RESUMEN
The long-tailed macaque, also referred to as cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), is one of the most important nonhuman primate animal models in basic and applied biomedical research. To improve the predictive power of primate experiments for humans, we determined the genome sequence of a Macaca fascicularis female of Mauritian origin using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach. We applied a template switch strategy that uses either the rhesus or the human genome to assemble sequence reads. The sixfold sequence coverage of the draft genome sequence enabled discovery of about 2.1 million potential single-nucleotide polymorphisms based on occurrence of a dimorphic nucleotide at a given position in the genome sequence. Homology-based annotation allowed us to identify 17,387 orthologs of human protein-coding genes in the M. fascicularis draft genome, and the predicted transcripts enabled the design of a M. fascicularis-specific gene expression microarray. Using liver samples from 36 individuals of different geographic origin we identified 718 genes with highly variable expression in liver, whereas the majority of the transcriptome shows relatively stable and comparable expression. Knowledge of the M. fascicularis draft genome is an important contribution to both the use of this animal in disease models and the safety assessment of drugs and their metabolites. In particular, this information allows high-resolution genotyping and microarray-based gene-expression profiling for animal stratification, thereby allowing the use of well-characterized animals for safety testing. Finally, the genome sequence presented here is a significant contribution to the global "3R" animal welfare initiative, which has the goal to reduce, refine, and replace animal experiments.
Asunto(s)
Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Macaca fascicularis/genética , Modelos Animales , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Citocinas/genética , ADN/genética , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Genoma , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Hígado/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/métodos , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/genética , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long term therapeutic effect of Chinese prescription "Shen Yang" in the combined and sequential therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma cases. METHODS: There are 238 cases with oral squamous cell carcinoma. They were divided into two groups randomly as "Shen Yang" experiment group and control group (placebo). 25 cases were precluded from the experiment group. 17 of them were due to unexperiment of taking "Shen Yang" within three months. 8 cases were lost of follow-up. 213 patients were included in this study. Among them, 104 cases in experiment group, and 109 cases in control one. Patients in both groups were followed-up for 5-10 years. Their life-curve was calculated by means of Logrank method. RESULTS: The survival rate of "Shen Yang" group was improved by 8.46%, 9.26%, 9.04% and 8.57% for 3-year, 5-year, 8-year and 10-year survival rates. But the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (P=0.1936, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Chinese prescription of "Shen Yang" had a tendency to improve the survival rate for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.