Neural basis of sound-symbolic pseudoword-shape correspondences.

Non-arbitrary mapping between the sound of a word and its meaning, termed sound symbolism, is commonly studied through crossmodal correspondences between sounds and visual shapes, e.g., auditory pseudowords, like 'mohloh' and 'kehteh', are matched to rounded and pointed visual shapes, respectively. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a crossmodal matching task to investigate the hypotheses that sound symbolism (1) involves language processing; (2) depends on multisensory integration; (3) reflects embodiment of speech in hand movements. These hypotheses lead to corresponding neuroanatomical predictions of crossmodal congruency effects in (1) the language network; (2) areas mediating multisensory processing, including visual and auditory cortex; (3) regions responsible for sensorimotor control of the hand and mouth. Right-handed participants (n = 22) encountered audiovisual stimuli comprising a simultaneously presented visual shape (rounded or pointed) and an auditory pseudoword ('mohloh' or 'kehteh') and indicated via a right-hand keypress whether the stimuli matched or not. Reaction times were faster for congruent than incongruent stimuli. Univariate analysis showed that activity was greater for the congruent compared to the incongruent condition in the left primary and association auditory cortex, and left anterior fusiform/parahippocampal gyri. Multivoxel pattern analysis revealed higher classification accuracy for the audiovisual stimuli when congruent than when incongruent, in the pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal (Broca's area), the left supramarginal, and the right mid-occipital gyri. These findings, considered in relation to the neuroanatomical predictions, support the first two hypotheses and suggest that sound symbolism involves both language processing and multisensory integration.

A relação entre arte e vida em vigotski: uma análise conceitual / The relationship between art and life in vygotsky: a conceptual analysis / La relación entre arte y vida en vigotski: un análisis conceptual

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre arte e vida segundo Vigotski. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise conceitual dos capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 e 11 da Psicologia da Arte, do capítulo 13 da Psicologia Pedagógica e do texto O significado histórico da crise da Psicologia: Uma investigação metodológica. A pesquisa conceitual consiste na análise semântica dos principais conceitos de uma teoria com o intuito de elucidar seus sentidos ocultos ou confusos e desvendar possíveis contradições e ambiguidades no quadro teórico. Podemos observar que a arte é um fenômeno dialético tanto em sua criação como em seus efeitos. A influência da vida, isto é, da realidade sócio-histórica, na criação artística é indireta, pois ela é sempre mediada pelo psiquismo particular do artista. Já o efeito da arte sobre a vida possibilita que o ser humano se conscientize de sua realidade social e se engaje para mudá-la. A arte é, portanto, transformadora, pois reorganiza o psiquismo e possibilita uma mudança nas condições materiais dos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aims to analyze the relationship between art and life according to Vygotsky. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of chapters 1, 7, 9, 10, and 11 of Psychology of Art, chapter 13 of Educational Psychology and the text The Historical meaning of the Crisis of Psychology: A Methodological Investigation was carried out. Conceptual research consists of the semantic analysis of the main concepts of a theory to elucidate its hidden or confused meanings and to reveal possible contradictions and ambiguities in the theoretical framework. Results show that art is a dialectical phenomenon both in its creation and its effects. The influence of life, that is, of socio-historical reality, on artistic creation is indirect since it is always mediated by the artist's particular psyche. The effect of art on life, on the other hand, allows human beings to become aware of their social reality and engage to change it. Art is, therefore, transformative, as it reorganizes the psyche and enables a change in the material conditions of human beings.(AU)

Este proyecto tuve como objetivo analizar la relación entre el arte y la vida, según Vigotski. Para esto, fue realizado un análisis de los capítulos 1, 7, 9, 10 y 11 de Psicología del arte, del capítulo 13 de Psicología Pedagógica y del texto Él significado histórico de la crisis de la Psicología: una investigación metodológica. La pesquisa conceptual consiste en la analice semántica de los conceptos de una teoría, para aclarar sus significados ocultos o confusos y desvendar contradicciones y ambigüedades em el cuadro teórico. Pudimos observar que, el arte es un fenómeno dialéctico en su creación tanto como en sus efectos. La influencia de la vida, esto es, de la realidad socio-histórica, en la creación artística es indirecta, pues es mediada por el psiquismo particular de lo artista. Así, el efecto del arte sobre la vida habilita que lo ser humano adquiera conciencia de su realidad social y que se comprometa a cambiarla. El arte, consiguientemente, transformadora, pues reorganiza lo psiquismo y habilita un cambio en las condiciones materiales de los seres humanos.(AU)

