The Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Athletes maintain a balance between stress and recovery and adopt recovery modalities that manage fatigue and enhance recovery and performance. Optimal TST is subject to individual variance. However, 7-9 h sleep is recommended for adults, while elite athletes may require more quality sleep than non-athletes. METHODS: A total of 338 (elite n = 115, 74 males and 41 females, aged 23.44 ± 4.91 years; and sub-elite n = 223, 129 males and 94 females aged 25.71 ± 6.27) athletes were recruited from a variety of team and individual sports to complete a battery of previously validated and reliable widely used questionnaires assessing sleep, recovery and nutritional practices. RESULTS: Poor sleep was reported by both the elite and sub-elite athlete groups (i.e., global PSQI score ≥5-elite 64% [n = 74]; sub-elite 65% [n = 146]) and there was a significant difference in sport-specific recovery practices (3.22 ± 0.90 vs. 2.91 ± 0.90; p < 0.001). Relatively high levels of fatigue (2.52 ± 1.32), stress (1.7 ± 1.31) and pain (50%, n = 169) were reported in both groups. A range of supplements were used regularly by athletes in both groups; indeed, whey (elite n = 22 and sub-elite n = 48) was the most commonly used recovery supplement in both groups. Higher alcohol consumption was observed in the sub-elite athletes (12%, n = 26) and they tended to consume more units of alcohol per drinking bout. CONCLUSION: There is a need for athletes to receive individualised support and education regarding their sleep and recovery practices.

Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences.

Sports supplements are commonly used by elite athletes with the main goal of enhancing sport performance. Supplements use might be substantially different depending on the sport discipline, sex, and competitive level. To date, data about prevalence and the most-commonly used supplements in handball are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine the patterns of supplements use by handball players of both sexes and with different competitive levels: One hundred and eighty-seven handball players (112 men and 75 women) of different competitive levels (106 professional and 81 amateur) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire about supplements use. Supplements were classified according to the categorization of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Overall, 59.9% of the handball players (n = 112) declared the use of at least one supplement and there were no significant differences between men and women (58.9% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.762) nor between professional vs. amateur handball players (67.1% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.074). The most prevalent supplements were sports drinks (42.2%), followed by energy bars (35.3%) and caffeine-containing products (31.6%). However, a greater consumption of group A supplements (those with strong scientific evidence; p = 0.029) and group B supplements (those with emerging scientific support, p = 0.012) was observed in male compared to female handball players. Supplements categorized as medical supplements were more commonly consumed in professional vs. amateur players (0.48 ± 0.80 vs. 0.21 ± 0.44, supplements p < 0.006). Additionally, a higher consumption of group B supplements was observed in professional compared to amateur players (0.58 ± 0.88 vs. 0.33 ± 0.72 supplements, p = 0.015). Handball players revealed a moderate use of supplements while sex and competitive level slighted changed the pattern of supplements use. A high portion of handball players use supplements as fuel during exercise and reported the use of caffeine-containing supplements to enhance performance.

Artes marciais mistas e a apresentação corporal de lutadoras no instagram / Mixed martial arts and the body presentation of fighters in the instagram

RESUMO Objetivamos explorar a interpretação de imagens de lutadoras de artes marciais mistas (MMA) postadas no Instagram. Nos apoiamos nos debates pós-estruturalistas, especialmente aqueles que tratam do corpo e gênero. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos dois grupos focais com estudantes universitários(as), um constituído por mulheres e outro por homens. A partir de uma análise de conteúdo, quatro categorias discursivas emergiram das interações grupais. Evidenciamos a permanência de estereótipos usuais sobre a participação da mulher no esporte, com o olhar dos homens tendencioso para a objetivação do corpo das lutadoras. As mulheres mostraram-se mais sensíveis às feminilidades plurais. A tendência de comparação entre atletas masculinos e femininos foi observada em ambos os grupos. Constata-se que a autoapresentação das lutadoras negocia, em certa medida, com a inconformidade de uma feminilidade hegemônica no espaço do Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

ABSTRACT We aim to explore the interpretation of images of mixed martial arts fighters (MMA) posted on Instagram. We rely on poststructuralist debates, especially those dealing with body and gender. For data collection, we used two focus groups with college students, one made up of women and the other of men. From a content analysis, four discursive categories emerged from group interactions. We highlighted the permanence of the usual stereotypes about women's participation in sport, looking at how men have biases due to the objectification of the fighters' bodies. Women were more sensitive to plural femininities. The trend of comparison between male and female athletes was observed in both groups. The debate about the plural femininity was accepted, to some extent by the groups but other opinions also existed showing some resistance to the self-representation of the fighters regarding the non-conformity of hegemonic femininity in the UFC space.

