Evaluación de las ingestas dietéticas y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses en una localidad del noreste argentino / Assessment of dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina

Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.

Introduction. An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6­23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. Population and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6­23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. Results. A total of 138 children aged 6­23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6­23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.

Assessment of dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. / Evaluación de las ingestas dietéticas y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses en una localidad del noreste argentino.

INTRODUCTION: An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive, crosssectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. RESULTS: A total of 138 children aged 6-23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6-23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.

Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.

Effects of bioavailable phenolic compounds from Ilex paraguariensis on the brain of mice with lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality. Recently, we showed that it produces neurological paraneoplastic syndrome, with Ilex paraguariensis (IP) extract exerting palliative effects due to its content of phenolic compounds. It is possible, therefore, that these diet agents can arrive at the brain and exert neuroprotection, after the oral intake of IP. Here, the aim was to investigate the protective role of bioavailable IP compounds on the telencephalon and diencephalon in lung adenocarcinoma-bearing BALB/cJ males. Mice aged 2 months were treated for 3 weeks with 0-100 IP mg·kg-1 ·day-1 . HPLC-UV revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and quercetin in brain regions, liver, and tumour, in an IP dose-dependent manner. Brain was also evaluated histologically, and interleukin-6 was measured by ELISA. Chlorogenic acid was the major compound found in brain, whereas quercetin was observed at the diencephalon to a lesser extent. Both compounds were involved in IP dose-dependent diencephalic interleukin-6 reduction. Histology suggested cellular protection with less apoptosis in chlorogenic-exposed areas. Taken together, chlorogenic acid and quercetin from dietary IP were bioavailable and bioactive in brain, thereby attenuating lung cancer-related neuroinflammation and damage. These findings support plant-based strategies to improve prognosis.

Neuroprotective Effect of Ilex Paraguariensis Intake on Brain Myelin of Lung Adenocarcinoma-Bearing Male Balb/c Mice.

Ilex paraguariensis (IP) is widely consumed as tea with high nutritional value. This plant contains several bioactive phenolic compounds, which are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. On the other hand, lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) deleteriously involves neoplastic progression, inflammatory paraneoplastic syndromes, and death. Given that brain is a frequent target of this illness, our objective was to determine the neuroprotective effect of IP consumption in LAC-bearing mice. They were orally treated with 50 mg of IP extract/kg/day (IP50) for 3 weeks. Results (phenolic compounds, lipid peroxides, interleukin 6-IL-6-, tumor necrosis factor alpha -TNFα-, and luxol-stained myelination) were compared with respect to untreated controls (C) by the T test. IP50 significantly lowed brain IL-6 (2858.12 ± 57.81 pg g-1 vs. 3801.30 ± 27.34 pg g-1), whereas other variables differed in a less extent. C brains showed demyelination (low luxol-staining contrast between gray and white matters), with IP50 increasing myelination (P < 0.05). In conclusion, LAC deleterious effects on murine brain were prevented by dietary IP, which is an original discovery to develop a nutritional approach against cancer neurological compromise.

[Regional oxidative stress in encephalon of female mice with polyphenolic exposure from tea extracts in oral overweight plant-based treatment].

Polyphenols provide by diet may act as antioxidant in the Central Nervous System and exert a protective effect on metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to establish tea extract effects on oxidative status and murine overweight in accordance with polyphenolic availability in different encephalic regions. METHODS: Balb/c mice (female, n>3) with overweight received for 15 days 100 mg/Kg/d of extract from Lantana grisebachii, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, or Ilex paraguariensis extracts and control group (received water without extract). Body weight gain was recorded regularly. Polyphenols, hydroperoxides (HP), lipid peroxides (LP), and superoxide anion (SO) were measured in brain (telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain, brainstem and cerebellum. Results were compared by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (P<0.05). RESULTS: A. quebracho-blanco-based treatment decreased weight gain and increased polyphenols in brainstem (p<0.02), although it concomitantly increased SO and LP in this region (p=0.0029 and p=0.0280, respectively). L. grisebachii-based treatment reduced oxidative markers differentially in each region (p<0.05). I. paraguariensis-based treatment oxidized midbrain and cerebellum, although it was antioxidant in the brainstem (p<0.05). All treatments were antioxidant in telencephalon (p=0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: The A. quebracho-blanco extract was active on overweight and increased polyphenols in brainstem, with safe functional derivatives being required to avoid oxidative stress. Other extracts affected oxidative status in a region-dependent manner.

