RESUMEN
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible reno-protective effect of Ficus exasperata leaf aqueous extract (FEE) in a rat experimental paradigm of diabetes mellitus. Forty Wistar rats (weighing 200-230 g) were divided into four (A, B, C, and D) groups, each group consisting of 10 rats. Group A rats served as 'control' animals and received citrate buffer (pH 6.3) solution in quantities equivalent to intraperitoneally-administered volumes of streptozotocin (STZ) and FEE. Diabetes mellitus was induced in Groups B and C rats by intraperitoneal injections of STZ (75 mg/kg). Group C rats were additionally treated with FEE (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) 4 weeks post STZ injections, for 4 consecutive weeks. Group D rats received FEE (100 mg/kg/day p.o.) only for 4 weeks. Post-euthanisation, kidney tissues were excised for histopathological evaluation and processed for light microscopy. Plasma malondialdehyde and tissue nitric oxide were determined. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, nitrite, and albumin concentrations were measured for the evaluation of renal function. The diabetic rats significantly lost more weight and their blood glucose levels were significantly elevated as compared to the 'control' group of animals. Renal dysfunction was evidenced by kidney hypertrophy, decreased renal blood flow, and increased serum creatinine and nitrite concentrations. Furthermore, vascular dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased carotid blood flow, was observed in the diabetic rats. FEE treatment positively ameliorated the alterations in the biochemical variables in the STZ + FEE-treated rats. In conclusion, our findings suggest that FEE treatment ameliorates STZ-induced nephrotoxicity.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones de la Diabetes/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/fisiopatología , Ficus/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/patología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Pruebas de Función Renal , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Microanatomical changes in the pancreatic islet cells of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats were studied after treatment with methanolic extracts of Annona muricata leaves. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, untreated diabetic group, and A. muricata-treated diabetic group) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. The control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Daily intra peritoneal injections of 100 mg/kg A. muricata were administered to group C rats for two weeks. Post sacrifice the pancreases of the rats were excised and fixed in Bouin's fluid. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections of 5 mum thickness were produced and stained with H & E, Gomori aldehyde fuchsin, and chrome alum haematoxylin-phloxine for demonstration of the beta-cells of islets of pancreatic islets. Histomorphological and morphometric examination of the stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase in the number, diameter, and volume of the beta-cells of pancreatic islets of the A. muricata-treated group (5.67 +/- 0.184 N/1000 mum(2), 5.38 +/- 0.093 mum and 85.12 +/- 4.24 mum(3), respectively) when compared to that of the untreated diabetic group of rats (2.85 +/- 0.361 N/1000 mum(2), 2.85 +/- 0.362 mum and 69.56 +/- 5.216 mum(3), respectively). The results revealed regeneration of the beta-cells of islets of pancreatic islet of rats treated with extract of A. muricata.