Tactical and technical performance analysis of the male 65 kg category at the brazilian shotokan karate championship / Análise do desempenho técnico-tático durante o campeonato brasileiro de karatê shotokan

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to identify the most used techniques by medalists and defeated athletes during the Brazilian Shotokan Karate Championship of 2017. Eleven fights involving thirteen athletes (28.5±3.7yrs.) who competed in the category "up to 65 Kg 1st KYU" were investigated. Analysis were conducted by six specialists through the observation and register technique using the tactical and technical spreadsheet Scout Karate. The Anova test was used to compare actions and techniques mostly used. The Chi-square test for independent samples was used to verify the existence of significant differences among the techniques used by the winning and defeated athletes (p<0.05). Results show that the most frequent attack during fights was the "Mawashi geri", 26.3±1.5 times, followed by "Gyaku zuki" with 19.5±2.0 times (p<0.01). The most visualized tactical action during combats was the attack with 47.5±5.5 times (p<0.01). "Mawashi geri" was the mostly used attack (p=0.01) performed by winners (71.4%) when compared with the defeated athletes (28.6%). The results indicate that the "Mawashi geri" attack was the most assertive decision used in the category "up to 65 Kg 1st KYU".

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as técnicas mais utilizadas por medalhistas e atletas derrotados durante o Campeonato Brasileiro de Karatê Shotokan de 2017. Onze lutas envolvendo treze atletas com 28.5 ± 3.7 anos que disputaram a categoria 1º. KYU até 65 kg foram investigados. A análise foi realizada por seis especialistas por meio da observação e registro de técnicas utilizando planilha tática e técnica de Scout de Karatê. O teste Anova foi utilizado para comparar as ações e técnicas mais utilizadas. O teste do qui-quadrado para amostras independentes foi utilizado para verificar a existência de diferenças significativas entre as técnicas utilizadas pelos atletas vencedores e derrotados (p<0.05). Os resultados mostram que o ataque mais frequente durante as lutas foi "Mawashi geri", 26.3 ± 1.5 vezes, seguido de "Gyaku zuki" com 19.5 ± 2.0 vezes (p<0.01). A ação tática mais visualizada durante os combates foi o ataque com 47.5 ± 5.5 vezes (p<0.01). "Mawashi geri" foi o ataque mais usado (p=0.01) pelos vencedores 71.4% quando comparado com os atletas derrotados 28.6%. Em conclusão o ataque "Mawashi geri" foi a decisão mais assertiva usada na categoria até 65 Kg.

Dietary supplements, drugs and doping in the sport society.

Consumption of supplements and the use/abuse of drugs to support athletic performance is increasingly growing. The aim of this paper is to approach the phenomenon by providing a tool to develop critical awareness of these problems. By reviewing scientific articles, we collected information on the use of licit and illicit substances among professional and non-professional athletes, showing a widespread scenario also based on false myths. The use of supplements, drugs and doping substances represents a complex and still debated issue, that deserves greater consideration among both sportsmen and health operators. A more critical and informed approach to these topics can support empowerment and a conscious use of drugs by respecting eating habits, own health and healthy lifestyles.

Adverse Effects of Common Sports and Recreational Activities on Male Reproduction.

CONTEXT: Male factor infertility plays a significant role in infertility. Many factors have been associated with male infertility; however, the link between many sports and recreational factors and male reproduction remains poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current literature regarding the impact of many common sports and recreational factors on male reproduction. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive PubMed and Embase search for relevant articles published between 1970 and 2017 was performed by combining the following search terms: male, sports (including individual sports), traumatic brain injury, sauna, hot tub, fertility, erectile dysfunction, varicocele, environment, cell phone, and laptop computer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction can be associated with sports with high rates of head injuries, such as American football. Although early reports linked other sports, such as bicycling, to erectile dysfunction, subsequent studies isolated these associations to sports cycling rather than recreational cycling. Certain sports (football, basketball, handball, and volleyball) were linked to increasing prevalence and severity of varicocele, offering a potential link to male infertility. In addition, recreational activities such as sauna, hot tubs, Jacuzzis, heated car seats, and laptop use were associated with high testicular temperature, which can impair spermatogenesis. Radio frequency electromagnetic waves from cell phones and laptops have also been shown to have deleterious effects on sperm viability and motility. CONCLUSIONS: Many common sports and daily activities represent potential sources of male infertility. Clinicians should be aware of these associations in explaining idiopathic infertility in males. PATIENT SUMMARY: Male infertility is an often overlooked component of a couple's inability to conceive. We outline many common and often overlooked sports and recreational exposures that have been associated with male infertility.

Sport Psychology for the Soldier Athlete: A Paradigm Shift.