[Bioavailability of phenolic compounds and redox state of murine liver and kidney as sex-dependent responses to phytoextracts.]

BACKGROUND: Plant extracts can be obtained to carry bioactive compounds, useful for prevention and treatment of different illnesses. This also supports the intake of teas as functional beverages. Nonetheless, it is incompletely known whether these extracts can act as effective sources and vehicles de phenolic compounds (phenolics/polyphenols) to reach their targets. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether phytoextract ingestion modified in a sex-dependent manner the phenolic bioavailability and redox response in liver and kidney. METHOD: BALB/C mice ingested for a month 100 mg/Kg/d of extracts (tea-like) from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (AQB), Lantana grisebachii (LG) or Ilex paraguariensis (IP). Then, phenolics, peroxides and nitrites were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Also, phenolic permeation from digested and undigested extracts was evaluated in vitro with a rat jejunum-based assay. RESULTS: Phenolic permeation depended on extract digestion. In males, IP showed a special time course of hepatic phenolics, whereas all extracts decreased renal phenolics at 15 days. Extracts induced hepatic lipoperoxides at 15 days. LG reduced renal hydroperoxides at 15 days and hepatic nitrites at 30 days, whereas AQB and IP reduced renal lipoperoxides and nitrites at 30 days. In females, extracts reduced hydroperoxides, with LG and AQB also reducing lipoperoxides. IP increased renal lipoperoxides at 30 days. CONCLUSION: IP was a relevant phenolic source. Sex-dependent responses were found in all variables, which should be considered to prevent misleading generalizations in phytodrug bioprospecting.

Aplicación de componentes alimentarios en problemas de salud asociados a estrés oxidativo: selección de compuestos con propiedades antiradicalarias a partir de almentos o productos alimenticios regionales / Application of food components on health problems associated with oxidative stress: selection of compounds with properties Antiradical from almentos or regional food

El Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico (SUH) mediado por Escherichia coli productora de Verotoxinas es la causa más común de falla renal aguda en niños menores de 5 años y Argentina es el país con mayor incidencia de este síndrome. El serotipo O157:H7 es el que se asocia con mayor frecuencia y gravedad a infecciones humanas. Esta bacteria secreta diferentes factores de virulencia (FV) dentro del los cuales Verotoxina (VT) es el más importante. VT llega al torrente circulatorio y además de ejercer su efecto citotóxico por inhibición de la síntesis proteica con la consiguiente apoptosis de las células blanco, actúa estimulando los leucocitos polimorfonucleares y promoviendo la producción de Especies Reactivas del Oxígeno (ERO) por un mecanismo que aún no se encuentra esclarecido, sin embargo se ha postulado que el estrés oxidativo (EO) está involucrado en la acción de las principales toxinas de E.coli verotoxigénico. Por este motivo fue objeto de esta tesis doctoral evaluar el efecto de los factores de virulencia de E.coli O157:H7 sobre: promotores de EO (ERO y Especies Reactivas del Nitrógeno- ERN), marcadores de oxidación de moléculas lipídicas y proteicas y la capacidad antioxidante total (CA) en sangre de personas sanas y pacientes con SUH, como así también la obtención de antioxidantes exógenos de origen vegetal que permitan contrarrestar los efectos dañinos del EO, neutralizar la acción citotóxica de VT y/ó disminuir su producción- liberación por parte de la bacteria(AU)

SUMMARY: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) mediated by Escherichia coli producing shigatoxins (Stxs) is denominated E. coli STEC, and is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children under 5 years old and Argentina has the highest incidence of this syndrome. The serotype O157: H7 is the one associated with more frequent and severe human infections. This bacterium secretes several virulence factors within which Stx or verotoxin is the most important. Stx reached the general circulation and also to exert its cytotoxic effect by inhibiting protein synthesis with subsequent apoptosis of target cells, like leukocytes. This toxin works by stimulating and promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a mechanism not yet clarified, however it has been postulated that oxidative stress is involved in the action of this major toxin of E. coli STEC. For this reason was the objective of this thesis to evaluate the effect of the virulence factors of E. coli serotype O157: H7 on the promoters of oxidative stress (ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS), markers of lipid and protein oxidation. Total antioxidant capacity assayed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was investigated in blood of healthy individuals and patients with HUS. Plant extracts were studied as antioxidants to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The extracts were obtained from carob flour (Prosopis alba) and mistol (Ziziphus mistol) by maceration with different solvents (acetone, hexane, alcohol and water) which underwent a characterization of their chemical composition by spectrophotometric analysis and thin layer chromatography (TLC). From these trials were selected alcoholic and acetone extracts of both fruit because presented the best relation dissolved solids/functional groups(AU)

