Anti-inflammatory effect of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul in experimental elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants have shown promise in the search for new treatments of pulmonary emphysema. Anadenanthera colubrina, a species native to the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil, is widely recognized and traditionally employed in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Many studies corroborate popular knowledge about the medicinal applications of A. colubrina, which has demonstrated a remarkable variety of pharmacological properties, however, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are highlighted. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the crude hydroethanolic extract of A. colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul on pulmonary emphysema in rats as well as to determine its potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using the micronucleus assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stem bark of the plant was collected in Pimenteiras-PI and sample was extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol. A portion of the extract underwent phytochemical analyses using TLC and HPLC. In this study, 8-week-old, male Wistar rats weighing approximately ±200 g was utilized following approval by local ethics committee for animal experimentation (No. 718/2022). Pulmonary emphysema was induced through orotracheal instillation of elastase, and treatment with A. colubrina extract or dexamethasone (positive control) concomitantly during induction. Twenty-eight days after the initiation of the protocol, plasma was used for cytokine measurement. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was used for leukocyte count. After euthanasia, lung samples were processed for histological analysis and quantification of oxidative stress markers. The micronucleus test was performed by evaluating the number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) with micronuclei (MNPCE) to verify potential genotoxic effects of A. colubrina. A differential count of PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) was performed to verify the potential cytotoxicity of the extract. Parametric data were subjected to normality analysis and subsequently to analysis of variance and Tukey or Dunnett post-test, non-parametric data were treated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test for unpaired samples. P value < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The A. colubrina extract did not show a significant increase in the number of MNPCE (p > 0.05), demonstrating low genotoxicity. No changes were observed in the PCE/NCE ratio of treated animals, compared with the vehicle, suggesting low cytotoxic potential of the extract. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in neutrophilic inflammation was observed in the lungs of rats treated with the extract, evidenced by presence of these cells in both the tissue and BAL. The extract also demonstrated pulmonary antioxidant activity, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels. TNFα, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels, as well as alveolar damage, were significantly reduced in animals treated with A. colubrina extract. Phytochemical analyses identified the presence of phenolic compounds and hydrolysable tannins in the A. colubrina extract. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study highlights the safety of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera colubrina, and demonstrates its potential as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of emphysema. The observed properties of this medicinal plant provide an optimistic outlook in the development of therapies for the treatment of pulmonary emphysema.

Phytochemical study, molecular docking, genotoxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Ximenia americana L. in the treatment of experimental COPD in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ximenia americana L. is popularly known as yellow plum, brave plum or tallow wood. All the parts of this plant are used in popular medicine. Its reddish and smooth bark are used to treat skin infections, inflammation of the mucous membranes and in the wound healing process. OBJECTIVE: Verification of phytochemical profile, the molecular interaction between flavonoid, (-) epi-catechin and 5-LOX enzyme, by means of in silico study, the genotoxic effect and to investigate the pharmacological action of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of X. americana in pulmonary alterations caused by experimental COPD in Rattus norvegicus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The identification of secondary metabolites was carried out by TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods, molecular anchoring tests were applied to analyze the interaction of flavonoid present in the extract with the enzyme involved in pulmonary inflammation process and the genotoxic effect was assessed by comet assay and micronucleus test. For induction of COPD, male rats were distributed in seven groups. The control group was exposed only to ambient air and six were subjected to passive smoke inhalations for 20 min/day for 60 days. One of the groups exposed to cigarette smoke did not receive treatment. The others were treated by inhalation with beclomethasone dipropionate (400 mcg/kg) and aqueous and lyophilized extracts of X. americana (500 mg/kg) separately or in combination for a period of 15 days. The structural and inflammatory pulmonary alterations were evaluated by histological examination. Additional morphometric analyses were performed, including the alveolar diameter and the thickness of the right ventricle wall. RESULTS: The results showed that the aqueous extract of the bark of X. americana possesses (-) epi -catechin, in silico studies with 5-LOX indicate that the EpiC ligand showed better affinity parameters than the AracA ligand, which is in accordance with the results obtained in vivo studies. Genotoxity was not observed at the dose tested and the extract was able to stagnate the alveolar enlargement caused by the destruction of the interalveolar septa, attenuation of mucus production and decrease the presence of collagen fibers in the bronchi of animals submitted to cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION: Altogether, the results proved that the aqueous extract of X. americana presents itself as a new option of therapeutic approach in the treatment of COPD.