Background: Competitive athletes train body and mind in preparation for competition with mental fortitude often providing the "winning edge." Similarly, the current-day warfighter faces significant physical and psychological challenges and must be prepared to respond to life-threatening danger with mental and physical agility. Sport Psychology for the Soldier Athlete recognizes the soldier as an elite athlete and provides training required to perform at the highest caliber. Through this curriculum, mental skills coaching in goal setting, imagery, positive self-talk, and heart rate control is integrated into routine physical fitness training. These skills commonly used by professional and Olympic athletes for optimal performance provide soldiers with the ability to manage every day military stressors. Sport Psychology for the Soldier Athlete supports GEN Milley's top priority of readiness and decreases the cost of Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) failures. Procedures: Soldiers from a large military treatment facility participated in a 6-wk sport psychology mental skills training program led by an Army occupational therapist. The training that was integrated into regularly scheduled physical training consisted of 10 min of physical readiness training, 10 min of mental skills coaching followed by push-up, sit-up, and running drills focusing on the mental skills learned. Semi-annual APFT scores following the sport psychology training were compared with the five previous semi-APFT scores for the same company using analysis of variance. Findings: Results comparing company APFT scores to the previous five semi-annual tests showed statistical significance of 0.001 with the intervention group achieving an average 13- to 14-point improvement. Post-training survey showed 91% of participants recognizing the benefit of these "life skills" in other Army tasks such as weapons qualification, combat medic tasks, and career planning. Soldiers acknowledged this curriculum as quality hands-on training with the suggestion for further development. Discussion: A proactive approach to incorporating mental skills training into the military culture, Sport Psychology for the Soldier Athlete, is in direct alignment with The Army Human Dimension Strategy of developing mental and physical proficiency. This paradigm shift is both timely and necessary for answering readiness and resilience needs of U.S troops and provides additional tools for attaining optimal physical and mental endurance.

Nutritional supplement practices of professional Ugandan athletes: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The use of nutritional supplements (NS) places athletes at great risk for inadvertent doping. Due to the paucity of data on supplement use, this study aimed to determine the proportion of Ugandan athletes using nutritional supplements and to investigate the athletes' motivation to use these supplements. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which an interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 359 professional athletes participating in individual (boxing, cycling, athletics) and team (basketball, rugby, football, netball, and volleyball) sports. The data were categorized, and a Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 359 athletes, 48 (13.4%) used nutritional supplements. Carbohydrate supplements, energy drinks, vitamin and mineral supplements, fish oils, and protein supplements were the most common supplements used by athletes. NS use was significantly more common among athletes who played rugby and basketball (X2 = 61.101, p < 0.0001), athletes who had played the sport for 5-10 years (X2 = 7.460, p = 0.024), and athletes who had attained a tertiary education (X2 = 33.377, p < 0.0001). The athletes' occupation had no bearing on whether they used supplements. Nutritionists/dieticians, retail stores and pharmacies were the most common sources of NS products, whereas health practitioners, online media and teammates were the most common sources of information regarding NS. Most athletes used NS to improve their physical performance and health. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to NS use by athletes elsewhere, NS use among Ugandan athletes was low. However, determinants of athlete NS use in the current study (category of sport and duration of time spent playing the sport) are similar to those reported elsewhere.

Efectos de la estimulación interfibrilar contrairritante musculoesquelética en epicondilalgias de jugadores de pádel amateurs. Estudio piloto / Effects of the musculoskeletal interfibrillar counterirritattion stimulation technique on amateur paddle-tennis players’ epicondylalgia. Pilot study

Objetivo: Analizar la eficacia de la técnica de estimulación interfibrilar contrairritante musculoesquelética en jugadores de deportes de raqueta con epicondilalgia y puntos gatillo miofasciales (PGM) activos. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio piloto diseñado como ensayo clínico (prospectivo) aleatorizado a doble ciego. Se contó con jugadores de pala o raqueta que cumplían los siguientes criterios de inclusión: tener una edad comprendida entre 18 y 60 años (ambos incluidos), tener dolor en la zona del epicóndilo lateral y tener un PGM activo central en la musculatura epicondílea. La muestra fue de 68 sujetos, de los cuales 61 completaron el estudio; 30 del grupo intervención (aplicación de la técnica) y 31 del grupo control (aplicación de un vendaje simple). La variable principal fue la algometría (umbral de dolor a la presión sobre el PGM) y las secundarias fueron la escala analógica visual (EVA 0-10) y el Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation. Resultados: Los valores de algometría y los valores de EVA muestran que hubo una disminución del dolor en ambos grupos, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos. La comparación de los porcentajes iniciales y finales EVA≥4 tampoco muestra diferencias entre grupos, pero la comparación antes/después de ambos grupos es estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La técnica de estimulación interfibrilar contrairritante musculoesquelética, aplicada en PGM centrales de la musculatura epicondílea en sujetos con epicondilalgia que practican deportes de raqueta/pala, no parece ser más efectiva que la aplicación de un vendaje simple sobre la zona

Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of the musculoskeletal interfibrillar counterirritattion stimulation technique (MICS) in racquet sports players with epicondylalgia and active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). Material and methods: This is a pilot study designed as double-blind randomized clinical trial (prospective). It featured paddle or racquet sport players who met the following inclusion criteria: to be aged between 18 and 60 (inclusive), to have pain in the lateral epicondyle and to have a central active MTrP in the epicondylar musculature. The sample consisted of 68 subjects, of whom 61 completed the study; divided into 30 for the Intervention group (technique application) and 31 for the Control group (simple bandage). The primary variable was algometry (pain threshold to pressure on the MTrPs) and secondary variables were the VAS (visual analogue scale, 0-10) and the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation. Results: Algometry values and VAS values show that there was a decrease in pain in both groups, but no statistically significant differences between them. The comparison of the initial and final percentages VAS≥4 also do not show differences between groups, but improvement of both groups is statistically significant (P<.05). Conclusions: The musculoskeletal interfibrillar counterirritattion stimulation technique applied in the central MTrPs of epicondylar muscles in subjects with epicondylalgia who play racquet sports/paddle does not seem to be more effective than the application of a simple bandage over the area

[Self-medication with vitamins, minerals and food supplements in Germany : Results of nationwide health surveys]. / Selbstmedikation mit Vitaminen, Mineralstoffen und Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln in Deutschland : Ergebnisse bundesweiter Gesundheitssurveys.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vitamins, minerals and food supplements (FSs) are often used without medical prescription. Valid data on the magnitude of use are rare in Germany. The aim of the present analysis is to describe the prevalence and trends of self-medication and the associations between health-related factors and self-medication with these substances. METHODS: The data base consisted of the results of nationwide health surveys (GNHIES98: 1997-1999 and DEGS1: 2008-2001) in which adults aged 18-79 years were interviewed on health-related themes and were examined. The use of drugs and FSs was recorded in standardized personal interviews. Data of 7099 (GNHIES98) and 7091 (DEGS1) individuals were available for analysis. The dependent variable was self-medication with vitamins, minerals and FS. Analysis was conducted in SPSS Version 20 with the complex sample method. Statistical significance was tested with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and verified via p-values. RESULTS: Of all DEGS1 participants, 18.1% (95% CI: 17.0-19.2%) consumed vitamins, minerals and FSs in self-medication. Significantly higher prevalence was found among women, older people (60-79 years), those with a higher social status, people living alone, ex- and non-smokers, and those doing more sports. In comparison to the GNHIES98 study the prevalence in DEGS1 has increased by about 6 percentage points (5.8 percentage points, 95% CI 4.1-7.5%, p < 0.001). This increase remained significant when socio-demographic and health-relevant factors were considered simultaneously (odds ratio (OR): 1.49, 95% CI 1.27-1.75). CONCLUSION: In Germany self-medication with vitamins, minerals or FSs shows a high user prevalence which has increased significantly over time. In light of potential interactions with prescribed medicines the results show the importance of ascertaining self-medication with vitamins, minerals and FSs in medical practice.

A prospective evaluation of first people's health promotion program design in the goulburn-murray rivers region.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations (ACCOs) provide community-focussed and culturally safe services for First Peoples in Australia, including crisis intervention and health promotion activities, in a holistic manner. The ecological model of health promotion goes some way towards describing the complexity of such health programs. The aims of this project were to: 1) identify the aims and purpose of existing health promotion programs conducted by an alliance of ACCOs in northern Victoria, Australia; and 2) evaluate the extent to which these programs are consistent with an ecological model of health promotion, addressing both individual and environmental determinants of health. METHODS: The project arose from a long history of collaborative research. Three ACCOs and a university formed the Health Promotion Alliance to evaluate their health promotion programs. Local community members were trained in, and contributed to developing culturally sensitive methods for, data collection. Information on the aims and design of 88 health promotion activities making up 12 different programs across the ACCOs was systematically and prospectively collected. RESULTS: There was a wide range of activities addressing environmental and social determinants of health, as well as physical activity, nutrition and weight loss. The design of the great majority of activities had a minimal Western influence and were designed within a local Aboriginal cultural framework. The most common focus of the activities was social connectedness (76 %). Physical activity was represented in two thirds of the activities, and nutrition, weight loss and culture were each a focus of about half of the activities. A modified coding procedure designed to assess the ecological nature of these programs showed that they recruited from multiple settings; targeted a range of individual, social and environmental determinants; and used numerous and innovative strategies to achieve change. CONCLUSION: First Peoples' health promotion in the Goulburn-Murray Rivers region encompasses a broad range of social, cultural, lifestyle and community development activities, including reclaiming and strengthening cultural identity and social connectedness as a response to colonisation.

