Comprehensive Genome-Wide Exploration of C2H2 Zinc Finger Family in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): Insights into the Roles in the Pollen Development Regulation.

Some C2H2 zinc-finger proteins (ZFP) transcription factors are involved in the development of pollen in plants. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), it has been suggested that abnormalities in pollen development lead to the phenomenon called parthenocarpy that occurs in some varieties of this cultivar. At present, a network involving several transcription factors types has been revealed and key roles have been assigned to members of the C2H2 zinc-finger proteins (ZFP) family in model plants. However, particularities of the regulatory mechanisms controlling pollen formation in grapevine remain unknown. In order to gain insight into the participation of ZFPs in grapevine gametophyte development, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of genes encoding ZFP (VviZFP family). A total of 98 genes were identified and renamed based on the gene distribution into grapevine genome. The analysis performed indicate significant changes throughout VviZFP genes evolution explained by high heterogeneity in sequence, length, number of ZF and presence of another conserved domains. Moreover, segmental duplication participated in the gene family expansion in grapevine. The VviZFPs were classified based on domain and phylogenetic analysis into three sets and different groups. Heat-map demonstrated differential and tissue-specific expression patterns of these genes and k-means clustering allowed to identify a group of putative orthologs to some ZFPs related to pollen development. In transgenic plants carrying the promVviZFP13::GUS and promVviZFP68::GUS constructs, GUS signals were detectable in the anther and mature pollen grains. Expression profiling of selected VviZFP genes showed differential expression pattern during flower development and provides a basis for deepening in the understanding of VviZFPs role on grapevine reproductive development.

Varietal Differences of Prokupac, Evita and Cokot Zemun Based on Their Anthocyanins Content in Grape Skin Extract.

In this study, we have analyzed the anthocyanin composition of skin extracts of three red grape varieties Prokupac, Evita and Cokot Zemun in order to distinguish these cultivars based on their anthocyanin profile. Also, mechanical analysis of grape bunches and berries was performed. According to our results, seventeen anthocyanins were identified using LC/MS technique and quantitative differences were recorded using HPLC-DAD method. The highest content of total anthocyanins was obtained for Evita variety and the lowest one was recorded in Prokupac. Also, clear differences were observed in anthocyanins ratios. In comparison to Prokupac and Evita varieties, Cokot Zemun was characterized with a high content of coumaroyl derivatives of anthocyanin compounds, while high levels of acetylated derivatives were recorded in Prokupac. Data reported in this study represent a certain contribution to a database of mechanical properties and chemical composition of grape varieties originating from Balkan.

Impact of grape variety, berry maturity and size on the extractability of skin polyphenols during model wine-like maceration experiments.

BACKGROUND: Skin cell walls modulate anthocyanin and tannin extraction from grape skins. However, relationships between the composition of alcohol-insoluble cell wall solids (AIS) and extraction are still unclear. Our objectives were to characterize the impact of variety, berry size and ripeness on skin AIS composition (polysaccharides, proteins) and polyphenol extraction during maceration. RESULTS: Grape skin composition and its impact on polyphenol extraction was compared for two varieties - Carignan and Grenache - with skins of berries sorted according to their size and density. Extractions were performed under model wine-like maceration conditions. Fresh skins had similar content of polymeric tannins, but strongly differed in their anthocyanin content (higher in Carignan and in the ripest berries) and composition (higher proportions in coumaroylated anthocyanins in Carignan). Anthocyanin extraction was proportionally much higher in Grenache, which was not just related to the Carignan's higher levels in coumaroylated anthocyanins. Chemical reactions decreased anthocyanin concentrations in solution for both varieties. Tannin extraction for Grenache was slightly higher and faster than for Carignan. Skin AISs differed slightly between the two varieties in their carbohydrate composition and protein content, but not between modalities. Polyphenol analyses in the precipitates evidenced at the end of the maceration and in residual skins highlighted differences between the two varieties and between berries with different ripeness. CONCLUSION: Structural information on the cell wall network and on its changes during maceration, along with a better understanding of the chemical reactions of anthocyanins and tannins, is needed to better relate grape and wine polyphenol composition. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization of Stilbene Composition in Grape Berries from Wild Vitis Species in Year-To-Year Harvest.

