ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are associated with both diarrhea and bacteremia. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is common in NTS in low-middle income countries, but the major source(s) of AMR NTS in humans are not known. Here, we aimed to assess the role of animals as a source of AMR in human NTS infections in Vietnam. We retrospectively combined and analyzed 672 NTS human and animal isolates from four studies in southern Vietnam and compared serovars, sequence types (ST), and AMR profiles. We generated a population structure of circulating organisms and aimed to attribute sources of AMR in NTS causing invasive and noninvasive disease in humans using Bayesian multinomial mixture models. RESULTS: Among 672 NTS isolates, 148 (22%) originated from human blood, 211 (31%) from human stool, and 313 (47%) from animal stool. The distribution of serovars, STs, and AMR profiles differed among sources; serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Weltevreden were the most common in human blood, human stool, and animals, respectively. We identified an association between the source of NTS and AMR profile; the majority of AMR isolates were isolated from human blood (p < 0.001). Modelling by ST-AMR profile found chickens and pigs were likely the major sources of AMR NTS in human blood and stool, respectively; but unsampled sources were found to be a major contributor. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial use in food animals is hypothesized to play role in the emergence of AMR in human pathogens. Our cross-sectional population-based approach suggests a significant overlap between AMR in NTS in animals and humans, but animal NTS does explain the full extent of AMR in human NTS infections in Vietnam.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Vectors , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Salmonella Infections/drug therapy , Salmonella Infections/transmission , Salmonella typhimurium/drug effects , Serogroup , Animals , Bacterial Zoonoses/epidemiology , Chickens/virology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Disease Transmission, Infectious/veterinary , Ducks/virology , Genetic Variation , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Retrospective Studies , Rodentia/virology , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Swine/virology , Vietnam/epidemiologyABSTRACT
In Europe, hantavirus disease or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is an endemic zoonosis that affects tens of thousands of individuals each year. The causative agents are viruses of the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae, rodents and insectivores act as carriers. In all European countries there is a seroprevalence for hantaviruses in the general population but not all countries report cases. Here, we give an overview of the hantavirus situation in Europe.
Subject(s)
Hantavirus Infections/epidemiology , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Animals , Disease Reservoirs , Europe/epidemiology , Orthohantavirus/isolation & purification , Orthohantavirus/pathogenicity , Hantavirus Infections/history , Hantavirus Infections/prevention & control , Hantavirus Infections/virology , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/history , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/prevention & control , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/virology , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Mice , Puumala virus/isolation & purification , Puumala virus/pathogenicity , Rats , Rodentia/virology , Zoonoses/history , Zoonoses/transmission , Zoonoses/virologyABSTRACT
Veintiun adultos, con síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus (SCPH) fueron atendidos en Temuco. El 95 por ciento adquirió la enfermedad en su lugar de trabajo altamente infestado de ratones, en la zona cordillerana andina o central. Las manifestaciones iniciales fueron fiebre y mialgias. La mitad tuvo molestias abdominales y un tercio, tos. Posteriormente (1 a 7 días), apareció subitamente insuficiencia respiratoria y/o inestabilidad hemodinámica. Todos desarrollaron edema pulmonar, 10 shock cardiogénico refractario y 6 hipotensión. Hemorragias ocurrieron en 71 por ciento. Todos tuvieron hemoconcentración y trombocitopenia y más del 95 por ciento, leucocitosis. La gran mayoría cursó con hiponatremia, alteración de pruebas de coagulación, creatinfosfoquinasa, deshidrogenasa láctica y creatininemia. La radiografía de tórax mostró infiltrados intersticiales alveolares o mixtos, con o sin derrame pleural asociado. Todos recibieron soporte cardiorrespiratorio y antibióticos. El 43 por ciento fue tratado con corticosteroides. El shock cardiogénico, el edema pulmonar y las hemorragias fueron las principales causas de muerte