A relação com o saber nas atividades lúdicas escolares / The relationship with knowledge in school recreational activities / La relación con el saber en las actividades lúdicas escolares

O brincar é uma atividade importante para o desenvolvimento infantil, porque melhora aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e físicos. Além disso, jogos e brincadeiras podem ser explorados como recurso educacional. Partindo do entendimento da ludicidade enquanto um processo subjetivo, este trabalho investigou a relação com o saber estabelecida durante as brincadeiras, buscando compreendê-las em suas dimensões epistêmica, social e identitária. Dezesseis estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro baseado no instrumento "balanço do saber", proposto por Bernard Charlot. As questões foram adaptadas para possibilitar apreender o que as crianças dizem aprender durante as brincadeiras em que participam, com ênfase naquelas realizadas em sala de aula. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo realizada mostraram que, apesar de existirem conflitos sobre como se estabelecem as funções lúdica e educativa, quando a brincadeira infantil é utilizada como recurso pedagógico, os sujeitos podem identificar benefícios no processo de aprendizagem por meio dela. Aponta-se, também, a necessidade de considerar a condição social da criança no ambiente escolar para o sucesso ao utilizar essas atividades como práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Child's play is an important activity for child development since it improves cognition, emotional, and physical aspects. Games can also be explored as an educational resource. Starting from the understanding that playfulness is a subjective process, this work has investigated the relationship to the knowledge stablished during games, aiming to understand it in its epistemic, social, and identitary dimensions. A group of 16 5th grade students were interviewed from a script based on the instrument "balance of knowledge," as proposed by Bernard Charlot. The questions were adapted to enable the apprehension of what children say they learn on the games they play, emphasizing those which are played in classrooms. The results of the content analysis performed have showed that, despite the conflicts on how both playful and educative functions are stablished when child's play is used as a pedagogic resource, the subjects can identify benefits on the process of learning with it. The need to consider the child's social condition in the school environment to reach success when using these activities as pedagogical practices is also pointed out.(AU)

Jugar es una actividad importante para el desarrollo de los niños, porque mejora aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y físicos. Por tanto, los juegos son explorados como recurso educativo. Partiendo de la comprensión de que lo lúdico es un proceso subjetivo, este trabajo analizó la relación con el saber que se establece durante el juego, con el objetivo de comprenderlo en sus dimensiones epistémica, social e identitaria. Se entrevistó a dieciséis estudiantes de quinto grado a partir de un guion basado en el instrumento "balance del saber" propuesto por Bernard Charlot. Las preguntas fueron adaptadas para permitir la aprehensión de lo que los niños dicen que aprenden en sus juegos, enfatizando los que se juegan en las aulas. Los resultados del análisis de contenido realizado mostraron que, a pesar de que existen conflictos sobre cómo se establecen ambas funciones lúdica y educativa cuando se utiliza el juego infantil como recurso pedagógico, los niños pueden identificar beneficios en el proceso de aprendizaje a través del juego. Se señala la necesidad de considerar la condición social del niño en el entorno escolar para alcanzar el éxito al utilizar estas actividades como prácticas pedagógicas.(AU)

The Music of Silence: Part I: Responses to Musical Imagery Encode Melodic Expectations and Acoustics.

Musical imagery is the voluntary internal hearing of music in the mind without the need for physical action or external stimulation. Numerous studies have already revealed brain areas activated during imagery. However, it remains unclear to what extent imagined music responses preserve the detailed temporal dynamics of the acoustic stimulus envelope and, crucially, whether melodic expectations play any role in modulating responses to imagined music, as they prominently do during listening. These modulations are important as they reflect aspects of the human musical experience, such as its acquisition, engagement, and enjoyment. This study explored the nature of these modulations in imagined music based on EEG recordings from 21 professional musicians (6 females and 15 males). Regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate that imagined neural signals can be predicted accurately, similarly to the listening task, and were sufficiently robust to allow for accurate identification of the imagined musical piece from the EEG. In doing so, our results indicate that imagery and listening tasks elicited an overlapping but distinctive topography of neural responses to sound acoustics, which is in line with previous fMRI literature. Melodic expectation, however, evoked very similar frontal spatial activation in both conditions, suggesting that they are supported by the same underlying mechanisms. Finally, neural responses induced by imagery exhibited a specific transformation from the listening condition, which primarily included a relative delay and a polarity inversion of the response. This transformation demonstrates the top-down predictive nature of the expectation mechanisms arising during both listening and imagery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is well known that the human brain is activated during musical imagery: the act of voluntarily hearing music in our mind without external stimulation. It is unclear, however, what the temporal dynamics of this activation are, as well as what musical features are precisely encoded in the neural signals. This study uses an experimental paradigm with high temporal precision to record and analyze the cortical activity during musical imagery. This study reveals that neural signals encode music acoustics and melodic expectations during both listening and imagery. Crucially, it is also found that a simple mapping based on a time-shift and a polarity inversion could robustly describe the relationship between listening and imagery signals.