Asian and American Vitis species possess a strong potential for crossbreeding programs, owing to their several resistance properties. Stilbenes are phenolic compounds present in grape berries and are well-known for their main role as phytoalexins and resistance to biotic stresses in plants. However, their identification and quantification in grape berries from wild Vitis remains unexplored. A mass spectrometry multiple reaction monitoring method combined with the analysis of pure standards allowed for the unambiguous characterization of 20 stilbenes in the grape berry skin extracts of nine native Vitis species and one cultivated Vitis vinifera species (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon). A main occurrence of monomeric (Z-piceid, E-piceid, E-isorhapontin, and E-astringin), dimeric (E-ε-viniferin, Z-ε-viniferin, and pallidol), and oligomeric (isohopeaphenol and r-viniferin) stilbenes was highlighted. Some stilbenes were clearly characterized for the first time in grape berries, such as the dimers ampelopsin A, E-vitisinol C, and parthenocissin A as well as the tetramers r2-viniferin and r-viniferin. Stilbene composition and content varied widely among several Vitis species and vintage years.

Grapevine Cane Extracts: Raw Plant Material, Extraction Methods, Quantification, and Applications.

Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations of health-promoting compounds, such as stilbenes, secondary metabolites of plants produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stress from fungal disease or dryness. Stilbenes have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties and they have been tested as potential treatments of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and even cancer, with promising results. Stilbenes have been described in the different genus of the Vitaceae family, the Vitis genera being one of the most widely studied due to its important applications and economic impact around the world. This review presents an in-depth study of the composition and concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes. The results show that the concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes is highly influenced by the Vitis genus and cultivar aspects (growing conditions, ultraviolet radiation, fungal attack, etc.). Different methods for extracting stilbenes from grapevine canes have been reviewed, and the extraction conditions have also been studied, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. After the stilbenes were extracted, they were analyzed to determine the stilbene composition and concentration. Analytical techniques have been employed with this aim, in most cases using liquid chromatography, coupled with others such as mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance to achieve the individual quantification. Finally, stilbene extracts may be applied in multiple fields based on their properties. The five most relevant are preservative, antifungal, insecticide, and biostimulant applications. The current state-of-the-art of the above applications and their prospects are discussed.

Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Compounds of Autumn Royal and Egnatia Grape Skin Extracts Affect Membrane PUFA's Profile and Cell Morphology in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines.

Grapes contain many flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds with anticancer effects. In this work we fully characterized the polyphenolic profile of two grape skin extracts (GSEs), Autumn Royal and Egnatia, and assessed their effects on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) membrane levels of Caco2 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines. Gene expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), as well as cell morphology, were evaluated. The polyphenolic composition was analyzed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole-Time of Flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF) analysis. PUFA levels were evaluated by gas chromatography, and gene expression levels of 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-γ were analyzed by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Morphological cell changes caused by GSEs were identified by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and photomicrograph examination. We detected a different profile of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds in Autumn Royal and Egnatia GSEs. Cultured cells showed an increase of total PUFA levels mainly after treatment with Autumn Royal grape, and were richer in flavonoids when compared with the Egnatia variety. Both GSEs were able to affect 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-γ gene expression and cell morphology. Our results highlighted a new antitumor mechanism of GSEs that involves membrane PUFAs and their downstream pathways.

In silico guided structural and functional analysis of genes with potential involvement in resistance to coffee leaf rust: A functional marker based approach.

Physiology-based differentiation of SH genes and Hemileia vastatrix races is the principal method employed for the characterization of coffee leaf rust resistance. Based on the gene-for-gene theory, nine major rust resistance genes (SH1-9) have been proposed. However, these genes have not been characterized at the molecular level. Consequently, the lack of molecular data regarding rust resistance genes or candidates is a major bottleneck in coffee breeding. To address this issue, we screened a BAC library with resistance gene analogs (RGAs), identified RGAs, characterized and explored for any SH related candidate genes. Herein, we report the identification and characterization of a gene (gene 11), which shares conserved sequences with other SH genes and displays a characteristic polymorphic allele conferring different resistance phenotypes. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the two RGAs belonging to CC-NBS-LRR revealed more intense diversifying selection in tomato and grape genomes than in coffee. For the first time, the present study has unveiled novel insights into the molecular nature of the SH genes, thereby opening new avenues for coffee rust resistance molecular breeding. The characterized candidate RGA is of particular importance for further biological function analysis in coffee.

Occurrence of Ehrlich-Derived and Varietal Polyfunctional Thiols in Belgian White Wines Made from Chardonnay and Solaris Grapes.

