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BACKGROUND: Neurological complications are most likely to be fatal and cause loss of ability to function or care for self. These include Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. The main aim of the review is to determine the effects of various drugs and their cognitive risk with the need to opt for herbal therapy as an adjuvant in treating neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease with lesser-known side effects. The Methodology: Involved a detailed literature survey which was performed through an online database, such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. The study included randomized trials and original research conducted by herbal supplements on animal models to assess expression of upregulation of signalling pathways. Various studies involved in treating dementia, neurological disorders, Alzheimer disease, cognitive dysfunction were included. RESULTS: Found that various studies involved plant-based products were showing improvement in prevention of disease and signalling pathways with lesser-known side effects. CONCLUSION: It was observed that plant-based products play a major role in the prevention of neurological complications. Herbal medicines could most suitably prevent Alzheimer's risk with less known side effects in contrast with the existing treatment patterns. However, to improve the utility of herbal medicines, more evidences from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials need to be addressed.
RESUMEN
@#Objective Nephrolithiasis is a common urological disease. This study aims to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Aerva lanata (L.) roots (HAEAL) on ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats. Methods Fifty grams of shade-dried coarsely powdered Aerva lanata (L.) root was successively extracted with organic solvents in increasing order of polarity [petroleum ether (60 −80 °C), chloroform, and ethanol] using a Soxhlet apparatus, and then concentrated. Physical tests including nature, color, odor, and texture were performed on the herbal suspension. In vitro nephrolithiasis assessment was performed by nucleation assay, aggregation assay, and crystal growth assay. Thirty adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (six rats in each group). Group 1: negative control group without induction or treatment till day 28. Group 2: positive control group receiving a daily oral solution of 0.75% ethylene glycol till day 14, and mixed with distilled water till day 28. Group 3: standard group receiving a daily oral solution of 0.75% ethylene glycol till day 14 and Cystone (750 mg/kg) from day 15 to day 28. Group 4: low dose HAEAL group receiving a daily oral solution of 0.75% ethylene glycol till day 14, and 400 mg/kg HAEAL from day 15 to day 28 (1 mL per day). Group 5: high dose HAEAL group receiving a daily oral solution of 0.75% ethylene glycol till day 14, and 800 mg/kg HAEAL from day 15 to day 28 (1 mL per day). Urine (urine volume, pH value, appearance, odor, and turbidity) examination and serum test were performed. On day 29, the kidneys were dissected, and histopathology examination was performed to determine the degree of tubular injury. Results The suspension showed stability and aroma with no turbidity at room temperature. The suspension did not show changes in color and odor until day 3, indicating that the preparation was stable for 72 h. Body weight decreased in the positive control group indicating stone formation and changes in water intake. Both standard and HAEAL treatments restored the body weight to normal levels after treatment, indicating the beneficial effects of the treatment. Histopathological examination revealed no significant findings in the negative control group, whereas the positive control group showed inflammation in the kidney parenchyma. Compared with positive control group, there was increase in urine volume and excretion of urinary constituents such as calcium and oxalate (P < 0.01) as well as improved clearance rate (P < 0.05) in HAEAL treatment groups, in addition, the urine pH value of HAEAL groups was increased. Conclusion HAEAL reduced nephrolithiasis formation and had a diuretic effect, which could be used to promote the expulsion of stones. Further studies are needed to enhance the stability of the suspension for the production of better pharmaceutical formulations.