Asunto(s)
Annonaceae , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/patología , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The methanolic extract of Murraya koenigii leaf was screened for toxicological and biochemical effects on rats because of the folkloric uses as an anti-dysentery and anti-diabetes. The extract was moderately toxic (LD(50)=316.23 mg/kg body weight) to rats and had appreciable effect on the liver and kidney at higher doses leading to liver inflammation. It had little or no effect on haematology and relative organ weight of lungs, heart and spleen. Acute doses (500 mg/kg) reduced significantly serum globulin, albumin, urea, glucose, total protein, aspartate transaminase (AST), and increased cholesterol and alanine transaminase (ALT) indicating hepatic injury. However, chronic administration for 14 days gave a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the serum cholesterol, glucose, urea, bilirubin, ALT and AST showing that the plant has hypoglycaemic and hepatoprotective effects after prolonged use. The activity demonstrated by some of the isolated carbazole alkaloids and their derivatives against Trichomonas gallinae confirmed that the anti-trichomonal activity of the leaf may be due to its carbazole alkaloids. The order of activity was C(18)>C(23)>C(13). Girinimbine and girinimbilol with IC(50) values of 1.08 and 1.20 microg/ml were the most active. Acetylation of girinimbilol and mahanimbilol improved their activities to 0.60 and 1.08 microg/ml.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides/toxicidad , Murraya/química , Murraya/toxicidad , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Trichomonas/efectos de los fármacos , Alcaloides/química , Estructuras Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antitricomonas/farmacología , Antitricomonas/toxicidad , Carbazoles/farmacología , Carbazoles/toxicidad , Columbidae/parasitología , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Hematócrito , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Nigeria , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ratas , Suero/química , Suero/efectos de los fármacos , Suero/enzimología , Factores de Tiempo , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda/métodos , Trichomonas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Dorstenia barteri and D. convexa extracts and some isolated components of the former were investigated for effectiveness against Trichomonas gallinarum and compared with quercetin and quercitrin. The antioxidant activity of the extracts/compounds was also determined. The minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) for the extract of D. barteri leaves and twigs at 24 h were found to be 15.625 and 15.625 microg/ml, respectively. However, the MLCs of the leaf and twig extract of D. convexa were 125 and 437.5 microg/ml, respectively. The prenylated and geranylated chalcones were as active as the prenylated flavones, 6-prenylapigenin and the diprenylated derivative 6,8-diprenyleridictyol. The order of the antitrichomonal activity of the compounds at 24 h was: quercetin (0.121 microg/ml) > quercitrin (0.244 microg/ml) > or = bartericin B (0.244 microg/ml) > bartericin A (0.73 microg/ml) > stigmasterol (0.98 microg/ml) > 6,8-diprenyleridictyol = isobavachalcone = dorsmanin F (31.25 microg/ml). D. barteri extracts, quercitrin, and bartericin A, and the prenylated flavonoids had potent antioxidant properties. The twig extract of D. barteri was more potent than the leaf extract. Moderate (EC50 >50 microg/ml) and high (EC50 <50 microg/ml) antioxidant activities were detected in the leaf and twig extracts of D. barteri and the prenylated flavonoids. Prenylated flavonoids and the isolated compounds with antioxidant properties described here may account for the anti-inflammatory action of these extracts. The antitrichomonal and antioxidant activities shown by the extracts and compounds in this study are consistent with the ethnomedicinal and local use of the Dorstenia species studied.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antitricomonas/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Moraceae/química , Trichomonas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antitricomonas/química , Antitricomonas/aislamiento & purificación , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Parasitaria , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Dorstenia barteri and D. convexa extracts and some isolated components of the former were investigated for effectiveness against Trichomonas gallinarum and compared with quercetin and quercitrin. The antioxidant activity of the extracts/compounds was also determined. The minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) for the extract of D. barteri leaves and twigs at 24 h were found to be 15.625 and 15.625 æg/ml, respectively. However, the MLCs of the leaf and twig extract of D. convexa were 125 and 437.5 æg/ml, respectively. The prenylated and geranylated chalcones were as active as the prenylated flavones, 6-prenylapigenin and the diprenylated derivative 6,8-diprenyleridictyol. The order of the antitrichomonal activity of the compounds at 24 h was: quercetin (0.121 æg/ml) > quercitrin (0.244 æg/ml) > or = bartericin B (0.244 æg/ml) > bartericin A (0.73 æg/ml) > stigmasterol (0.98 æg/ml) > 6,8-diprenyleridictyol = isobavachalcone = dorsmanin F (31.25 æg/ml). D. barteri extracts, quercitrin, and bartericin A, and the prenylated flavonoids had potent antioxidant properties. The twig extract of D. barteri was more potent than the leaf extract. Moderate (EC50 >50 æg/ml) and high (EC50 <50 æg/ml) antioxidant activities were detected in the leaf and twig extracts of D. barteri and the prenylated flavonoids. Prenylated flavonoids and the isolated compounds with antioxidant properties described here may account for the anti-inflammatory action of these extracts. The antitrichomonal and antioxidant activities shown by the extracts and compounds in this study are consistent with the ethnomedicinal and local use of the Dorstenia species studied.