Although almost disappeared at the end of the 20th century, Belgian wine production reached a million liters in 2017. The aim of the present work was to identify aroma markers for two white cultivars widespread in Belgium: Chardonnay (the most commercially grown cultivar worldwide) and Solaris (an interspecific fungus-resistant variety). Specific p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid extraction followed by gas chromatography with a pulsed flame photometric detector was applied to single-varietal wine samples from 2015 to 2018 harvests. Among the Ehrlich-derived thiols, all found below their sensory thresholds, 3-sulfanylpropyl acetate usually outranged 3-sulfanylpropan-1-ol, while 2-sulfanylethan-1-ol concentrations always exceeded 2-sulfanylethyl acetate levels. The data confirm the occurrence, in both Chardonnay and Solaris wines, of 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol and phenylmethanethiol (grapefruit and gunflint aroma, respectively), at concentrations far above their thresholds. This work also revealed, for the first time, the presence of 3-sulfanylheptan-1-ol, the branched alcohols 2-methyl-3-sulfanyl propan-1-ol, 2-methyl-3-sulfanylbutan-1-ol, and 3-sulfanyl-3-methylbutan-1-ol, and the carbonyls 3-sulfanylbutan-2-one (not in sparkling wines) and 3-sulfanylpentanal.

Bioactive compounds and total antioxidant capacity of cane residues from different grape varieties.

BACKGROUND: Every year, the viticulture activity generates considerable amounts of underused lignocellulosic residues as grape cane, which are generally composted or burned despite their potential value as a source of bioactive compounds. Determination of their phytochemical composition and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) may be a useful way of exploiting different high-added value applications. RESULTS: Twenty-one phenolic compounds (PC) and two carotenoids (Car) were quantified by high performance-liquid chromatography-diode array detection in eight grape varieties from different locations in Mendoza, Argentina. The maximum concentrations corresponded to the stilbene ϵ-viniferin [10 552 µg g-1 dry weight (DW)], followed by the flavanols (+)-catechin (3718 µg g-1 DW) and (-)-epicatechin (2486 µg g-1 DW). In addition, lutein and ß-carotene were quantified at levels ranging between 350 and 2400 ng g-1 DW. The TAC of the extracts was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays, with a good correlation between TAC and total PC for each sample (r ≥ 0.82). CONCLUSION: Samples of cv. Malbec, the most representative variety of Argentina's winemaking industry, presented high contents of PC, particularly ϵ-viniferin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Quercetin-3-galactoside, OH-tyrosol and Car were reported for the first time in grape canes of the eight varieties. The results add to the existing knowledge related to this inexpensive source of high-value bioactive compounds, which could be used as functional ingredients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Does unsaponifiable fraction of grape seed oil attenuate nitric oxide production, oxidant and cytotoxicity activities.

Triterpenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols presented in unsaponifiable fraction of grape seed oil have several beneficial effects comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor capacities. In this study, the unsaponifiable fraction of three Tunisian grape seed varieties (Vitis vinifera L.), namely Merlot, Carignan, and Syrah, was investigated. The identified compounds were two triterpenic compounds (ß-amyrin, lanosterol), six phytosterols (campesterol, ∆7 -avenasterol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, ß-sitostanol, cholesterol), and three tocopherols (α, ß, and γ tocopherols). The unsaponifiable fraction had significant protection against oxidative damage by modulating NO production and antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis showed the presence of three clusters of varieties associated to specific composition patterns. These results clearly demonstrated that unsaponifiable fraction profiles of grape species could be considered as a complementary data to the existing taxonomic evidence and classification purposes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Recently, much attention has been focused to substitute artificial antioxidant by others originating from natural products as plant matrices. The unsaponifiable fraction of grape seed oils is an interesting source of bioactive components like phytosterols, tocopherols, triterpenoids, and other various components. These components are known for their antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities.

Phenolic profiles and anti-inflammatory activities of sixteen table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties.