Efeitos da fotobiomodulação nas alterações extrapulmonares ocasionadas pelo enfisema experimental em rattus norvegicus / Effect of photobiomodulation in extrapulmonary changes caused by experimental emphysema in rattus norvegicus

O enfisema pulmonar é um processo inflamatório pulmonar e tem repercussões extrapulmonares. Os objetivos desta pesquisa são investigar os efeitos da fotobiomodulação nas alterações extrapulmonares. Foram selecionados 24 ratos, divididos em três grupos de 8 animais: grupo controle (GC: recebeu apenas solução salina); grupo DPOC (GD: instilação de papaína 2 mg/kg); grupo DPOC + laser (GDL: instilação de papaína + 15 dias de laserterapia). Para análise dos dados foi coletado e observado: CKMB, LBA, Histologia (análise morfométrica) e espessura das câmaras cardíacas (análise morfométrica), respectivamente. Houve diminuição no número de células inflamatórias no LBA do GDL (p < 0,05) quando comparado com GC e GD; aumento dos níveis de CKMB no grupo GD (p < 0,05); e diminuição significativa no GDL (p = 0,0009) quando comparado com o GD, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (p < 0,05) no grupo GD e GDL quando comparado com controle. A fotobiomodulação diminui a liberação de células inflamatórias responsáveis pela liberação do CKMB na corrente sanguínea, diminuindo assim os níveis de CKMB e reduzindo os riscos de infarto do miocárdio.

Lung emphysema is a pulmonary inflammatory process, with extrapulmonary repercussions. Twenty-four rats were selected and divided into three groups with eight animals each: control (GC: received only saline solution); group DPOC (GD: with instillation of papaya proteinase 2 mg/kg); group DPOC + laser (GDL: with instillation of papaya proteinase + 15 days of laser therapy). Data analysis comprised: CKMB, LBA, Histology (morphometric analysis) and thickness of the cardiac chambers (morphometric analysis), respectively. The number of inflammatory cells in LBA of GDL decreased (p < 0.05) when compared with GC and GD; there was an increase in CKMB levels in group GD (p < 0.05); significant decrease in GDL (p = 0.0009) when compared to GD, left ventricle hypertrophy (p < 0.05) in group GD and GDL when compared to control. Photobiomodulation decreased the release of inflammatory cells by the release of CKMB in the blood and decreased CKMB levels and reduced myocardial infarction risks.

Análise da ação do gel da Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb (folha santa) associado ao ultrassom na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas / Analysis of the action of Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb (holy sheet) gel associated with ultrasound in skin wound healing

Introdução: A cicatrização é uma cascata de eventos celulares que interagem para que ocorra a reconstituição do tecido. Objetivo: Analisar a ação do gel da Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb, associado ao ultrassom pulsado, na cicatrização de feridas. Métodos: Vinte ratos foram feridos, divididos em quatro grupos, tratados e observados diariamente. O Grupo1 não recebeu nenhum tratamento; o 2 foi tratado com ultrassom (modo pulsado 10%, frequência de 1 MHz, intensidade de 0,5 W/cm2, método de acoplamento direto com movimentos oscilatórios numa ERA de 1 cm2, durante dois minutos) + gel da B. calycinum Salisb a 2%; o 3, com gel da B. calycinum Salisb a 2%; o 4, com ultrassom. Resultados: O Grupo 2 teve maior redução das áreas feridas, diminuição do colágeno tipo III e aumento do tipo I, quando comparado ao controle. Conclusões: O gel da folha santa associado ao ultrassom é capaz de acelerar o processo de cicatrização tecidual.

Introduction: Healing is a cascade of cellular events that interact to occur replenish the tissue. Objective: To analyze the action of the Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb gel associated with the pulsed ultrasound in wound healing. Methods: Twenty rats were wounded and divided into four groups. After this, they were treated and observed daily. Group 1 did not receive any treatment; Group 2 was treated with ultrasound (10% pulsed mode, frequency of 1 MHz intensity of 0.5 W / cm2, direct coupling method with an oscillatory motion was 1 cm2 for two minutes) + Gel B. calycinum Salisb 2%; Group 3, with B. calycinum Salisb gel 2%; and Group 4, with ultrasound. Results: Group 2 had a greater reduction in wound areas, a decrease of type III collagen and an increase of the type I when compared to the control group. Conclusions: The gel of the holy sheet associated with ultrasound is able to accelerate the wound healing process.