Aplicación de componentes alimentarios en problemas de salud asociados a estrés oxidativo: selección de compuestos con propiedades antiradicalarias a partir de almentos o productos alimenticios regionales / Application of food components on health problems associated with oxidative stress: selection of compounds with properties Antiradical from almentos or regional food

El Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico (SUH) mediado por Escherichia coli productora de Verotoxinas es la causa más común de falla renal aguda en niños menores de 5 años y Argentina es el país con mayor incidencia de este síndrome. El serotipo O157:H7 es el que se asocia con mayor frecuencia y gravedad a infecciones humanas. Esta bacteria secreta diferentes factores de virulencia (FV) dentro del los cuales Verotoxina (VT) es el más importante. VT llega al torrente circulatorio y además de ejercer su efecto citotóxico por inhibición de la síntesis proteica con la consiguiente apoptosis de las células blanco, actúa estimulando los leucocitos polimorfonucleares y promoviendo la producción de Especies Reactivas del Oxígeno (ERO) por un mecanismo que aún no se encuentra esclarecido, sin embargo se ha postulado que el estrés oxidativo (EO) está involucrado en la acción de las principales toxinas de E.coli verotoxigénico. Por este motivo fue objeto de esta tesis doctoral evaluar el efecto de los factores de virulencia de E.coli O157:H7 sobre: promotores de EO (ERO y Especies Reactivas del Nitrógeno- ERN), marcadores de oxidación de moléculas lipídicas y proteicas y la capacidad antioxidante total (CA) en sangre de personas sanas y pacientes con SUH, como así también la obtención de antioxidantes exógenos de origen vegetal que permitan contrarrestar los efectos dañinos del EO, neutralizar la acción citotóxica de VT y/ó disminuir su producción- liberación por parte de la bacteria

SUMMARY: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) mediated by Escherichia coli producing shigatoxins (Stxs) is denominated E. coli STEC, and is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children under 5 years old and Argentina has the highest incidence of this syndrome. The serotype O157: H7 is the one associated with more frequent and severe human infections. This bacterium secretes several virulence factors within which Stx or verotoxin is the most important. Stx reached the general circulation and also to exert its cytotoxic effect by inhibiting protein synthesis with subsequent apoptosis of target cells, like leukocytes. This toxin works by stimulating and promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a mechanism not yet clarified, however it has been postulated that oxidative stress is involved in the action of this major toxin of E. coli STEC. For this reason was the objective of this thesis to evaluate the effect of the virulence factors of E. coli serotype O157: H7 on the promoters of oxidative stress (ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS), markers of lipid and protein oxidation. Total antioxidant capacity assayed by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was investigated in blood of healthy individuals and patients with HUS. Plant extracts were studied as antioxidants to counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The extracts were obtained from carob flour (Prosopis alba) and mistol (Ziziphus mistol) by maceration with different solvents (acetone, hexane, alcohol and water) which underwent a characterization of their chemical composition by spectrophotometric analysis and thin layer chromatography (TLC). From these trials were selected alcoholic and acetone extracts of both fruit because presented the best relation dissolved solids/functional groups

Chemiluminescence determination of antioxidant property of Zizyphus mistol and Prosopis alba during oxidative stress generated in blood by Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome-producing Escherichia coli.

This study was undertaken to elucidate the antioxidant effect of Zizyphus mistol and Prosopis alba, with the hypothesis that these fruits can counteract the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by toxins produced by Escherichia coli. In the search of nutrients effective against the Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), we detected by chemiluminescence a protective role of both plants, due to their natural antioxidants significantly decreasing the levels of ROS induced by toxins from E. coli in blood. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was found to be higher in Z. mistol than in P. alba. The chemical analyses of the phenols and flavonoids present in the fruit extracts indicated that the FRAP correlated with the amount of phenolic compounds, but not with the flavonoids analyzed. Both fruits studied reduce the induction of ROS, and in this way help to prevent the development of complications related to oxidative stress generated in the blood of patients with HUS.