The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice.

Numbers are ubiquitous to modern existence and have evolved with humanity over millenia. They structure, record and quantify human behaviour, spiritual belief systems and the evolution of innovation across all spheres of life. Furthermore, cultural identities and interpersonal expression often have numerical components to them for instance rites of passage, population demography and fiscal measures. The salience of numbers in both historical and contemporary cultural life arguably plays a role in individual psyches and the experience of distress or wellness. This paper illustrates the cultural relativism of numbers through superstition and foreboding to auspiciousness in different societies. As a short hand for the quantification of multiple phenomena in low literacy to high technology populations, rural and urban societies as well as traditional and evolving societies, numbers have and will continue to be core to all cultures as they have from prehistoric to contemporary times.

"The cord is the child": meanings and practices related to umbilical cord care in Central Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Infections account for a quarter of all newborn deaths and the umbilical cord has been identified as a major route of newborn infections. OBJECTIVE: To explore the meanings and practices related to the umbilical cord among caretakers of newborns in central Uganda. METHODS: This was a qualitative study, designed to inform the design, and interpretation of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of chlorhexidine use for the umbilical cord. We conducted 22 in-depth interviews exploring umbilical cord care practices among ten mothers, four health workers, five traditional birth attendants, and three men. We also conducted three focus group discussions with young mothers and elderly women. We used qualitative content analysis to analyze our findings and we borrow upon Mary Douglas' concepts of dirt to present our findings. RESULTS: The umbilical cord had a symbolic position in newborn care. The way it was perceived and handled had far reaching consequences for the survival and wellbeing of the baby. The umbilical cord was a centre of anxiety, a possible gate to illness, a test of fatherhood and a signifier of parental responsibility. Hence, the umbilical cord and the way it was cared for played a part in the present and future survival of the baby, as well as the survival and wellbeing of the household. Persons other than the mother such as older female relatives were very influential in the care of the umbilical cord. CONCLUSIONS: The umbilical cord carried symbolic meanings, which extended beyond the newborn and the newborn period, and in turn influenced the various practices of umbilical cord care. The important position of the cord in local newborn care practices should be recognized and taken into consideration when scaling up newborn care interventions in the country.

Sound symbolism processing is lateralized to the right temporal region in the prelinguistic infant brain.

Sound symbolism, which is the systematic and non-arbitrary link between a word and its meaning, has been suggested to bootstrap language acquisition in infants. However, it is unclear how sound symbolism is processed in the infants' brain. To address this issue, we investigated the cortical response in 11-month-old infants in relation to sound-symbolic correspondences using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Two types of stimuli were presented: a novel visual stimulus (e.g., a round shape) followed by a novel auditory stimulus that either sound-symbolically matched (moma) or mismatched (kipi) the shape. We found a significant hemodynamic increase in the right temporal area, when the sound and the referent sound were symbolically matched, but this effect was limited to the moma stimulus. The anatomical locus corresponds to the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (rSTS), which is thought to process sound symbolism in adults. These findings suggest that prelinguistic infants have the biological basis to detect cross-modal correspondences between word sounds and visual referents.

Plagues and artistic votive expressions (ex voto) of popular piety.

