Developmental treatment with bisphenol A causes few alterations on measures of postweaning activity and learning.

Widespread bisphenol A (BPA) exposure necessitates increased knowledge of its potential effects for better risk assessment and regulatory guidance. Here, female Sprague-Dawley rats, reared in low exogenous estrogen environments and bred at adulthood, were gavaged on gestational days 6-21 with vehicle (VEH), 2.5 or 25.0 µg/kg/day BPA, or 5.0 or 10.0 µg/kg/day ethinyl estradiol (EE2). Offspring were orally treated on postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21 with the same dose their dam received. A naïve control group (NC) was not gavaged. Post-weaning, one offspring/sex/litter (n=11-12/sex/group) was assessed for the typical behaviors measured in developmental neurotoxicology studies. At PND 29, novelty preference was unaffected by treatment; however, relative to the VEH group, males and females of both EE2 groups were more active. VEH males appeared somewhat hypoactive in open field assessments at PNDs 40-42 and, as a result, males of the BPA and EE2 groups were significantly more active. Latency to locate the Barnes maze escape box at PNDs 47-50 was increased in males and females of the 5.0 µg/kg/day EE2 group. Relative to other male groups, VEH males exhibited an increased startle response on the first trial block at PND 54 and thus, males of both BPA groups and the 10.0 µg/kg/day EE2 group exhibited a significantly decreased startle response. PNDs 43-44 motor coordination and PNDs 75-79 water maze performance were unaffected by treatment. These results indicate few consistent or dose-related effects resulting from developmental treatment with BPA at these doses. Few of these behaviors, however, were sexually dimorphic which may prove more sensitive.

Juror sensitivity to the cross-race effect.

Black and White mock jurors' sensitivity to the cross-race effect was investigated by varying the race of the eyewitness in a simulated murder trial of a Black defendant. Participants heard an audiotape of a trial after which they rendered a verdict and rated the credibility of the witnesses. White participants found the prosecution witnesses (including the eyewitness) more credible, and the defense witness less credible, than did Black participants; they were also more likely to find the defendant guilty. The Black eyewitness was perceived as more credible than was the White eyewitness, but eyewitness race had no effect on verdict. These results are consistent with the literature indicating that jurors of different races reach different verdicts, and also that jurors are relatively insensitive to factors that affect eyewitness testimony, such as the cross-race effect.