Anti-inflammatory activity of nicotine isolated from Brassica oleracea in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, associated with chronic inflammation of synoviocytes. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RA through pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine, an alkaloid used as herbal medicine, often worked as an anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we tried to uncover the anti-inflammatory impact of nicotine against RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nicotine was isolated from Brassica oleracea, purified by high profile/phase liquid chromatography (HPLC). In-silico docking was carried out using bioinformatics tools SwissADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion), PASS, and Drug-induced Gene Expression Profile (DIGEP)-Pred to determine drug likeliness of nicotine. The in-vitro study was performed in TNFα-induced SW982 synoviocytes by qPCR. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL6, IL1ß) and proteins (TRAF2, P50, P65) were analyzed followed by validation of P65 (RELA), pP65, IkBα by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Nicotine compound was extracted from Brassica oleracea and purified by HPLC method (Rt values at 2.67 min). The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeliness of nicotine were studied by in-silico analysis. In-vitro studies revealed that nicotine lowers the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL6, IL1ß) and proteins (TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), P50, P65) at 1 µg/ml in TNFα-induced SW982 cells. CONCLUSION: Nicotine from natural sources (Brassica oleracea) has been found to be an effective anti- inflammatory compound at a low dosage; thus, identifying the role of nicotine present in the natural sources as a therapeutic option for RA, may be recommended as remedial drug instead of synthetic drug.

Exogenous miRNA: A Perspective Role as Therapeutic in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint deformation. Till now several studies has been carried out promising its cure, but curing has not yet achieved to the satisfactory levels. Herbal approach to treat disease by a cross-kingdom mechanism via exogenous miRNA is an emerging trend to target associated genes with RA pathogenesis as a therapeutic potential. The concept of acquired/exogenous miRNA into pathophysiological prospect provides an opportunity to explore inter-species kingdom like regulation of plant miRNAs on human health. The change in gene expression was attributed by a short 22-24 nucleotide long sequence that binds to its complementary region to suppress/silence the gene expression. This makes exogenous miRNA a novel approach for targeted therapy to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, aim of the review was to address significance of plant derived miRNA based targeted therapy to regulate inflammation in RA.