In past centuries, epidemics, the scourge of humankind, caused pain, anger, uncertainty of the future, social as well as economic disorder and a significant impact on their victims, involving also their spiritual sphere. The latter effect led to undoubted effects on participation in the religious and social life of communities. The custom of preparing artistic votive expressions has been lost in the mists of time and evidence of ex voto gifts, offered by believers to pagan gods, has been found in prehistoric archaeological sites. Furthermore, several finds from the Ancient Greek and Roman worlds may be observed in our museums. These remains are generally ceramic and metal artifacts, reproducing limbs and other body parts which had been healed. These elements, according to the belief of those making the offerings, had benefited from the miraculous intervention of a thaumaturgical deity. With the advent of Christianity, some pre-existing religious practices were endorsed by the new religion. Believers continued to demonstrate their gratitude in different ways either to miracle-working saints or to the Virgin Mary, because they thought that, thanks to an act of faith, their own health or that of a family member would benefit from the direct intervention of the divine entities to whom they had prayed. In the Ancient Greek world, it was believed that the god Asclepius could directly influence human events, as testified by the popularity of shrines and temples to the god, especially at Epidaurus. In the Christian world as well, particular places have been detected, often solitary and secluded in the countryside or in the mountains, where, according to tradition, direct contact was established between the faithful and Saints or the Virgin Mary Herself. Manifestations occurred by means of miracles and apparitions, thereby creating a direct link between the supernatural world and believers. Religious communities, in these extraordinary places, responded to the call through the building of shrines and promotion of the cult. Over time, the faithful reached these places of mystery, performing pilgrimages with the aim of strengthening their religious faith, but also with the purpose of seeking intercession and grace. In this case, the request for clemency assumed spiritual characteristics and also became a profession of faith. Accordingly, the shrines in the Christian world are places where supernatural events may occur. In these environments the believer resorted to faith, when medicine showed its limits in a tangible way. For the above reasons, while epidemics were occurring, the requests for clemency were numerous and such petitions were both individual and collective. In particular, by means of votive offerings (ex voto) the believers, both individually and collectively, gave the evidence of the received grace to the thaumaturgical Saint. Through the votive act, a perpetual link between the believer and the Saints or Holy Virgin was forged and a strong request for communion was transmitted. The aim of the present study is to describe the role played by votive tablets (ex voto) in the last 500-600 years, as visible evidence of human suffering. From this perspective, these votive expressions may assume the role of markers because, in accordance with the expressions of popular faith, they allow us to follow the most important outbreaks that have caused distress to Christian communities.

Los sueños durante la hospitalización, valor de su narrativa plástica como forma de humanización de la asistencia / Dreams during hospitalization, value of their plastic narrative as a way to humanize assistance

Introducción: el sueño, con su contenido simbólico, genera ritmos de imágenes que sirven para expresar emociones y vivencias. Objetivo: representar gráficamente, por una alumna del Grado Superior de Ilustración, las emociones de los niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, expresadas a través de sus sueños. Ayudarles a poner de manifiesto sus sentimientos, deseos y necesidades, e integrar, mediante la escritura y el dibujo, la enfermedad o el motivo de hospitalización. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, aprobado por el Comité Ético del Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada. Muestreo abierto, objetivo inicial: buscar saturación o diversidad temática. Inclusión: edad 7-12 años, firma del consentimiento. Material: cuaderno de recogida de sueños. El estudio se realizó en tres sesiones: presentación del proyecto a la familia y cuaderno de recogida de sueños; narración y dibujo infantil en el cuaderno de recogida de sueños; ilustración del sueño por la alumna del Grado Superior de Ilustración, puesta en común con el niño y su familia. Resultados: los textos o los dibujos de los niños fueron la base estética para las ilustraciones, con aportación metafórica y utilizando características del surrealismo. Sueños válidos obtenidos para ilustrar: "Ayuda a los demás", "Entre dos mundos", "Soy un elfo". Este estudio se consideró piloto. Se realizó un proyecto de final de grado de la alumna, un álbum ilustrado, Oniros, y una exposición temporal en el hospital. Conclusiones: la narración y el diseño pictórico de los sueños de los niños durante el ingreso colaboran en la expresión de sus emociones y necesidades y generan empatía en el entorno. El protagonismo de los niños y sus padres en actividades culturales en el medio hospitalario genera actitudes positivas