Several studies have shown that fresh grape and its derivatives contain phenolic compounds exhibiting antioxidant and health promoting effects, particularly in relation to the cardiovascular system. In this study, two methods were developed to characterize sixteen varieties of table and wine grapes: (1) a LC-MS method to identify major and minor phenolic compounds; and (2) a HPLC-DAD method to quantify the most representative compounds. Sixty-seven molecules belonging to different classes of phenolic compounds were identified: anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, stilbenes and organic acids. In parallel, the free radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory activities of the 16 grape varieties were evaluated. The results showed a good correlation between the total phenolic content and the biological activity. Extracts from Exalta and Albarossa grape varieties were the most active in reducing IL-8 release by gastric epithelial cells (IC50 = 8.48 µg mL-1 and 6.68 µg mL-1, respectively), a biomarker of inflammatory processes. The observed biological activities were mainly associated with skin and seed extracts/portions. The interest in studying table grapes and their non-fermented derivatives as sources of healthy compounds has increased in the last few years and our findings suggest that table grapes and their fresh derivatives, in addition to wine, could be involved in the health promoting effects of the Mediterranean diet.

Diversity of oil yield, fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols in the seeds of 19 interspecific grapes crosses.

BACKGROUND: The seeds of Vitis vinifera grapes have been studied extensively but knowledge about the interspecific crosses of other Vitis species (e.g. V. vinifera, V. amurensis, V. rupestris, V. riparia, and V. labruska) is very limited. RESULTS: The oil yields recovered from the grape seeds ranged between 7 and 160 g kg-1 dw. The main fatty acids were linoleic (72.5-83.1%), oleic (6.2-15.5%), and palmitic (5.4-13.2%), which together constituted 92.8-97.1% of the total detected fatty acids. The total concentration of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues was between 0.785 and 9.033 g kg-1 oil. The concentration of sterols varied significantly and ranged between 2.912 and 105.962 g kg-1 oil. The ß-sitosterol constituted 68.2-86.3% of the total content of sterols. The oil yield in grape seeds significantly correlated with the oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, α-T, α-T3, γ-T3, campesterol, Δ5-stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, and total Ts + T3 s and sterols. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that seed oil recovered from different interspecific Vitis crosses is a rich source of minor lipophilic bioactive compounds, especially genotypes with low oil content. They can be used to enrich plant oils that are poor in tocotrienols and/or phytosterols without changing the fatty acid composition of main oil, due to low enrichment quantities (micro-blends). © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Different Grape Varieties.

Grapes are widely consumed in the world, and different grape varieties could exhibit distinctly different antioxidant activities. In this study, the free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of lipophilic, hydrophilic, and insoluble-bound fractions from 30 grape varieties were evaluated by ferric-reducing antioxidant powers (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC), total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The results indicated that the 30 grape varieties exhibited diverse FRAP values (1.289⁻11.767 µmol Fe(II)/g FW), TEAC values (0.339⁻4.839 µmol Trolox/g FW), TPC values (0.294⁻1.407 mg GAE/g FW) and TFC values (0.082⁻0.132 mg QE/g FW). Several grapes, such as Pearl Black Grape (Xinjiang), Summer Black Grape (Shaanxi), Pearl Green Grape (Xinjiang), Seedless Green Grape (Xinjiang), and Seedless Red Grape (Yunnan), exhibited strong free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities, which could be consumed as good sources of natural antioxidants to prevent several diseases induced by oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Furthermore, several antioxidants were identified and quantified, including caffeic acid, catechin gallate, epicatechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and rutin, which could contribute to the antioxidant activities of grapes.

Antioxidant capacity and phylogenetic analysis of twenty native grape cultivars in Siirt province, Turkey.

The quality of grape cultivars not only depends on the grape cultivar but also is influenced by the molecular concepts and agro-climatic factors. For this purpose, four different grape cultivars were collected from five different locations in Siirt province (Turkey). Totally twenty different grape cultivars were investigated. In the present study, the antioxidant activity (total phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin content, DPPH and FRAP activity) in seeds were indicated and phylogenetic analysis (cpDNA;trnL-F region) of twenty native grape cultivars were investigated to construct their phylogenetic tree. According to reported data on antioxidant activity and content of phytochemicals, all cultivars exhibited different values from each other, but Rutik and Gadüv cultivars were found as significantly higher in comparison to others. According to bioinformatics analysis, twenty grape cultivars were distributed into six different major groups. Rutik and Sevkeye cultivars exhibit significant distinction from other grape cultivars. The phylogenetic analysis was also associated and supported with the results of obtained data from bioactivity. The bioactivity and phylogenetic analysis were firstly identified and quantified in these grape cultivars, however, with regard to obtained data from the current study, the grape cultivars grown in Siirt province were indicated significant and valuable results and as a result, these cultivars have to be evaluated before extinction.

Wine and grape marc spirits metabolomics.

