the RRGICB group showed significantly lower levels of anxiety (p < .001), anger (p < .001), neuroticism (p < .008), hopelessness (p < .01), respiratory rate (p < .001), and salivary cortisol (p < .002) after the treatment. Subjects in the control group showed only one variable modification, a significant increase in cortisol levels (p < .004). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of deep breathing, relaxation response, meditation, and guided imagery techniques with CB seems to be effective at helping people to deal with stress.

[The use of phototherapy and photochromotherapy in the combined treatment of the patients presenting with astheno-depressive syndrome and neurotic disorders].

The objective of the present clinical and psychopathological study was to estimate the influence of high-intensity white and yellow phototherapy on the clinical condition of 41 and 18 patients respectively presenting with astheno-depressive syndrome. The control group was comprised of 42 patients who were treated by standard pharmacotherapy. Clinical observations of the patients were supplemented by the evaluation of their conditions and characteristics using the Symptom Checklist-90 questionnaire, the Bekhterev Depression Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The patients of the three groups were surveyed before and within 20 days after the initiation of the treatment. It was shown that white light phototherapy considerably reduced the severity of asthenia and depression. Yellow light phototherapy proved more efficacious in the patients with asthenia and somatovegetative dysfunctions.

[Christa Kohler's "communicative psychotherapy" as an integrated psychotherapeutic concept and its biographical, scientific and historical context]. / Christa Kohlers "Kommunikative Psychotherapie"--ein integratives Psychotherapiekonzept im biografischen, wissenschaftlichen und historischen Kontext.

"Communicative psychotherapy" was developed in the 1960s by the East German psychotherapist and psychiatrist Christa Kohler (1928-2004) for the treatment of "neuroses". Similar to established present-day psychotherapeutic methods, such as cognitive behaviour therapy, it combined diverse therapeutic approaches into an integrated treatment programme. This included individual and group therapy, exercise, work and occupational therapy. In contrast to modern psychotherapeutic practice, communicative psychotherapy was based on a firm system of values, namely socialist ideals. According to this system, psychological breakdown was viewed and treated ideologically. In addition, any lack of conformity with the East German system was likewise regarded as a psychopathological deviation, which should be subjected to psychological treatment. The latter concept requires a critical analysis from a current-day perspective. For the first time, this paper concentrates on Kohler's work on neuroses and the theory and practice of her communicative psychotherapy, albeit without neglecting Kohler's other scientific works, her biographical information and her Stasi documents.

Effects of personality on use of medications, alcohol, and cigarettes during pregnancy.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to examine the role of personality in a pregnant woman's consumption of medications, cigarettes, and alcohol. METHODS: The study included 835 pregnant women in Norway who responded to an electronic questionnaire posted on websites for pregnant women. On the questionnaire, the women reported their use of medications, cigarettes, and alcohol during pregnancy. They also filled out a personality assessment questionnaire, the Big Five Inventory. RESULTS: Use of medications, alcohol, and cigarettes was significantly associated with different personality traits. Women with high scores for conscientiousness were less likely to use an over-the-counter medication such as paracetamol than other women (odds ratio (OR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.99). Women who scored high for neuroticism were four- to sixfold more likely to use prescription medications such as sedatives/anxiolytics (OR 4.07; 95% CI 1.48-11.20) or antidepressants (OR 5.73, 95% CI 2.33-14.09). Women with high scores for openness to experience were more likely to use herbal remedies (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.00-2.52). Women who continued consuming alcohol during pregnancy were more likely to score high on extraversion and low on conscientiousness than women who quit alcohol use. Scoring high on neuroticism increased the likelihood of quitting smoking during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a woman's personality traits are associated with use of medications, cigarettes, and alcohol during pregnancy. This knowledge could be of clinical importance to health care personnel providing prenatal care.

Between psychology and pedagogy: "moral orthopedics" and case studies of children in fin-de-siècle French medicine.

In the latter decades of the 19th century, European physicians debated a controversial practice that mixed placebos with suggestion therapy to treat children diagnosed with neurotic disorders and behavioral problems. Designed to optimize suggestibility in juvenile patients, this "moral orthopedics" offered parents and therapists the message that children could be saved from becoming victims of their own personalities, of familial neuroses, or even of public health problems. Case studies, published in medical journals and books, circulated accounts of innovative strategies to treat childhood hysteria and to change habits that were considered destructive. Moral orthopedics actualized the insight that suggestibility could be therapeutically productive for juvenile subjects. However, because its adherents sought to manipulate patients' behavior and health by influencing unconscious thought, moral orthopedics provoked questions of expertise and disciplinary propriety among domains of medicine, law, and philosophy. This article reconstructs the controversy surrounding moral orthopedics by examining case studies. I argue that adherents of moral orthopedics did overcome philosophical objections raised against the method, and that they did so through what physician Edgar B6rillon referred to as "education of the will."