A comparative study of iron nanoflower and nanocube in terms of antibacterial properties.

It is known that heavy metal containing nanomaterials can easily prevent the formation of microbial cultures. The emergence of new generation epidemic diseases in the last 2 years has increased the importance of both personal and environmental hygiene. For this reason, in addition to preventing the spread of diseases, studies on alternative disinfectant substances are also carried out. In this study, the antibacterial activity of nanoflower and nanocube, which are easily synthesized and nanoparticle species containing iron, were compared. The antioxidant abilities of new synthesized NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were tested by DPPH scavenging activity assay. The highest DPPH inhibition was achieved with NC@α-Fe2O3 as 71.30% at 200 mg/L. NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 demonstrated excellent DNA cleavage ability. The antimicrobial capabilities of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were analyzed with micro dilution procedure. In 500 mg/L, the antimicrobial activity was 100%. In addition to these, the biofilm inhibition of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were investigated against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and it was found that they showed significant antibiofilm inhibition. It is suggested that additional studies can be continued to be developed and used as an antibacterial according to the results of the nanoparticles after various toxicological test systems. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13204-023-02822-5.

Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations.Abbrevations: SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, IL-4; Interleukin-4, HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL; Low-Density Lipoprotein, VLDL; Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-PC; C-Phycocyanin, APC; Allophycocyanin, PE; Phycoerythrin, COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2, RCTs; Randomized Control Trials, TNF-α; Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha, γ-LFA; Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid, PGs; Polyglycans, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, NK-cell; Natural Killer Cell, FDA; Food and Drug Administration, GRAS; Generally Recognized as Safe, SD; Standard Deviation, API; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, DW; Dry Weight, IM; Intramuscular, IV; Intravenous, ID; Intradermal, SC; Subcutaneous, AERs; Adverse Event Reports, DSI-EC; Dietary Supplement Information Executive Committee, cGMP; Current Good Manufacturing Process, A. platensis; Arthrospira platensis, A. maxima; Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp.; Spirulina species, Arthrospira; Spirulina, Tecuitlatl; Spirulina, CRC; Colorectal Cancer, HDI; Human Development Index, Tf; Transferrin, TfR; Transferrin Receptor, FR; Flow Rate, CPP; Cell Penetrating Peptide, SUV; Small Unilamenar Vesicle, LUV; Large Unilamenar Vesicle, GUV; Giant Unilamenar Vesicle, MLV; Multilamenar Vesicle, COVID-19; Coronavirus-19, PEGylated; Stealth, PEG; Polyethylene Glycol, OSCEs; Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, GI; Gastrointestinal Tract, CAP; Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, HPMCP, Hydroxypropyl Methyl-Cellulose Phthalate, SR; Sustained Release, DR; Delay Release, Poly(MA-EA); Polymethyl Acrylic Co-Ethyl Acrylate, f-DR L-30 D-55; Femto-Delay Release Methyl Acrylic Acid Co-Ethyl Acrylate Polymer, MW; Molecular Weight, Tg; Glass Transition Temperature, SN2; Nucleophilic Substitution 2, EPR; Enhance Permeability and Retention, VEGF; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RGD; Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid, VCAM-1; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, P; Coefficient of Permeability, PES; Polyether Sulfone, pHe; Extracellular pH, ζ-potential; Zeta potential, NTA; Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PB; Phosphate Buffer, DLS; Dynamic Light Scattering, AFM; Atomic Force Microscope, Log P; Partition Coefficient, MR; Molar Refractivity, tPSA; Topological Polar Surface Area, C log P; Calculated Partition Coefficient, CMR; Calculated Molar Refractivity, Log S; Solubility Coefficient, pka; Acid Dissociation Constant, DDAB; Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, DOPE; Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, GDP; Good Distribution Practice, RES; Reticuloendothelial System, PKU; Phenylketonuria, MS; Multiple Sclerosis, SLE; Systemic Lupus Erythematous, NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOX; Doxorubicin, ADRs; Adverse Drug Reactions, SVM; Support Vector Machine, MDA; Malondialdehyde, TBARS; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, CRP; C-Reactive Protein, CK; Creatine Kinase, LDH; Lactated Dehydrogenase, T2D; Type 2 Diabetes, PCB; Phycocyanobilin, PBP; Phycobiliproteins, PEB; Phycoerythrobilin, DPP-4; Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, IL-2; Interleukin-2, IL-6; Interleukin-6, PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, STATA; Statistics, HepG2; Hepatoblastoma, HCT116; Colon Cancer Carcinoma, Kasumi-1; Acute Leukaemia, K562; Chronic Leukaemia, Se-PC; Selenium-Phycocyanin, MCF-7; Breast Cancer Adenocarcinoma, A375; Human Melanoma, RAS; Renin-Angiotensin System, IQP; Ile-Gln-Pro, VEP; Val-Glu-Pro, Mpro; Main Protease, PLpro; Papin-Like Protease, BMI; Body Mass Index, IC50; Inhibitory Concentration by 50%, LD50; Lethal Dose by 50%, PC12 Adh; Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells, RNS; Reactive Nitrogen Species, Hb1Ac; hemoglobin A1c.

Increase awareness of the impact and multi-disciplinary up-to-date roles of A. platensis on human lives and the importance of having further research on microalgae.Soliciting a critical analysis study on A. platensis biocomposition for drug delivery research.Insights on the correlation between ionization and drug bioavailability in specific sites in the human body.Offering solutions for improvising an optimized 'Advanced Spirulina Dosage Forms' products to maximize A. platensis therapeutic/pharmacological outcomes.Insights on existing biomaterials for optimization.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from red and green parts of the pistachio hulls and their various in-vitro biological activities.

In this study, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out utilizing the red and green parts of the pistachio hulls then their several biological activities were investigated. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) activities of the AgNPs synthesized from red pistachio hulls extracts (PhR-AgNPs) and green pistachio hulls extracts (PhG-AgNPs) were investigated. The DPPH scavenging capability at 200 mg/L concentration of PhR-AgNPs was around 93.01% however PhG-AgNPs displayed 91.00%. The synthesized PhR-AgNPs and PhG-AgNPs acted on the E. coli plasmid DNA, causing its complete degradation and exhibiting effective chemical nuclease activity. Furthermore, PhR-AgNPs and PhG-AgNPs showed quite good antimicrobial activity against the studied strains with a range of the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 8-16 mg/L. Moreover, it was observed that both pistachio hulls coated with AgNPs were highly effective in inhibiting the biofilm generation studied strains. Moreover, PhR-AgNP and PhG-AgNP displayed a completely inhibition effect on cellular viability of E. coli with 100% at 125 mg/L.