INTRODUCTION: Mass spectrometry (MS)-based and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses play a key role in the field of metabolomics due to their important advantages. The use of metabolomics in wine and grape marc spirits allows a more holistic perspective in monitoring and gaining information on the making processes and thus it can assist on the improvement of their quality. OBJECTIVES: This review surveys the latest metabolomics approaches for wine and grape marc spirits with a focus on the description of MS-based and NMR spectroscopic analytical techniques. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to identify metabolomic studies of wine and grape marc spirits that were published until the end of 2017, with the key term combinations of 'metabolomics', 'wine' and 'grape marc spirits'. Through the reference lists from these studies, additional articles were identified. RESULTS: The results of this review showed that the application of different metabolomics approaches has significantly increased the knowledge of wine metabolome and grape marc spirits; however there is not yet a single analytical platform that can completely separate, detect and identify all metabolites in one analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The authentication and quality control of wines and grape marc spirits has to be taken with caution, since the product's chemical composition could be affected by many factors. Despite intrinsic limitations, NMR spectroscopy and MS based strategies remain the key analytical methods in metabolomics studies. Authenticity, traceability and health issues related to their consumption are the major research initiatives in wine and grape marc spirits metabolomics analysis.

Citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória in vitro dos extratos glicólicos de Morus nigra (amora), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) e Vitis vinifera (uva) / Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action in vitro of the glycolic extracts of Morus nigra (black mulberry), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) and Vitis vinifera (grape)

As plantas medicinais e seus extratos têm sido utilizados na medicina tradicional para fins terapêuticos e como uma atrativa fonte de pesquisa em diversas vertentes ciêntíficas, dentre elas, a atividade anti-inflamatória. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória in vitro dos extratos glicólicos das plantas medicinais Morus nigra (amora), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) e Vitis vinifera (uva) em macrófagos de camundongo RAW 264.7. A citotoxicidade dos extratos foi analisada pelo teste de viabilidade celular MTT em dois períodos de tratamento, 5 min e 24 h. A ação anti-inflamatória dos extratos foi avaliada em macrófagos RAW 264.7 estimulados pelo lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) por meio da quantificação das citocinas pró-inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α) e interleucina-6 (IL-6) pelo teste imunoenzimático (ELISA), e da quantificação do óxido nítrico pela reação de Griess. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis com comparação múltipla de Tukey ou Dunn, com nível de significância de 5%. Concentrações não citotóxicas foram observadas após exposição por 5 min e 24 h, respectivamente, para os extratos de M. nigra (≤ 50 mg/mL e ≤ 1,56 mg/mL), Z. joazeiro (≤ 6,25 mg/mL e ≤ 3,12 mg/mL) e V. vinifera (≤ 25 mg/mL e ≤ 3,12 mg/mL). Em relação à resposta anti-inflamatória, 0,78 e 1,56 mg/mL do extrato de M. nigra e 3,12 mg/mL de V. vinifera apresentaram inibição significativa na produção da citocina TNF-α, e o extrato de Z. joazeiro suprimiu de modo significativo a expressão da citocina TNF-α (3,12 mg/mL) e do óxido nítrico (1,56 e 3,12 mg/mL). O presente trabalho demonstrou que os extratos glicólicos de M. nigra, Z. joazeiro e V. vinifera apresentaram concentrações não citotóxicas em ambos os tempos de tratamento e exerceram efeito anti-inflamatório em macrófagos de camundongo RAW 264.7(AU)

Medicinal plants and theirs extracts have been used in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes and as a source of research in several scientific aspects, e.g. the anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to analyze the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action of the glycolic extracts of the medicinal plants Morus nigra (black mulberry), Ziziphus joazeiro (juá) and Vitis vinifera (grape) in mouse macrophages cells RAW 264.7. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was analyzed by MTT cell viability assay in two periods, 5 min and 24 h. The anti-inflammatory action of the extracts was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by quantifying the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide by Griess reagent. The values obtained were submitted to statistical tests ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis with post-test Tukey or Dunn multiple comparisons with the significance level of 5%. After exposure for 5 min and 24 h, respectively, noncytotoxic concentrations were observed for M. nigra (≤ 50 mg/mL and ≤ 1.56 mg/mL), Z. joazeiro (≤ 6.25 mg/mL and ≤ 3.12 mg/mL) and V. vinifera (≤ 25 mg/mL and ≤ 3.12 mg/mL) extracts. Concerning the anti-inflammatory response, 0.78 and 1.56 mg/mL of M. nigra extract and 3.12 mg/mL of V. vinifera extract showed significant inhibition of TNF-α cytokine production. Z. joazeiro extract suppressed significantly the TNF-α cytokine (3.12 mg/mL) and the nitric oxide (1.56 and 3.12 mg/mL) expression. In conclusion, the glycolic extracts of M. nigra, Z. joazeiro, and V. vinifera presented non-cytotoxic concentrations in both treatment periods and showed an antiinflammatory effect in RAW 264.7 cells(AU)

Moscatel vine-shoot extracts as a grapevine biostimulant to enhance wine quality.

