Preclinical and randomized phase I studies of plitidepsin in adults hospitalized with COVID-19.

Plitidepsin, a marine-derived cyclic-peptide, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication at nanomolar concentrations by targeting the host protein eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A. Here, we show that plitidepsin distributes preferentially to lung over plasma, with similar potency against across several SARS-CoV-2 variants in preclinical studies. Simultaneously, in this randomized, parallel, open-label, proof-of-concept study (NCT04382066) conducted in 10 Spanish hospitals between May and November 2020, 46 adult hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection received either 1.5 mg (n = 15), 2.0 mg (n = 16), or 2.5 mg (n = 15) plitidepsin once daily for 3 d. The primary objective was safety; viral load kinetics, mortality, need for increased respiratory support, and dose selection were secondary end points. One patient withdrew consent before starting procedures; 45 initiated treatment; one withdrew because of hypersensitivity. Two Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events were observed (hypersensitivity and diarrhea). Treatment-related adverse events affecting more than 5% of patients were nausea (42.2%), vomiting (15.6%), and diarrhea (6.7%). Mean viral load reductions from baseline were 1.35, 2.35, 3.25, and 3.85 log10 at days 4, 7, 15, and 31. Nonmechanical invasive ventilation was required in 8 of 44 evaluable patients (16.0%); six patients required intensive care support (13.6%), and three patients (6.7%) died (COVID-19-related). Plitidepsin has a favorable safety profile in patients with COVID-19.

Antibiotic selection in the treatment of acute invasive infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Guidelines by the Spanish Society of Chemotherapy / Elección del tratamiento antibiótico en la infección invasiva aguda por Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Guía de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is characterized by a notable intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, mainly mediated by the expression of inducible chromosomic β-lactamases and the production of constitutive or inducible efflux pumps. Apart from this intrinsic resistance, P. aeruginosa possess an extraordinary ability to develop resistance to nearly all available antimicrobials through selection of mutations. The progressive increase in resistance rates in P. aeruginosa has led to the emergence of strains which, based on their degree of resistance to common antibiotics, have been defined as multidrug resistant, extended-resistant and panresistant strains. These strains are increasingly disseminated worldwide, progressively complicating the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. In this scenario, the objective of the present guidelines was to review and update published evidence for the treatment of patients with acute, invasive and severe infections caused by P. aeruginosa. To this end, mechanisms of intrinsic resistance, factors favoring development of resistance during antibiotic exposure, prevalence of resistance in Spain, classical and recently appeared new antibiotics active against P. aeruginosa, pharmacodynamic principles predicting efficacy, clinical experience with monotherapy and combination therapy, and principles for antibiotic treatment were reviewed to elaborate recommendations by the panel of experts for empirical and directed treatment of P. aeruginosa invasive infections (AU)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa se caracteriza por una notable resistencia intrínseca a los antibióticos mediada fundamentalmente por la expresión de β-lactamasas cromosómicas inducibles y la producción constitutiva o inducible de bombas de expulsión. Además de esta resistencia intrínseca, P. aeruginosa posee una extraordinaria capacidad para desarrollar resistencia a prácticamente todos los antimicrobianos disponibles a través de la selección de mutaciones. El aumento progresivo de la resistencia en P. aeruginosa ha llevado a la aparición de cepas que, de acuerdo con el grado de resistencia frente a los antibióticos habituales, se han definido como multirresistentes, extensamente resistentes y panresistentes. Estas cepas se están diseminando mundialmente, complicando progresivamente el tratamiento de las infecciones por P. aeruginosa. En este escenario, el objetivo de las presentes recomendaciones es la revisión y puesta al día de la evidencia publicada para el tratamiento de pacientes con infección aguda, invasiva y grave por P. aeruginosa. Con este fin, se han revisado los mecanismos de resistencia intrínseca, factores que favorecen el desarrollo de resistencia durante la exposición a antibióticos, prevalencia de la resistencia en España, antibióticos clásicos así como los de reciente introducción activos frente a P. aeruginosa, principios farmacodinámicos predictores de eficacia, experiencia clínica con tratamientos en monoterapia o terapia combinada y principios del tratamiento antibiótico para elaborar por un panel de xpertos recomendaciones para el tratamiento empírico o dirigido de infecciones invasivas por P. aeruginosa (AU)

Potenciales indicaciones de dalbavancina en la práctica clínica / Potential indications of dalbavancin in clinical practice