Conmoción cerebral en el karate deportivo: disminución en la frecuencia en los campeonatos mundiales de karate / Cerebral concussion in sport karate: decrease in the frequency in world karate championships

Objetivo: presentar la reducción progresiva en la frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales en los Campeonatos Mundiales de Karate, a partir de los cambios en el reglamento de la Federación Mundial de Karate (FMK). Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de las conmociones cerebrales ocurridas en los campeonatos del mundo de Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokio (2008), Belgrado (2010) y París (2012). Resultados: La frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales, definidas según la Conferencia Internacional de Conmoción en el Deporte (Viena 2001, Praga 2004, Zurich 2008 y 2012) ha disminuido progresivamente en los Campeonatos del Mundo de Karate: una conmoción cada 230 combates en Madrid, una cada 196 en Monterrey, una cada 99 en Tampere, una cada 612 en Tokio, una cada 512 en Belgrado, y una cada 1.140 en París. Discusión y Conclusión: El uso de protecciones, la aplicación rigurosa del reglamento del karate deportivo y la educación continua en la prevención de lesiones de los competidores, técnicos y árbitros, ha disminuido la frecuencia de conmocionescerebrales en los Campeonatos del Mundo, haciendo del karate deportivo una disciplina más segura, cumpliendo con los principios del Olimpismo.

Objective: to present the progressive reduction of the frequency of cerebral concussion in the World Karate Championships, due to the changes in the Rules and Regulations of the World Karate Federation (WKF). Material and Method: Prospective study of the brain concussions occurred in the World Championships of Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokyo (2008), Belgrade (2010) and Paris (2012). Results: The frequency of brain concussion, defined by the International Conference of Sports Concussion (Vienne 2001, Prague 2004, Zurich 2008 and 2012) has progressively diminished in the World Karate Championships: one concussion each 230 bouts in Madrid, one each 196 in Monterrey, one each 99 in Tampere, one each 612 in Tokyo, one each 512 in Belgrade, and one each 1,140 in Paris. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of protections, the rigorous enforcement of the Rules and Regulations of the Sports Karate and the continuous education inthe prevention of injury of athletes, technicians and referees, has diminished the frequency of brain concussion in the World Championships, making Karate a much safer sport, achieving Olympic principles.

La cafeína y su efecto ergogénico en el deporte (primera parte) / Caffeine and its ergogenic effect in sport (first part)

Los efectos de la cafeína sobre el organismo humano han sido estudiados desde hace tiempo y, a día de hoy, ya conocemos gran parte de sus características. En el mundo del deporte, la cafeína es una de las ayudas ergogénicas más populares y empleadas por entrenadores y atletas. Debido a su importancia, en este trabajo nos hemos propuesto el objetivo de analizar los efectos ergogénicos de la cafeína sobre el rendimiento deportivo y todo lo que rodea a esta acción, a través de una revisión de la literatura científica más actual. Hemos seleccionado aquellos estudios que incluyeran sujetos bien entrenados realizando una actividad física que reflejara las actuales prácticas en el deporte, prestando mucha atención a la metodología empleada, esto es la dosis, el momento y la forma de administración de la cafeína, para conseguir alcanzar nuestra meta de constituir una guía actualizada sobre todo lo que rodea a la cafeína como ayuda ergogénica en el deporte. Los resultados obtenidos nos han mostrado una gran variedad de estudios que han investigado acerca de la cafeína y el ejercicio físico siguiendo diferentes metodologías, lo que provoca una imposibilidad de generalizar sobre el asunto. Sin embargo, hemos podido extraer valiosas conclusiones como la clara tendencia hacia la efectividad de la cafeína como ayuda ergogénica en situaciones determinadas, nuevos hallazgos que tienen que ver con el uso de la cafeína en días consecutivos de actividad física, el mejor momento del día para el consumo de la sustancia o la administración estratégica de cafeína para contrarrestar la falta de sueño, y hacia dónde se dirigen las últimas tendencias en investigación dentro de la materia

The effects of caffeine on the human body have been studied for some time and much is now known about its characteristics. In the sports world, caffeine is one of the most popular ergogenic aids and is widely used by coaches and athletes. Given its importance, in this paper we analyze the ergogenic effects of caffeine on athletic performance and related actions, through a review of the latest scientific literature. We selected studies that included well-trained subjects performing a physical activity that reflects current practices in sport. Close attention was given to the methodology used, including the dose, timing and administration method of the caffeine, with the aim of establishing an updated guide to caffeine as an ergogenic aid in sport. The results show there are a variety of studies that have investigated the effects of caffeine on exercise using different methodologies, making it impossible to reach a general assumption. Nevertheless, we are able to draw valuable conclusions including the clear trend towards the effectiveness of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in certain situations, new findings that deal with the use of caffeine on consecutive days of physical activity, the best time of day to take the substance, the strategic management of caffeine to counteract sleep deprivation, and in what direction the latest research trends in this field are moving

Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes / Factores asociados con la suplementación de la dieta entre los atletas brasileños

Background: Many factors can influence an athlete to consume dietary supplements, such as age, sex and sports, among others. Few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors are available for athletes, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 182 athletes of both sexes. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports information, current consumption of supplements, consumption of pharmacological substances and information on body image disorder (Body Shape Questionnaire) and muscle dysmorphia (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). Analyses were performed using Pearson’s Chi-squared test, the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: In the bivariate analysis, the male gender, age between 25-29 years, engaging in a remunerated activity, consumption of pharmacological substances, body image disorder, risk of muscle dysmorphia, power modality athletes and lack of medical care were factors associated with supplement intake. After the regression analysis, the consumption of supplements was associated with the male gender (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01; 2.78; p = 0.044), use of pharmacological substances (PR: 1.77; 95 %: 1.37; 2.27; p < 0.001) and the risk of muscle dysmorphia (PR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37; 2.23; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this research clearly demonstrate the importance of professionals working closely with athletes to continuously monitor their use of supplements, since it was an alimentary behavior associated with other risk behavior (pharmacological use) as well as image disorders (muscle dysmorphia) (AU)

Introducción: muchos factores, tales como edad, sexo, deporte, entre otros, llevan al atleta a consumir suplementos alimenticios. Existen pocos estudios sobre prevalencia y factores asociados en atletas, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos alimenticios entre atletas brasileños. Material y métodos: se trata de un estudio de corte transversal realizado con 182 atletas de ambos sexos. Los atletas respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía información sociodemográfica y deportiva, consumo actual de suplementos, consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, y también sobre distorsión de la imagen corporal (BSQ) y dismorfia muscular (MASS). Resultados: en el análisis bivariado, el sexo masculino, la edad entre 25 a 29 años, ejercer actividad remunerada, el consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, la distorsión de la imagen corporal, el riesgo de dismorfia muscular, la modalidad de fuerza y la ausencia de asistencia médica fueron los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos. Después del análisis de regresión, el consumo de suplementos fue asociado al sexo masculino (RPA: 1,68; IC 95%: 1,01; 2,78; p = 0,044), consumo de sustancias farmacológicas (RPA: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,27; p < 0,001) y riesgo de dismorfia muscular (RPA: 1,75; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,23; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio mostraron claramente la importancia de los profesionales que trabajan junto a los atletas para monitorizar continuamente el uso de suplementos, puesto que se trataba de un comportamiento alimentario asociado a otros comportamientos de riesgo (uso farmacológico) o a trastornos de la imagen (dismorfia muscular) (AU)

Explorando el uso de suplementos nutricionales por deportistas peruanos: un estudio piloto en lima, Perú, 2015 / Exploring the use of nutritional supplements by Peruvian athletes: a study pilot (Lima, Peru, 2015)

No disponible

Urinary incontinence and other pelvic floor dysfunctions in female athletes in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

The pelvic floor (PF) provides support to all pelvic organs, as well as appropriately closure/opening mechanism of the urethra, vagina, and anus. Therefore, it is likely that female athletes involved in high-impact and in strong-effort activities are at risk for the occurrence of urinary incontinence (UI). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of UI and other PF dysfunctions (PFD) [anal incontinence (AI), symptoms of constipation, dyspareunia, vaginal laxity, and pelvic organ prolapse] in 67 amateur athletes (AT) compared with a group 96 of nonathletes (NAT). An ad hoc survey based on questions from reliable and valid instruments was developed to investigate the occurrence of PFD symptoms. The risk of UI was higher in AT group (odds ratio: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.50-5.61), mostly among artistic gymnastics and trampoline, followed by swimming and judo athletes. Whereas, AT group reported less straining to evacuate (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.22-0.96), manual assistance to defecate (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05-1.12), and a higher stool frequency (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.13-0.64) than NAT group. The occurrence of loss of gas and sexual symptoms was high for both groups when compared with literature, although with no statistical difference between them. Pelvic organ prolapse was only reported by nonathletes. Athletes are at higher risk to develop UI, loss of gas, and sexual dysfunctions, either practicing high-impact or strong-effort activities. Thus, pelvic floor must be considered as an entity and addressed as well. Also, women involved in long-term high-impact and strengthening sports should be advised of the impact of such activities on pelvic floor function and offered preventive PFD strategies as well.