Introduction: the dream, its symbolic content, produces images to express emotions and experiences. Objective: a student of Diploma in Illustration represents by pictures the emotions felt by children during their hospital stay, expressed through their dreams in order to help them express their feelings, desires, needs, integrating through writing and drawing the illness or the reason for hospitalization. Methods: qualitative study, approved by the Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada Ethics Committee. Open sampling pretending saturation or variety. Inclusion criteria: age 7-12 years, prior signature of the informed consent. Material: notebook to jot down the dreams. The study was carried out in three sessions: presentation of the project to the family and delivery of the notebook, narration and children's drawing in their notebook; illustration of the dream by the student of Diploma in Illustration, shared with the child and his family. Results: the texts and/or the drawings of the children were the aesthetic basis for the illustrations, concretizing them with metaphorical contribution and using certain characteristics of surrealism. Three valid dreams were obtained to illustrate: "Help the others", "Between two worlds", "I'm an elf". This study was considered pilot and was presented as end-of-year project, along with the illustrated album Oniros. Subsequently, a temporary exhibition was held in the hospital. Conclusions: the narrative and the pictorial design of the children's dreams during admission contributes to the expression of their emotions and needs, and generates empathy in the environment. The leadership of children and their parents in cultural activities in the hospital generates positive attitudes

Symbolic Play in School-Aged Minimally Verbal Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Few interventions exist for school-aged minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Even though play skills are associated with children's production of language, few studies have focused on play for minimally verbal children. Fifty-eight minimally verbal children with ASD received a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention. Children were randomized to receive a speech generating device in the context of the intervention or not. Children in both conditions improved in play skills at exit. Children demonstrated an increase in play skills in proximal (sessions) and distal (during blind assessment) contexts. Minimally verbal children with ASD can improve their play skills within a targeted intervention. Increases in symbolic play were associated with increases in expressive language skills.

ON BECOMING ABLE TO PLAY: INDIVIDUAL CHILD PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHODRAMA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMBOLIZATION.

In this paper, the authors analyze the relevance and transformative potential of individual psychoanalytic psychodrama in the treatment of children with severe impairments in symbolization. Central features of this modality, including promoting the representation of early traumatic experiences, are presented and discussed. Specific features include double-envelope containment of the co-therapists' group and play leader, consequent diffraction of the transference-determining portrayal, gradual integration, and initial figuration of coexisting split-off fragments. Drawing on in-depth clinical material, the authors show how psychodrama tempers the potentially traumatic effects of the encounter with the object, allowing these patients to access the transitional area of play.

Aspectos históricos da alquimia / Historic aspects of alchemy / Aspectos históricos de la alquimia

O autor realiza um passeio pelas origens da alquimia e por sua existência em diferentes culturas e em diferentes épocas. Reconhece a alquimia como originando-se de técnicas mágico-míticas, que surgiram com o despertar da consciência. As diferentes alquimias incorporam diferentes sabedorias, que buscam compreender as relações cósmicas do homem com a matéria. A alquimia precedeu no nível objetivo a química e no subjetivo a psicologia. Toda matéria tem sua alma, que é perene. Os corpos, porém, são formas transmutáveis. Acentua que a física moderna, também como a alquimia, admite a transmutação da matéria. A leitura que Jung fez da simbólica alquímica, como projeção de vivências inconscientes pessoais e arquetípicas, trouxe uma compreensão psicológica para o complexo simbolismo alquímico. O autor acentua que o psicólogo moderno deve saber que, em termos científicos, só pode descrever o processo psicológico, uma vez que a natureza real da psique transcende a consciência como um mistério da vida ou da própria matéria (AU)

The author describes the origins of alchemy and shows that it was present in several cultures and in different times in history. It is acknowledged that alchemy originated from magical-mythical techniques, which arose from the emerging consciousness. Alchemy seeks to understand various aspects of the cosmic relationship of man to matter, and each different school of alchemical thought has its own wisdom and brings light to valuable elements of this relationship. Objectively, alchemy preceded chemistry, and subjectively, it preceded psychology. Matter also has a soul, which is perennial. But, in its physical aspect, matter is transmutable. In this paper, it is emphasized that modern physics, like alchemy, admits the transmutation of matter. Jung's comprehension of the symbology of alchemy, as a projection of personal and archetypal unconscious experiences, brought a psychological understanding to the complex alchemical symbolism. The author emphasizes that, in the field of science, the modern psychologist can only describe the psychological process, since the real nature of the psyche transcends consciousness because it is one of life's mysteries as well as one of the mysteries of matter itself (AU)