Terapia com laser 670nm no tratamento da DPOC experimental em ratos / 670nm laser therapy in treatment of COPD in experimental rats

Introdução: DPOC é uma enfermidade respiratória com manifestações sistêmicas que se caracteriza pela presença de obstrução crônica do fluxo aéreo, associada a uma resposta inflamatória. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito da laserterapia de laser 670nm, no tratamento da inflamação pulmonar induzida em ratos. Metodologia: 30 ratos foram divididos em três grupos, dos quais dois foram expostos à fumaça de cigarro durante 45 dias e um deles tratados com laser 670nm. Para análise dos resultados foram realizados LBA e ELISA. Resultados: Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida do teste Newman- Keuls para amostras não pareadas. A análise do LBA demonstrou um aumento altamente significativo no número de neutrófilos no grupo DPOC. O grupo tratado, quando comparado ao grupo DPOC, evidenciou uma diminuição significativa no número de neutrófilos. Para o resultado do ELISA, houve queda altamente significativa de TNF-?, quando tratado com laser 670nm, e significativa de MIP-2 e IL-1?. Conclusão: Verifica-se que a ação do laser de 670nm pode atenuar o processo inflamatório induzido.

Introduction: COPD is a respiratory illness with systemic manifestations, characterized by the presence of chronic airflow obstruction associated with an inflammatory response. Objective: To investigate the effect of laser 670nm laser in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation induced in mice. Methods: 30 rats were divided into three groups, two of which were exposed to cigarette smoke for 45 days and one treated with 670 nm laser. For data analysis and ELISA were performed BAL. Results: Results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman-Keuls test for unpaired samples. BAL analysis showed a highly significant increase in neutrophils in the COPD group. The treated group compared with the COPD group showed a significant decrease in neutrophils. For the result of the ELISA results were highly significant decrease of TNF-? when treated with 670 nm laser, and the significant MIP-2 and IL-1?. Conclusion: It appears that the action of the 670nm laser can attenuate the inflammatory process induced.

Efeito da laserterapia de baixa potência na inflamação pulmonar em rattus novergicus / Effect of low level laser therapy on lung inflammation in rattus norvegicus

Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é uma enfermidade respiratória caracterizada pela presença de obstrução crônica do fluxo aéreo e manifestação inflamatória. Objetivo. Verificar o efeito da laserterapia de baixa potência no tratamento da inflamação pulmonar. Metodologia. Utilizou-se 30 ratos, divididos em três grupos de dez animais: grupo controle (recebeu apenas ar ambiente); grupo DPOC e grupo DPOC+laser (expostos à fumaça de cigarro durante 45 dias, sendo o grupo DPOC+laser tratado durante 12 dias com laser 904nm). Para análise dos resultados foi realizada histopatologia. Resultados. O grupo controle apresentou espaços aéreos normais com distorção arquitetural periférica do pulmão, o grupo DPOC demonstrou um enfisema acentuado, áreas de atelectasias e destruição das paredes alveolares. O grupo tratado houve uma regressão de enfisema acentuado para discreto. Conclusão. Na análise realizada, a inflamação pulmonar induzida pelo cigarro pode ser comprovada e a laserterapia de baixa potência mostrou-se eficaz na atenuação da inflamação.

Introduction. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease characterized by chronic airflow obstruction and inflammatory manifestation. Objective. To investigate the effect of low level laser therapy in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation. Methodology. We used 30 rats divided into three groups of ten animals: control group (received only room air), group COPD and COPD + laser (exposed to cigarette smoke for 45 days with group COPD + laser treated for 12 days with 904nm laser). For data analysis was performed histopathology. Results. The control group had normal air spaces with architectural distortion of the peripheral lung, COPD group showed a marked emphysema, areas of atelectasis and destruction of alveolar walls in the treated group there was a regression from mild to severe emphysema. Conclusion. Through the analysis performed pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette can be proved, and the low level laser therapy was effective in reducing inflammation.