Detección de regularidades en taekwondo de alto nível / Regularities detection in high level of taekwondo

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las acciones del combate de taekwondo de alto nivel masculino en las 8 categorías de peso oficiales (Minimosca: 84kg) en competición. Se diseñó un instrumento de observación ad hoc vinculado a un nuevo instrumento de registro (Drewtina 23), que analizaba las acciones realizadas en los combates. Los criterios de estudio fueron: el tipo de acción ofensiva y acciones defensivas, las acciones técnicas y los asaltos del combate. La observación se realizó en las finales de 6 campeonatos y copas del mundo del 2000 al 2008, con un total de 48 combates de 71 taekwondistas. Para el análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se utilizó el programa PASW Statistics para Windows, y para el análisis de retardos el SDIS-GSEQ. Los resultados revelan que las acciones ofensivas tienen una mayor frecuencia que las defensivas, siendo el contraataque la ofensiva más utilizada. El peso Medio es el que más ofensivas realiza y el Superligero el que más defensivas. La media de acciones por asalto y combate es más alta en el tercer asalto. Más del 95fi de las veces los combates se resuelven al finalizar el tercer asalto. El análisis secuencial de retardos muestra que las acciones ofensivas actúan como favorecedoras de las acciones eficaces y las defensivas como inhibidoras. La ventaja en el marcador actúa como inhibidora de las acciones ofensivas y excitadora de las defensivas en todas las categorías de peso (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the actions of male taekwondo combat at high levels in the 8 oficial weight classes (Mini Jyweight: 84kg) in competition. An observation instrument was designed ad hoc, binded to a new recording instrument (Drewtina 23), which analyzed the actions taken out in combat. the study criteria were: the kind of offensive and defensive actions, technical actions and combat assaults. the observation was carried out at the finals of 6 championships and world cups from 2000 to 2008, for a total of 48 combats, involving 71 fighters. For the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, PASW Statistics for Windows was used, and for the lag sequential analysis, SDIS-GSEQ was used. the results show that the offensive actions are more frequent than defensive ones, since counter-attack is the most utilized technique. the Middleweight class is characterized by the highest number of offensive actions, while the Superlightweight class is characterized by the highest number of defensive ones. the mean of actions for assault and combat is higher during the third time. More than 95fi of the times, the fights are resolved at the end of the third time. the lag sequential analysis show that offensive actions act in favor of effective actions, while defensive actions act as inhibitors. the advantage in the scoreboard acts as inhibitor of the offensive actions and excitator of defensive actions in all weight classes (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as ações de combate de taekwondo masculino de elite relativamente às 8 categorías oficiais de peso (Minimosca: 84kg) em contexto de competição. Um instrumento de observação ad hoc, vinculado a um instrumento de registo inovador (Drewtina 23), foi utilizado para observar as ações realizadas nas finais dos campeonatos do mundo de taekwondo entre 2000 e 2008, perfazendo um total de 48 combates de 71 taekwondistas. Realizaram-se as análises estatística descritiva e inferencial através do programa PASW Statistics para Windows, enquanto que o programa SDIS-GSEQ foi utilizado para a análise sequencial de retardos. Os resultados revelam que as ações ofensivas, em particular a de contra-ataque, apresentam maior frequência do que as defensivas. Os taekwondistas de peso Médio são os que mais ações ofensivas realizam, sendo a categoria Superligeiro a que mais ações defensivas envolve. A média de ações por assalto e por combate é maior no 3º assalto, sendo que mais de 95fi dos combates terminam neste assalto. A análise sequencial de retardos mostra que as ações ofensivas favorecem as ações eficazes, enquanto que as ações defensivas as inibem. A vantagem no resultado, em todas as categorias de peso, inibe as ações ofensivas e estimula as defensivas (AU)

Análisis técnico-táctico en Taekwondo con coordenadas polares a través del software HOISAN / Technical-tactical analysis in Taekwondo with polar coordinates through software HOISAN

Se lleva a cabo un análisis de coordenadas polares en Taekwondo de las acciones realizadas por los hombres finalistas y semifinalistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012. Para este análisis, se consideraron como categorías focales las acciones relativas a la efectividad de uno, dos y tres puntos, y como categorías condicionadas variables técnico-tácticas para establecer las diferentes relaciones entre las diversas categorías relacionadas con el comportamiento técnico-táctico de los deportistas y la consecución de punto/s. Los resultados mostraron una relación, de excitación en las perspectivas retrospectiva y prospectiva, entre las conductas CAN (Acción de contraataque), CIR (Pierna de golpeo dirigida hacia el oponente) e IZQ (Golpeo realizado con la pierna izquierda) con respecto a la conducta focal EF1, mientras que las conductas GIR (Acción realizada con un giro previo) y ABI (la pierna delantera de ambos oponentes es diferente) lo están con la EF2; sugiriéndose así el entrenamiento de las citadas acciones con vistas a la consecución de dicha puntuación. Este estudio ha permitido comparar las relaciones que se establecen en la utilización de estrategias de interacción en el deporte de taekwondo. El análisis se ha realizado utilizando el software de observación HOISAN que ha permitido solventar las dificultades planteadas anteriormente en la realización y uso de esta técnica (AU)

