ABSTRACT
Sphingomyelinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to generate ceramide, an important molecule involved in the regulation of various cellular responses. In this study, we partially purified the neutral sphingomyelinase2 (nSMase2) and identified the inhibitors, D-lyxophytosphingosine and D-arabino-phytosphingosine, which have an inhibitory effect on nSMase2 in a concentration-dependent manner. A Dixon plot of each phytosphingosines revealed their probable inhibitory pattern, i.e., apparent competitive inhibition. These compounds did not inhibit the Mg(2+)-independent neutral SMase activity, although the known nSMase2 inhibitor, GW4869, showed inhibitory effects on Mg(2+)-independent neutral SMase activity. Further, the two phytosphingosines specifically inhibited the ceramide generation regulated by nSMase2.
Subject(s)
Aniline Compounds/pharmacology , Benzylidene Compounds/pharmacology , Ceramides/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/antagonists & inhibitors , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Aniline Compounds/chemistry , Animals , Benzylidene Compounds/chemistry , Cattle , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Magnesium/metabolism , Sphingomyelins/metabolism , Sphingosine/chemistry , Sphingosine/isolation & purification , Sphingosine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Chemical investigation of the crude extract of a marine sponge Dysidea robusta led to the isolation of an inseparable mixture of saturated ceramides. These were identified from spectroscopic data as well as by hydrolysis followed by LC-MS analysis of the sphingosine moieties.
Subject(s)
Ceramides/chemistry , Dysidea/chemistry , Acetylation , Animals , Ceramides/isolation & purification , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Sphingosine/chemistry , Sphingosine/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is an ascomycete fungus known in China since antiquity, which is still being used today. A summary, showing relevant papers about this fungus, regarding habitat, history, marketing, consumption, nomenclature, pharmacological composition, culture and medical use, is presented.
Subject(s)
Cordyceps , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Animals , Cordyceps/chemistry , Cordyceps/growth & development , Cyclosporine/isolation & purification , Didanosine/isolation & purification , Drug Costs , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/economics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/history , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Fingolimod Hydrochloride , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Kidney Diseases/drug therapy , Larva/microbiology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history , Moths/microbiology , Mycology/methods , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Propylene Glycols/isolation & purification , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Sphingosine/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
From the edible mushroom, the basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris, a novel carbohydrate-homologous series of four glyco-inositol-phospho-sphingolipids, designated basidiolipids, was isolated and the constituents purified. The chemical structures of the basidiolipids were elucidated to be: Manpbeta1-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide, Galpalpha-6[Fucpalpha-2]Galpbeta-6Manpbeta-2i nositol1-phospho-ceramide, Galpalpha-6Galpalpha-6[Fucpalpha-2]Galpbeta- 6Manpbeta-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide and Galpalpha-6Galpalpha-6Galpalpha-6[Fucpalpha-2] Galpbeta-6Manpbeta-2ino sitol1-phospho-ceramide. All four glycolipids contained a ceramide which was composed of phytosphingosine and predominantly alpha-hydroxy-behenic and alpha-hydroxy-lignoceric acid.