Beneficial effect of Berberis buxifolia Lam, Ziziphus mistol Griseb and Prosopis alba extracts on oxidative stress induced by chloramphenicol.

The chemiluminescence of luminol, a measure of oxidative stress, increased immediately as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by this antibiotic. The effect of Ch was dose dependent with maximum stimulus at 8 mg/ml (Vmax); above this concentration the cells began to reduce the production of ROS. The oxidative injury of Ch was counteracted by water extracts of Berberis buxifolia lam, Zizyphus mistol Griseb and Prosopis alba, indigenous fruits from Argentina. The relatively light units (RLU) emitted decreased immediately as a consequence of a protective effect exerted by the extracts of these fruit extracts on blood cells. The three indigenous fruit extracts reduced to a different extent the oxidative injury caused by Ch. B.buxifolia lam exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity followed by Z.mistol Griseb. Water extracts of both fruit extracts were the most effective against the oxidative stress, while P.alba presented better antioxidant capacity in the ethanolic fraction obtained. Hexane extracts showed low protective action on blood cells, with little reduction of area under curve (AUC) of RLU plotted versus time. Leukocytes remained viable in blood samples incubated for 3h with Ch and water extracts of B. buxifolia lam or Z. mistol Griseb (97.1% and 92.5% viability by Trypan blue exclusion, respectively); whereas with Ch only the cells were stressed and viability decreased to 30%. The three fruit extracts protected the viability of leukocytes in parallel with the decrease of ROS. Erythrocytes were not lysed in the presence of Ch.

Beneficial effect of Berberis buxifolia Lam, Ziziphus mistol Griseb and Prosopis alba extracts on oxidative stress induced by chloramphenicol / Efecto benéfico de extractos de Berberis buxifolia Lam, Zizyphus mistol Griseb y Prosopis alba sobre el estrés oxidativo inducido por cloramfenicol

The chemiluminescence of luminol, a measure of oxidative stress, increased immediately as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by this antibiotic. The effect of Ch was dose dependent with maximum stimulus at 8 mg/ml (Vmax); above this concentration the cells began to reduce the production of ROS. The oxidative injury of Ch was counteracted by water extracts of Berberis buxifolia lam, Zizyphus mistol Griseb and Prosopis alba, indigenous fruits from Argentina. The relatively light units (RLU) emitted decreased immediately as a consequence of a protective effect exerted by the extracts of these fruit extracts on blood cells. The three indigenous fruit extracts reduced to a different extent the oxidative injury caused by Ch. B.buxifolia lam exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity followed by Z.mistol Griseb. Water extracts of both fruit extracts were the most effective against the oxidative stress, while P.alba presented better antioxidant capacity in the ethanolic fraction obtained. Hexane extracts showed low protective action on blood cells, with little reduction of area under curve (AUC) of RLU plotted versus time. Leukocytes remained viable in blood samples incubated for 3h with Ch and water extracts of B. buxifolia lam or Z. mistol Griseb (97.1% and 92.5% viability by Trypan blue exclusion, respectively); whereas with Ch only the cells were stressed and viability decreased to 30%. The three fruit extracts protected the viability of leukocytes in parallel with the decrease of ROS. Erythrocytes were not lysed in the presence of Ch.

Se estudió el efecto antioxidante de tres extractos de frutas autóctonas, Berberis buxifolia lam (michay), Zizyphus mistol Griseb (mistol) and Prosopis alba (algarrobo). Las células sanguíneas humanas sufrieron estrés oxidativo por acción de cloramfenicol (Ch), con un aumento inmediato de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO), que fue determinado por quimioluminiscencia con luminol. La respuesta fue dependiente de la dosis, con un máximo a 8 mg/ml. Los extractos de frutas autóctonas de la Argentina fueron capaces de contrarrestar el estrés generado por el antibiótico. El michay y el mistol resultaron más efectivos en la fase acuosa, y el algarrobo fue más antioxidante en extractos etílicos, mientras que las fracciones obtenidas con hexano no fueron activas. La viabilidad de los leucocitos se mantuvo elevada con Ch en presencia de extractos, entre 92.5 y 97.1%, cayendo hasta un 30% con Ch solo. Tanto los eritrocitos como los leucocitos fueron protegidos del efecto estresante por la capacidad antioxidantes de los extractos de las tres frutas investigadas, lo que podría ser importante a considerar en la dieta de niños, y pacientes en general, sometidos a Ch u otras terapias causantes de estrés oxidativo.