Sloanea chocoana and S. pittieriana (Elaeocarpaceae): Chemical and Biological Studies of Ethanolic Extracts and Skincare Properties.

The Colombian Chocó is known for its rich biodiversity and to harbor plant species that are under-explored, including the genus Sloanea. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of derivatized ethanolic extracts from S. chocoana and S. pittieriana using BSTFA and TMCS through GC-MS, and to assess cell viability of immortalized human non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT) and periodontal ligament fibroblast cells using crude extracts through MTS assay. Antioxidant and photoprotective properties were determined using DPPH assay and spectrophotometry. Antifungal activity of extracts against Candida species was developed following the CLSI standard M27, 4th ed. The sun protective factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio values were calculated using the Mansur equation and the Boots star rating system. The critical wavelength (λc) was determined by calculating the integrated optical density curve's area. The transmission of erythema and pigmentation was calculated through equations that use constants to calculate the flux of erythema and pigmentation. The GC-MS analysis identified 37 compounds for S. chocoana and 38 for S. pittieriana, including alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polyphenolics, among others. Both extracts exhibited proliferative effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, and showed excellent antioxidant activities (46.1% and 43.7%). Relevant antifungal activity was observed with S. pittieriana extract against Candida albicans (GM-MIC: 4 µg/mL), followed by C. auris and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 32 µg/mL), while S. chocoana extract was active against C. albicans and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively). High SPF values (31.0 and 30.0), λc (393.98 and 337.81 nm), UVA/UVB ratio (1.5 and 1.2), and low percentage of transmission of erythema and pigmentation were determined for S. chocoana and S. pittieriana, respectively. Results showed that species of Sloanea constitute a promising alternative as ingredients for developing skincare products, and exhaustive studies are required for their sustainable uses.

Análisis de posibles peligros en leche materna donada. Revisión / Analysis of potential hazards in donated breast milk. Review

La leche materna donada es un recurso de alto valor que puede ser utilizado para la alimentación de neonatos hospitalizados y a término, por tanto, garantizar su inocuidad es imperativo. Esta revisión de literatura reúne los principales peligros de naturaleza física, química y microbiológica identificados en leche materna, con la intención de proveer una referencia que los consolide de tal forma que la información pueda ser utilizada por bancos de leche humana, gobiernos y agencias regulatorias para establecer mecanismos para su prevención y control. Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre agosto del 2021 y octubre del 2022, utilizando buscadores y descriptores específicos para peligros de transmisión alimentaria en leche materna. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en español o en inglés. Se identificaron 31 agentes biológicos patógenos incluyendo bacterias, virus y parásitos. Como peligros químicos se reportaron medicamentos, drogas, cafeína, infusiones herbales, micotoxinas, alérgenos, especias, suplementos nutricionales, contaminantes ambientales y desinfectantes. Se alerta sobre la presencia potencial de plástico y vidrio de tamaño menor a 7 mm proveniente del ambiente de extracción y recipientes. La presencia de peligros microbiológicos y químicos en leche materna puede darse por transmisión vertical, temperaturas inadecuadas durante el almacenamiento y contaminación en el proceso. La presencia de peligros físicos se relaciona con la manipulación de los implementos en etapas posteriores a la extracción. Se requiere prestar atención a los hábitos de la madre para prevenir peligros químicos, así como más investigación relacionada con micotoxinas en leche materna(AU)

Donated breast milk is a highvalue resource which can be used to feed hospitalized neonates and full-term infants, therefore, ensuring its safety is imperative. This literature review presents the main hazards of physical, chemical and microbiological nature identified in human milk, with the intention of providing a reference that consolidates the reported hazards reported, so the information can be used by human milk banks, governments and regulatory agencies to establish prevention and control mechanisms. A literature review was carried out between August 2021 and October 2022, using search engines and specific descriptors for foodborne hazards in breast milk. Studies published in Spanish and English were considered. 31 pathogenic biological agents including bacteria, viruses and parasites were identified. Medications, drugs, caffeine, herbal infusions, mycotoxins, allergens, spices, nutritional supplements, contaminants of environmental origin and disinfectants were reported as chemical hazards. No physical hazards were identified, however the potential presence of plastic and glass smaller than 7 mm from the extraction environment or containers is alerted. Presence of microbiological and chemical hazards can be due to vertical transmission, inadequate temperature of storing, contamination during extraction, packaging, and infant feeding. Whereas presence of physical hazards is related to implements handling after extraction. Attention to hygiene and habits of the mother to prevent chemical hazards and further research related to mycotoxins in human milk is required(AU)

Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, and volatile constituents of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) cultivated in Costa Rica.

Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is a native fruit of the Andes, cultivated and consumed mainly in Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America. Because of its pleasant aroma and attractive color, it has high potential as an ingredient of products such as juices, nectars, and jams. The main characteristics of mature naranjilla fruits cultivated in Costa Rica were assessed, including sugar content, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), and total polyphenolic and ascorbic acid content. Carotenoid and volatile compound identification was also done. The samples showed sucrose, glucose, and fructose content of 1.6 +/- 0.3, 0.68 +/- 0.05, and 0.7 +/- 0.1 g/100 g, respectively. Total titratable acidity was 2.63 +/- 0.07 g citric acid equivalent / 100 g and total soluble solids amounted to 9.1 +/- 0.5 degrees Brix. H-ORAC value was 17 +/- 1 micromol Trolox equivalent /g, total polyphenolic content was 48 +/- 3 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g and ascorbic acid content was 12.5 +/- 0.0 mg/100 g. Carotenoid content of the whole fruit and pulp was 33.3 +/- 0.6 and 7.2 +/- 0.3 microg/g, respectively. The predominant carotenoid among the compounds identified in the whole fruit was beta-carotene. Ten volatile compounds were identified in naranjillapulp, the predominant being methyl butanoate. The chemical composition of naranjilla cultivated in Costa Rica does not seem to differ from that previously reported in studies at different locations.

Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties, and volatile constituents of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam) cultivated in Costa Rica / Caracterización química, propiedades antioxidantes y constituyentes volátiles de naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam) cultivada en Costa Rica

Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is a native fruit of the Andes, cultivated and consumed mainly in Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America. Because of its pleasant aroma and attractive color, it has high potential as an ingredient of products such as juices, nectars, and jams. The main characteristics of mature naranjilla fruits cultivated in Costa Rica were assessed, including sugar content, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), and total polyphenolic and ascorbic acid content. Carotenoid and volatile compound identification was also done. The samples showed sucrose, glucose, and fructose content of 1.6 ± 0.3, 0.68 ± 0.05, and 0.7 ± 0.1 g/100 g, respectively. Total titratable acidity was 2.63 ± 0.07 g citric acid equivalent / 100 g and total soluble solids amounted to 9.1 ± 0.5 ºBrix. H-ORAC value was 17 ± 1 µmol Trolox equivalent / g, total polyphenolic content was 48 ± 3 mg gallic acid equivalent / 100 g and ascorbic acid content was 12.5 ± 0.0 mg/100 g. Carotenoid content of the whole fruit and pulp was 33.3 ± 0.6 and 7.2 ± 0.3 µg/g, respectively. The predominant carotenoid among the compounds identified in the whole fruit was β-carotene. Ten volatile compounds were identified in naranjilla pulp, the predominant being methyl butanoate. The chemical composition of naranjilla cultivated in Costa Rica does not seem to differ from that previously reported in studies at different locations.

La naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) es una fruta nativa de los Andes, cultivada y consumida principalmente en Ecuador, Colombia y América Central. Las principales características de frutas de naranjilla maduras cultivadas en Costa Rica fueron evaluadas, incluyendo contenido de azúcares, acidez titulable total, sólidos solubles totales, capacidad de absorbancia de radicales de oxígeno (H-ORAC) y contenido de polifenoles totales y ácido ascórbico. La identificación de carotenoides y compuestos volátiles fue también realizada. Las muestras presentaron contenidos de sacarosa, glucosa y fructosa de 1.6 ± 0.3, 0.68 ± 0.05 y 0.7 ± 0.1 g/100 g, respectivamente. La acidez titulable total fue 2.63 ± 0.07 g equivalentes de ácido cítrico / 100 g y los sólidos solubles totales fueron 9.1 ± 0.5 ºBrix. El valor de H-ORAC fue 17 ± 1 µmol equivalentes de Trolox / g, el contenido de polifenoles totales fue 48 ± 3 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico / 100 g y el contenido de ácido ascórbico fue 12.5 ± 0.0 mg/100 g. El contenido de carotenoides de la fruta completa y la pulpa fue 33.3 ± 0.6 y 7.2 ± 0.3 µg/g, respectivamente. El carotenoide predominante en los compuestos identificados en las frutas completas fue β-caroteno. Diez compuestos volátiles fueron identificados en la pulpa de naranjilla, siendo el predominante el butanoato de metilo. La composición química de naranjilla cultivada en Costa Rica aparenta no diferir de aquella reportada previamente en estudios realizados en lugares diferentes.