El autor realiza un paseo por los orígines de la alquimia y su existencia, en diferentes culturas y en diferentes épocas. Reconoce la alquimia como originaria de técnicas mágico-míticas que surgieron con el despertar de la conciencia. Las diferentes alquimias incorporan diferentes sabidurías que buscan comprender las relaciones cósmicas del hombre con la materia. Respecto a lo objetivo, la alquimia precedió a la química, y a lo subjetivo, a la psicología. Toda materia tiene un alma que es perenne. Los cuerpos, sin embargo, son formas transmutables. La física moderna, tal como la alquimia, admite la transmutación de la materia. La lectura que Jung hizo de la simbólica alquímica, como proyección de vivencias inconscientes personales y arquetípicas, posibilitó una comprensión psicológica del complejo simbolismo alquímico. El autor señala que una vez que la naturaleza real de la psique trasciende la conciencia, el psicólogo moderno debe saber que solo se puede describir el proceso psicológico como un misterio de la vida o de la propia materia (AU)

A perceptual advantage for onomatopoeia in early word learning: Evidence from eye-tracking.

A perceptual advantage for iconic forms in infant language learning has been widely reported in the literature, termed the "sound symbolism bootstrapping hypothesis" by Imai and Kita (2014). However, empirical research in this area is limited mainly to sound symbolic forms, which are very common in languages such as Japanese but less so in Indo-European languages such as English. In this study, we extended this body of research to onomatopoeia-words that are thought to be present across most of the world's languages and that are known to be dominant in infants' early lexicons. In a picture-mapping task, 10- and 11-month-old infants showed a processing advantage for onomatopoeia (e.g., woof woof) over their conventional counterparts (e.g., doggie). However, further analysis suggests that the input may play a key role in infants' experience and processing of these forms.

Psychoanalytic psychodrama in France and group elaboration of counter-transference: Therapeutic operators in play therapy.

In France, psychoanalytic psychodrama is mainly envisioned in its individual form - that is, a single patient working with a group of therapists. Its originality consists in bringing together several clinicians within a clinical experience that is shared as a group. This experience is fundamentally different from traditional individual therapies, psychotherapies or group co-led therapies. Its configuration may be confusing or overwhelming due to the large number of co-therapists involved in the setting. However, thanks to group elaboration based on the transferential-countertransferential dynamics induced by the treated patient, this potential 'cacophony' can lead to fruitful psychic development embedded in play. This is tied to the co-therapists' positioning in the transitional space shared with the patient as well as to the patient's subjective appropriation of their initiatives. By reflecting on clinical material taken from actual sessions as well as from the exchanges and elaborations occurring at their margins, this article shows how psychodrama and group come to metabolize the transferential elements, shaping the engagement of participants in the context of improvised play.

The (re)-introduction of semiotics into medical education: on the works of Thure von Uexküll.

Thure von Uexküll's reputation as a pioneer in biosemiotics and also in psychosomatic medicine is well documented. It is easy to see these disciplines reflected in his notable publications, both in English and in German. However, if one spares the time to filter through all of his articles, monographs, conference papers and editorials in English and in German, a notable gap arises in his English language publications: that of clinical education. This gap in the English language literature may seem unimportant in and of itself, but it speaks volumes when we consider the total absence of medical semiotics in the curriculum of medical schools in the English speaking world. This runs in stark contrast to the strong traditions of psychosomatic medicine in Germany, which Thure von Uexküll largely helped to instil. Do the works of Thure von Uexküll offer a possible step towards a resurrection of medical semiotics in clinical education? This chapter attempts to explore the lesser known German literature on clinical education that Thure von Uexküll produced, and explore the role semiotics can play in Medical Education in the English speaking world. While also seeking to contrast this literature with other existing approaches in British and American medical schools who have attempted to reintroduce medical humanities and reflexive thinking into clinical education.

Sandplay: conflito e criatividade plasmados na areia / Sandplay:conflict and creativity embodied in the sand

O artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a prática clínica do analista que trabalha com imagens, com foco principalmente no sandplay, o brincar na areia, técnica criada por Dora Kalff na Suíça e trazida ao Brasil por Fátima Salomé Gambini. A partir de um trecho de uma crônica do escritor brasileiro Rubem Alves, a autora defende a possibilidade e a necessidade de ampliarmos nosso olhar de analistas. O texto ressalta a importância de o analista junguiano exercitar seus olhos brincalhões (termo utilizado por Rubem Alves na crônica), isto é: o analista precisa trabalhar para conquistar um olhar amplo e não limitado à necessidade de interpretação imediata do símbolo. Para isso, o analista precisa investir no desenvolvimento de sua capacidade imaginativa e precisa conquistar uma liberdade imaginativa para possibilitar o contato criativo do paciente com suas imagens inconscientes plasmadas na areia. A autora defende que o analista junguiano que trabalha com imagens, seja com sandplay, barro, pinturas ou no trabalho com sonhos, vive um eterno processo de vir a ser um analista. Ele nunca está pronto, está constantemente em formação, está sempre aprendendo com as imagens.(AU)