Non-aromatic vine-shoot extracts (Airén) has been recently proposed as "viticultural biostimulants" when applied to grapevine. In this paper, the application of extracts from non-toasted (MVS) and toasted (MVSToasted) vine-shoots from the well-known aromatic variety such Moscatel were applied on Airén grapevine leaves, observing an increased for grape yield and wines with a lower alcohol degree. All wines at the end of the alcoholic fermentation were characterized by their fruity and floral descriptors, especially MVS wines; and 4 months later, MSV and MVSToasted wines surprised by their higher spicy notes, which correspond with the highest OAVs values for compounds such as norisoprenoids (ß-damascenone), vanillin derivatives (vanillin, acetovanillone) and volatile phenols (guaiacol, syringol), compared to control wine. Wine phenolic composition was affected positively over all by MVS in case of phenolic acids. These results confirm that Moscatel vine-shoot extracts foliar application into Airén non-aromatic grapevines produce an interesting enhance on wine quality.

Flavanol Quantification of Grapes via Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry. Application to Differentiation among Clones of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rufete Grapes.

The determination of the detailed flavanol composition in food matrices is not a simple task because of the structural similarities of monomers and, consequently, oligomers and polymers. The aim of this study was the development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method that would allow the accurate and precise quantification of catechins, gallocatechins, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The high correlation coefficients of the calibration curves (>0.993), the recoveries not statistically different from 100%, the good intra- and interday precisions (<5%), and the LOD and LOQ values, low enough to quantify flavanols in grapes, are good results from the method validation procedure. Its usefulness has also been tested by determining the detailed composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rufete grapes. Seventy-two (38 nongalloylated and 34 galloylated) and 53 (24 procyanidins and 29 prodelphinidins) flavanols have been identified and quantified in grape seed and grape skin, respectively. The use of HCA and PCA on the detailed flavanol composition has allowed differentiation among Rufete clones.

Broad-spectrum of antimicrobial properties of commercial wines from different Vitis vinifera L. varieties.

Fifteen commercial wines produced from international and autochthonic varieties of Vitis vinifera L. cultivation of different Balkan winegrowing subregions were studied for their antimicrobial activity against six Gram-positive (Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria inocua, Sarcina lutea and Micrococcus flavus) and six Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria. The concentrations and types of phenolic compounds responsible for antibacterial activity in wines were investigated by HPLC and spectroscopic methods. The correlation between amounts of phenolics and antibacterial activities of investigated wines were studied by application of statistical (PCA, factor and cluster) analyses. This study gives the possibility to predict the biological quality of the wine from the same cluster towards bacteria without "wet" analysis. Obtained results can to be useful both to wine producers for the formation of market price of wine, and to wine consumers in choosing quality red wine with high content of polyphenols.

Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States.

Fifty-eight muscadine grape varieties were evaluated for their fruit quality, nutraceutical, and antimicrobial properties during two growing seasons (2012 vs. 2013). Fruit quality was significantly different among muscadine grape varieties, with weight ranged from 2.93 to 22.32g, pH from 3.01 to 3.84, titratable acidity from 0.27% to 0.83%, and °Brix from 10.92 to 23.91. Total phenols for different muscadine juices varied from 0.26 to 1.28mgGA/mL, skins from 10.13 to 30.02mgGA/g DM, and seeds from 22.47 to 72.01mgGA/g DM. Accordingly, the antioxidant activity of grape juices varied from 0.97 to 6.78mmolTrolox/mL, skins from 83.59 to 221.20µmolTrolox/g DM, and seeds from 178.22 to 619.73µmolTrolox/g DM. Study demonstratedgrape seed polyphenols (MIC 54.8-60.1µg/ml) showed stronger antimicrobial activity against S. aureus than skin polyphenols (MIC 70.7-80.2µg/ml). This information could be a valuable asset in the research and extension of muscadine grapes.