Post-enzymatic hydrolysis heat treatment as an essential unit operation for collagen solubilization from poultry by-products.

Enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH) is an invaluable process to increase the value of food processing by-products. In the current work the aim was to study the role of standard thermal inactivation in collagen solubilization during EPH of poultry by-products. Hundred and eighty hydrolysates were produced using two proteases (stem Bromelain and Endocut-02) and two collagen-rich poultry by-products (turkey tendons and carcasses). Thermal inactivation was performed with and without the sediment to study the effect of heat on collagen solubilization. A large difference in molecular weight distribution profiles was observed when comparing hydrolysate time series of the two proteases. In addition, it was shown that 15 min heat treatment, conventionally used for inactivating proteases, is essential in solubilizing collagen fragments, which significantly contributes to increasing the protein yield of the entire process. The study thus demonstrated the possibility of producing tailored products of different quality by exploiting standard heat inactivation in EPH.

Exploring Effects of Protease Choice and Protease Combinations in Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis of Poultry By-Products.

A study of the effects of single and combined protease hydrolysis on myofibrillar versus collagenous proteins of poultry by-products has been conducted. The aim was to contribute with knowledge for increased value creation of all constituents of these complex by-products. A rational approach was implemented for selecting proteases exhibiting the most different activity towards the major protein-rich constituents of mechanically deboned chicken residue (MDCR). An initial activity screening of 18 proteases on chicken meat, turkey tendons and MDCR was conducted. Based on weight yield, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SDS-PAGE, stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 were selected. Studies on hydrolysis of four different poultry by-products at 40 °C, evaluated by protein yield, SEC, and SDS-PAGE, indicate that the proteases' selectivity difference can be utilized in tailor-making hydrolysates, enriched in either meat- and collagen-derived peptides or gelatin. Three modes of stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 combinations during hydrolysis of MDCR were performed and compared with single protease hydrolysis. All modes of the protease combinations resulted in a similar approximately 15% increase in product yield, with products exhibiting similar SEC and SDS-PAGE profiles. This shows that irrespective of the modes of combination, the use of more than one enzyme in hydrolysis of collagen-rich material can provide means to increase the total protein yield and ultimately contribute to increased value creation of poultry by-products.

Magnetic ligand fishing using immobilized DPP-IV for identification of antidiabetic ligands in lingonberry extract.

In this work, a new magnetic ligand fishing probe for discovery of DPP-IV inhibitory ligands was developed and it was tested as a proof of concept on the fruit extract of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry). The ligands were shown to have appreciable dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity (IC50: 31.8 µg mL-1).) Inhibition of DPP-IV is a well-known therapeutic approach for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-IV was successfully immobilized onto magnetic beads and was shown to retain its catalytic activity and selectivity over a model mixture. A total of four ligands were successfully fished out and identified as cyanidin-3-galactoside (2), cyanidin-3-arabinoside (3), proanthocynidin A (4), and 10-carboxyl-pyranopeonidin 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (5) using HPLC/HRMS.

Increased release of carotenoids and delayed in vitro lipid digestion of high pressure homogenized tomato and pepper emulsions.

Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds that are digested and absorbed along with lipids. Emulsions based on a mixture of plum tomato and red sweet pepper, with 5% or 10% rapeseed oil, were obtained by high pressure homogenization, and the concentration of carotenoids in the emulsion oil droplets was quantified. The fraction of lycopene and beta-carotene released from the plant matrix into the oil droplets was highest in the 10% emulsion, which had larger oil droplets than the 5% emulsion. Xanthophylls were easily released into oil droplets in both 5% and 10% emulsions. The results suggest that the release of carotenoids made available for intestinal absorption depends on carotenoid type and can be significantly improved by increasing the homogenization pressure and oil content. However, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion indicated the presence of constituents or structures in the emulsions, originating from tomato, that reduced pancreatic activity, which may delay micellarization and uptake of carotenoids.

Predicting the fatty acid composition of milk: a comparison of two Fourier transform infrared sampling techniques.

In the present study a novel approach for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) characterization of the fatty acid composition of milk based on dried film measurements has been presented and compared to a standard FT-IR approach based on liquid milk measurements. Two hundred and sixty-two (262) milk samples were obtained from a feeding experiment, and the samples were measured with FT-IR as dried films as well as liquid samples. Calibrations against the most abundant fatty acids, CLA (i.e., 18:2cis-9, trans-11), 18:3cis-9, cis-12, cis-15, and summed fatty acid parameters were obtained for both approaches. The estimation errors obtained in the dried film calibrations were overall lower than the corresponding liquid sample calibrations. Similar and good calibrations (i.e., R(2) ranges from 0.82 to 0.94 (liquid samples) and from 0.88 to 0.97 (dried films)) for short-chain fatty acids (6:0-14:0), 18:1cis-9, SAT, MUFA, and iodine value were obtained by both approaches. However, the dried film approach was the only approach for which feasible calibrations (i.e., R(2) ranges from 0.78 to 0.93) were obtained for the major saturated fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0, the minor fatty acid features 4:0, CLA (i.e., 18:2cis-9, trans-11), PUFA, and the summed 18:1 trans isomers. For the dried film approach, logical spectral features were found to dominate the respective fatty acid calibration models. The preconcentration step of the dried film approach could be expected to account for a major part of the prediction improvements going from predictions in liquid milk to predictions in dried films. The dried film approach has a significant potential for use in high-throughput applications in industrial environments and might also serve as a valuable supplement for determination of genetic and breeding factors within research communities.