In this article, the author aims to reflect on the clinical practice of the analyst who works with images, focusing mainly on sandplay, play in the sand, technique created by Dora Kalff in Switzerland and originally brought to Brazil by Fatima Salome Gambini. Having a chronicle by Rubem Alves (a Brazilian writer) as starting point, the author defends the possibility and the need to broaden our horizons as therapists. She emphasizes the importance of doing the exercise of playful eyes by Jungian therapists, a term used by Rubem Alves in his chronicle. She highlights that one needs to make an effort to achieve a broad look, instead of remaining limited to the need of the immediate symbol interpretation. For this, the analysts should invest in developing their imaginative capacity and must earn an imaginative freedom in order to enable the creative contact of the patient with his/her unconscious images embodied in sand. The author argues that the Jungian therapist who works with images, through sandplay, clay, painting or dreams, experience a never-ending process of becoming a therapist. They are never complete, so, they are in a constant training process, always learning from the images.(AU)

Sandplay: conflito e criatividade plasmados na areia / Sandplay: conflict and creativity embodied in the sand

O artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a prática clínica do analista que trabalha com imagens, com foco principalmente no sandplay, o brincar na areia, técnica criada por Dora Kalff na Suíça e trazida ao Brasil por Fátima Salomé Gambini. A partir de um trecho de uma crônica do escritor brasileiro Rubem Alves, a autora defende a possibilidade e a necessidade de ampliarmos nosso olhar de analistas. O texto ressalta a importância de o analista junguiano exercitar seus olhos brincalhões (termo utilizado por Rubem Alves na crônica), isto é: o analista precisa trabalhar para conquistar um olhar amplo e não limitado à necessidade de interpretação imediata do símbolo. Para isso, o analista precisa investir no desenvolvimento de sua capacidade imaginativa e precisa conquistar uma liberdade imaginativa para possibilitar o contato criativo do paciente com suas imagens inconscientes plasmadas na areia. A autora defende que o analista junguiano que trabalha com imagens, seja com sandplay, barro, pinturas ou no trabalho com sonhos, vive um eterno processo de vir a ser um analista. Ele nunca está pronto, está constantemente em formação, está sempre aprendendo com as imagens.

In this article, the author aims to reflect on the clinical practice of the analyst who works with images, focusing mainly on sandplay, play in the sand, technique created by Dora Kalff in Switzerland and originally brought to Brazil by Fatima Salome Gambini. Having a chronicle by Rubem Alves (a Brazilian writer) as starting point, the author defends the possibility and the need to broaden our horizons as therapists. She emphasizes the importance of doing the exercise of playful eyes by Jungian therapists, a term used by Rubem Alves in his chronicle. She highlights that one needs to make an effort to achieve a broad look, instead of remaining limited to the need of the immediate symbol interpretation. For this, the analysts should invest in developing their imaginative capacity and must earn an imaginative freedom in order to enable the creative contact of the patient with his/her unconscious images embodied in sand. The author argues that the Jungian therapist who works with images, through sandplay, clay, painting or dreams, experience a never-ending process of becoming a therapist. They are never complete, so, they are in a constant training process, always learning from the images.

New Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Symbolism-Digit Therapy as a Special Naturopathic Treatment.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) grew out of traditional Chinese culture. For example, the eight-diagram symbol is composed of the Yang and the Yin. According to oriental philosophy, everything in the universe has a two-sided property, namely an image (or symbol) and a number (or digit). This paper introduces the new concept and historical background of symbolism-digit therapy (SDT), which is a natural therapy for the treatment of various kinds of diseases. SDT is of TCM heritage, which can be traced back to the ancient publications such as Yi Jing, and this heritage has been incorporated into modern development and practices. The successful treatments using SDT presented in this paper use formulas and/or prescriptions in accordance with TCM. All materials presented in this paper come from first-hand clinical observations, which are supported by TCM theories. Effects of SDT treatments are straightforward and worthy of broader and deeper investigation. SDT and other relevant therapies motivate the further exploration of the essence of TCM to improve the understanding of TCM principles.