ABSTRACT
The effects of hot-water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-treated extraction (UTE), enzyme-treated extraction (ETE) and ultrasound-enzyme treated extraction (UETE) on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activities and characteristics of Ginkgo biloba seed polysaccharides were investigated and compared in this study. Among the four extracted polysaccharides, the UETE-polysaccharide initially exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activities. The HWE-polysaccharide showed a large number of small compact spherical structures, and the UTE-polysaccharide exhibited an irregular pleated porous shape; meanwhile, the ETE-polysaccharide and UETE-polysaccharide were spongy with smooth surface topography, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four polysaccharides varied in monosaccharide composition. The HWE-polysaccharide mainly consisted of homogeneous mannose; the UETE-polysaccharide was primarily composed of mannose, rhamnose, and glucose in a molar ratio of 8.25:1.00:1.53. The HWE-polysaccharide had the largest molecular weight (4.2 × 105 Da), reduced by the order of the UETE-polysaccharide (2.02 × 104 Da), ETE-polysaccharide (1.72 × 104 Da), and UTE-polysaccharide (1.34 × 104 Da). Thus, the four extract methods exerted significant effects on the bioactivity and characteristics of the polysaccharides. The UETE-polysaccharide from G. biloba seeds showed the highest bioactive activities and distinctive structural characteristics.
Subject(s)
Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry , Ginkgo biloba/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Cell Fractionation/methods , Free Radical Scavengers/standards , Plant Extracts/standards , Polysaccharides/standards , Seeds/chemistryABSTRACT
In this report we present the results of a collaborative study for the preparation and calibration of a replacement International Standard (IS) for Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (polyribosyl ribitol phosphate; 5-d-ribitol-(1 â 1)-ß-d-ribose-3-phosphate; PRP). Two candidate preparations were evaluated. Thirteen laboratories from 9 different countries participated in the collaborative study to assess the suitability and determine the PRP content of two candidate standards. On the basis of the results from this study, Candidate 2 (NIBSC code 12/306) has been established as the 2nd WHO IS for PRP by the Expert Committee of Biological Standards of the World Health Organisation with a content of 4.904 ± 0.185mg/ampoule, as determined by the ribose assays carried out by 11 of the participating laboratories.
Subject(s)
Haemophilus influenzae type b/chemistry , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/standards , Polysaccharides/standards , World Health Organization , Bacterial Capsules/chemistry , Biological Assay/standards , Calibration , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Stability , Haemophilus Vaccines/chemistry , Haemophilus Vaccines/standards , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , International Cooperation , Laboratories/standards , Phosphorus/analysis , Polysaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/analysis , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Ribose/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish a novel pattern and method to evaluate the quality of Radix Isatis based on analysis of biothermic activity. METHODS: Chemical and biothermodynamic methods were used and compared to investigate the quality of different Radix Isatis samples. And a mathematic model was established by computer aided pattern recognition to evaluate the quality of Radix Isatis. RESULTS: The quality of Radix Isatis was partially related to the content of organic acids and polycose, but it could not be correctly recognized by both chemical determination and HPLC fingerprint. On the other hand, the mathematic model based on the main four parameters of biothermodynamic analysis was very correct (misjudgment ratio of 1.39%) to recognize the quality of Radix Isatis. CONCLUSION: The established model in this paper based on analysis of biothermic activity is more accurate and reliable than that of chemical methods to evaluate the quality of Radix Isatis.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Isatis/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Calorimetry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Models, Theoretical , Plant Roots/chemistry , Polysaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/standards , Quality Control , Reproducibility of Results , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish methods for quantitative determination of ginseng saponins, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and polysaccarides and compare the qualities of Tongrentang Red Ginseng and Korean Red Ginseng. METHOD: Macroreticular resin-colorimetric method was developed to determine ginseng saponins and a new HPLC method with gradient eluents was established for determination of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1. For ginseng polysaccharides, phenol-oil of vitriol colorimetric method was developed and some factors were also optimized. RESULT: The content of ginseng saponins in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was not lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were higher than those in Korean Red Ginseng, while Ginsenoside Re was slightly lower than that of Korean Red Ginseng. However, the amount of Ginseng Polysaccharides in Tongrentang Red Ginseng was greater than those in Korean Red Ginseng. CONCLUSION: The contents of ginseng saponins and ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 in Tongrentang Red Ginseng were not lower than that in Korean Red Ginseng. The methods for determination of ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides were quite accurate and reliable to the quality control of Ginseng.