Dalbavancina es un lipoglucopéptido semisintético con 2 propiedades distintivas del resto de miembros de su familia de antibióticos, que derivan de su estructura molecular: una actividad intrínseca mayor y una vida media muy prolongada que posibilita una posología semanal o bisemanal con dosis únicas de 1.000 o 1.500 mg, respectivamente. Esta semivida de eliminación hace a dalbavancina un antibiótico singular y permite diseñar nuevas estrategias de tratamiento que facilitan altas hospitalarias precoces sin necesidad de accesos vasculares y con garantía de cumplimiento terapéutico. Este fármaco podría ser aprovechado para resolver algunos de los problemas de manejo de la infección que se plantean con frecuencia en la práctica clínica diaria, particularmente en la consolidación del tratamiento de procesos agudos, en infecciones que precisan tratamiento prolongado y en la profilaxis de algunos cuadros clínicos recurrentes por cocos Gram positivos (AU)

Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide with two properties that distinguish it from other members of the antibiotic family from which it is derived: a greater intrinsic activity and a very prolonged mean half-life that allows weekly or twice-weekly dosing with a single 1000 mg or 1500 mg dose, respectively. Because of this half-life, dalbavancin is a unique antibiotic. This drug allows the design of new treatment strategies that facilitate early hospital discharge without the need for vascular access and with guaranteed treatment adherence. Dalbavancin could be used to resolve some of the problems that commonly occur in the management of infections in daily clinical practice, particularly in consolidation therapy in acute processes, infections requiring prolonged treatment and in the prophylaxis of some recurrent processes caused by Gram-positive cocci (AU)

High doses of daptomycin (10 mg/kg/d) plus rifampin for the treatment of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infection managed with implant retention: a comparative study.

We aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of high doses of daptomycin (10 mg/kg/d) plus rifampin (D10 + R) for prosthetic joint infection (PJI). This was an observational retrospective multicenter study (2010-2012) including all patients with acute PJI by fluoroquinolone-resistant staphylococci managed with implant retention and D10 + R. Twenty cases were included: 2 (10%) were withdrawn due to toxicity, leaving 18 cases for efficacy evaluation: 13 (72%) women, age 79 years (range 58-90). Clinical failure was observed in 9 (50%) patients: in 5 cases, staphylococci were recovered (28% of microbiological failures); no modification of daptomycin-MIC was observed. These 18 cases were compared with 44 matched historical cases: failure rate was similar, but whereas in the historical series, failure occurred fundamentally during therapy, in the present series, it was recorded after discontinuation of antibiotics. In summary, D10 + R may be the initial treatment of choice for PJI by fluoroquinolone-resistant staphylococci managed with implant retention.

Treatment of invasive fungal infections in high-risk haematological patients: what have we learnt in the past 10 years?

La infección fúngica invasora (IFI) por hongos filamentosos (HF) sigue constituyendo una complicación infecciosa muy grave en los pacientes con enfermedades onco-hematológicas. Las últi¬mas aportaciones en el campo del diagnóstico y la terapéutica, hoy sabemos que son limitadas. Algo parecido se puede decir de los ensayos clínicos, en especial por algunos cambios en las características del huésped. La aparición de técnicas diagnós¬ticas esperanzadoras y la relativa ampliación en el número de antifúngicos, dio lugar a una diversificación de las estrategias terapéuticas (profilaxis y tratamiento anticipado). Pero la falta de sensibilidad del AGA bajo algunas circunstancias y el poten¬cial retraso en el inicio del tratamiento por motivos logísticos en su realización, se ha traducido en una mayor mortalidad en determinados tipos de pacientes y en un aumento significativo de los días de tratamiento. Todas estas circunstancias han vuelto a colocar el abordaje empírico como una estrategia central en los pacientes de alto riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la experiencia clínica en el tratamiento de las IFI en el paciente onco-hematológico publicada en el curso de la última década y hacer unas recomendaciones en base a ésta (AU)

Invasive fungal infection (IFI) caused by filamentous fungi remains a very severe infectious complication in patients with onco-haema¬tological diseases. Last advances in the diagnostic and therapeu¬tic fields, today we know that their contributions are limited. So¬mething similar can be said of clinical trials especially in relation to some changes in the characteristics of the host. The development of promising diagnostic techniques and the relative expansion in the number of antifungal agents has been associated with diversifica¬tion of therapeutic strategies (prophylaxis with extended-spectrum azoles and preemptive antifungal treatment). However, the low sen¬sitivity of AGA testing in some circumstances, and the potential de¬lay in starting treatment due to logistic reasons, has been reflected by a greater mortality in certain type of patients and a significant increase in the days of treatment. All these circumstances has once again focus attention to the empirical approach as a central strate¬gy in high-risk patients. The objective of this article is to review the clinical experience in the treatment of IFI in onco-haematological patients according to data published in the literature in the last de¬cade and to present a set of recommendations (AU)

Tratamiento actual de las infecciones por grampositivos: del modelo experimental a la experiencia clínica tras la autorización de nuevos fármacos / Current treatment of Gram-positive infections: from experimental models to clinical experience after approval of new drugs

