Mindful eating questionnaire: Validation and reliability in Brazilian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) in Brazilian subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and validate a Brazilian version of the MEQ for adults with T2DM (MEQ-DM). METHODOLOGY: Baseline data from the multicentre Nutritional Strategy for Glycaemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (NUGLIC) trial were used. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker‒Lewis index (TLI) fit indices indicated the adequacy of the model. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated considering the different factor loadings. Criterion validity was tested by correlating the MEQ-DM with sociodemographic variables, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity levels. RESULTS: A total of 370 participants were included, who were mostly female (60.8 %) and had a median age of 61 (54-67) years. The EFA results supported the two-factor structure of the 25-item MEQ-DM: disinhibition and awareness. The results of the fit indices (RMSEA = 0.04; CFI = 0.95 and TLI = 0.94) and composite reliability (disinhibition = 0.84 and awareness = 0.81) were consistent. The criterion validity analysis indicated a significant association between MEQ-DM scores and age, sex, civil status, education level, BMI and physical activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: When explored with Brazilian adults with T2DM, the MEQ-DM presented a factorial model with two dimensions: disinhibition and awareness. This model must be confirmed in future studies with Brazilians with T2DM.

Effects of oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials.

CONTEXT: Recent evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota may contribute to body weight control. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference in overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases-PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, LILACS, and Web of Science-were searched from inception to August 2017. No language restrictions were applied. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized and quasi-randomized parallel trials that assessed the effects of oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics vs any other intervention but bariatric surgery or fecal transplantation in overweight or obese adults were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Three teams of 2 authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data from the included trials. Data were pooled using inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS: Nineteen randomized trials (28 publications, 1412 participants) were included. There were no differences in mean body weight change [mean difference (MD), -0.54 kg; 95%CI, -1.09 to 0.01; I2 = 0%; moderate quality of evidence) or mean BMI change (MD, -0.19 kg/m2; 95%CI, -0.43 to 0.04; I2 = 51%; low quality of evidence) between groups who received probiotics or synbiotics and control groups. Oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics reduced mean waist circumference compared with control (MD, -0.82 cm; 95%CI, -1.43 to -0.21; I2 = 46%; low quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics has a small effect to reduce waist circumference but no effect on body weight or BMI, although the quality of evidence is low to moderate. Therefore, the current evidence is not definitive. Large-scale trials are needed and may help to better inform clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018075126.