The aim of the current research was to provide a novel perspective on the understanding of the actions performed in Taekwondo, to do this, the actions performed by the men finalists and semifinalists in the Olympic Games in London 2012 were analyzed. Based on a taxonomic and methodologically validated system, analysis of polar coordinates was performed using the genuine analytical technique. fiis technique allows us to know the relationship between the focal category and various conditional categories, in addition to build different behavioral maps. To perform the mentioned analysis, were chosen as focal categories those actions relating to the effectiveness of one, two and three points while as conditional categories were chosen technical and tactical variables. fiis innovative technique of analysis was implemented by using the observation software HOISAN. fie software allows to remove the difficulties previously raised when using this technique (AU)

Com o objetivo de compreender as ações realizadas no Taekwondo analisaram-se as ações dos atletas masculinos finalistas e semifinalistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012, com recurso à análise de coordenadas polares. Para esta análise, consideraram-se como categorías focais as ações relativas à obtenção de um, dois e três pontos, e como categorías condicionadas as variáveis técnico-táticas, de modo a estabelecer as diferentes relações entre as diversas categorías relacionadas com o comportamento técnico-tático dos desportistas e o alcançar de ponto(s). Os resultados mostraram uma relação excitatória nas perspetivas retrospetiva e prospetiva, entre as condutas CAN (Ação de contra-ataque), CIR (pontapé circular) e IZQ (pontapé realizado com a perna esquerda) no que respeita à conduta focal EF1, enquanto que as condutas GIR (Ação realizada com uma rotação prévia) e ABI (a perna adiantada dos dois adversarios é diferente) mostraram a mesma relação excitatória no que respeita à conduta EF2; sugere-se assim o treino das citadas ações com vista à obtenção da pontuação mencionada. Este estudo permitiu comparar as relações que se estabelecem na utilização de estratégias de interação no Taekwondo. A análise realizou-se com recurso ao software de observação HOISAN que permitiu superar as dificuldades colocadas anteriormente na realização e uso desta técnica (AU)

Drug misuse in sport: a New Zealand perspective.

AIMS: Drug misuse in elite sport is a world-wide phenomenon. This article explores the culture of contemporary sport, provides estimates of doping prevalence, discusses dietary supplementation and highlights major factors influencing high-performance athletes and their support personnel. The aim is to stimulate discussion, informed by the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC), which is particularly relevant to doctors caring for athletes. METHODS: Online databases were searched for relevant peer-reviewed research from 2009 to 2015. Comparative New Zealand data have been included. RESULTS: Estimates of the prevalence of sports doping range from less than 1% to as high as 52%, dependent upon the demographics of the identified cohort. The culture of elite sport, personal stressors, competitive demands, financial reward and the influence of an 'entourage' of support personnel were identified as critical determinants of drug misuse. CONCLUSIONS: The culture of elite contemporary sport is seductive to many aspiring young athletes. To combat drug misuse, effective education should embody moral, ethical and clinical dangers, recognising the importance of support at times of increased athlete vulnerability. Inadvertent doping from product contamination is a recognised risk of unsupervised dietary supplementation. Doctors responsible for the care of high-performance athletes must be cognisant of these issues and the provisions of the WADC.

Susceptibility to eating disorders among collegiate female student-athletes.

CONTEXT: Research has suggested that the prevalence of young women with eating disorders (EDs) is increasing, but determining the exact prevalence of EDs within the female student-athlete (FS-A) population is difficult. Looking at certain traits may help us to identify their level of susceptibility to developing an ED. OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of FS-As to EDs in relation to self-concept, including self-esteem and body image. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Athletic training and health centers at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III institutions via e-mail questionnaire correspondence. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 439 FS-As from 17 participating institutions completed the questionnaires. The sample was primarily white (83.1%) and underclass (61.8%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts: 3 subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and demographic items. RESULTS: A total of 6.8% of FS-As were susceptible to anorexia and 1.8% were susceptible to bulimia. The majority of FS-As (61%) reported normal self-esteem levels, whereas 29.4% had high self-esteem. Overall, 64.5% were satisfied and 23% were very satisfied with their body image. CONCLUSIONS: These results are generally positive in that they suggest FS-As have high levels of self-concept and are at low risk to develop EDs. However, these findings do not mean that all concerns should be dismissed. Although more than 90% of the respondents were not susceptible to an ED, there are still FS-As who may be. Athletic departments should evaluate their FS-As' levels of self-concept so that their susceptibility to EDs can be addressed. The emotional aspect of health care should be included in providing holistic care for student-athletes. Athletic trainers often are the primary health care providers for FS-As, so they should be made aware of this concern.