La falta de ensayos clínicos limita el uso de los modernos antibióticos en la práctica clínica para indicaciones en las que parecen ser apropiados más allá de las indicaciones autorizadas. Cuando no hay alternativas válidas, el empleo de antimicrobianos fuera de indicación, los llamados off-label, se basa en datos de actividad microbiológica, farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos, y obtenidos de modelos experimentales, casos clínicos y de pequeñas series. Los modelos experimentales aportan información en indicaciones donde no hay ensayos clínicos y pueden solventar en parte la incapacidad de los nuevos fármacos para demostrar superioridad frente a los comparadores. Con daptomicina ya existen varios modelos experimentales en osteomielitis y en infecciones de implantes por Staphylococcus aureusresistentes a la meticilina, donde con dosis elevadas y asociada a rifampicina se han obtenido mejores resultados que con los comparadores (AU)

The use of modern antibiotics in clinical practice for indications that seem highly appropriate but are not approved is hampered by the lack of clinical trials. When there are no valid alternatives, the use of off-label antimicrobials is based on data obtained from microbiological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, experimental models, case reports and small series. Experimental models provide information on indications not investigated in clinical trials and can partly solve the inability of new drugs to demonstrate superiority over comparators. Several experimental models in osteomyelitis and implant-associated infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have demonstrated that daptomycin at high doses and in combination with rifampicin have produced superior results to comparators (AU)

[Current treatment of Gram-positive infections: from experimental models to clinical experience after approval of new drugs]. / Tratamiento actual de las infecciones por grampositivos: del modelo experimental a la experiencia clínica tras la autorización de nuevos fármacos.

The use of modern antibiotics in clinical practice for indications that seem highly appropriate but are not approved is hampered by the lack of clinical trials. When there are no valid alternatives, the use of off-label antimicrobials is based on data obtained from microbiological activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, experimental models, case reports and small series. Experimental models provide information on indications not investigated in clinical trials and can partly solve the inability of new drugs to demonstrate superiority over comparators. Several experimental models in osteomyelitis and implant-associated infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have demonstrated that daptomycin at high doses and in combination with rifampicin have produced superior results to comparators.

The efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, with a focus on the per-pathogen bacteriologic response in infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: a pooled analysis of seven clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) are frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemopbilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrbalis; thus, these are the target pathogens for antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES: This pooled analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil (CDN) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (CAP or AECB). A particular focus was the per-pathogen bacteriologic response rate among the most common causative pathogens, S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and M catarrbalis. METHODS: The final reports of all clinical trials of CDN in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection were reviewed. Microbiologic outcome data for CDN 200 and 400 mg and comparator treatments were pooled from 4 CAP studies (3 randomized and 1 noncomparative) and 3 AECB studies. The comparators were the standard oral treatments clarithromycin 500 mg BID, cefuroxime 250 mg BID, cefpodoxime 200 mg BID, and amoxicillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg TID or 875/125 mg BID. Microbiologic response was defined as eradication of the initial pathogen or presumed eradication (absence of sputum for culture in a patient with a clinical response). RESULTS: The bacteriologically evaluable population contained 654 patients in the CDN 200-mg group, 592 in the CDN 400-mg group, and 664 in the comparator group. A total of 1223 target pathogens were isolated before treatment: 406 isolates of S pneumoniae (including 56 penicillin-nonsusceptible [intermediate + resistant] strains), 595 isolates of H influenzae, and 222 isolates of M catarrbalis. The microbiologic response ranged from 84.1% to 88.8% in the CAP studies and from 75.1% to 77.1% in the AECB studies, with no differences between the CDN 200-mg, CDN 400-mg, and comparator groups. In the analysis of per-pathogen bacteriologic response, similar response rates were found for S pneumoniae (range, 88.5%-92.0%), H influenzae (range, 82.7%-86.6%), and M catarrbalis (range, 84.1%-95.2%), with no significant differences between groups. Focusing on penicillin-nonsusceptible (MIC >or=0.12 microg/mL) strains of S pneumoniae, CDN (both doses pooled) was associated with a response rate of 92.3% (36/39 isolates); all nonresponders were in the CDN 200-mg group. When only penicillin-resistant (MIC >or=2 microg/mL) strains were considered, there was only 1 nonresponder, again in the CDN 200-mg group. Thus, the overall response rate to CDN (both doses pooled) was 94.4% (17/18 isolates). CONCLUSIONS: In this pooled analysis, CDN was associated with high rates of per-pathogen bacteriologic response among the main causative pathogens in lower respiratory tract infection. The rates of response were approximately 85% against H influenzae and approximately 90% against S pneumoniae, including penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant strains.