Comment on Tremmel et al. In Vitro Metabolism of Six C-Glycosidic Flavonoids from Passiflora incarnata L. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6566.

In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the chemical composition of aerial parts extracts and the bioavailability of active compounds from different species of Passiflora genus [...].

Elucidation of glycosylation sites of kaempferol di-O-glycosides from methanolic extract of the leaves of Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca.

RATIONALE: Flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation patterns 3,4'-di-O and 4',7-di-O are rare in nature and they have not yet been studied in detail by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(+/-), in contrast to the flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation pattern 3,7-di-O. METHOD: The leaves from Prunus domestica L. subsp. syriaca were extracted with pure methanol or, in order to perform hydrolysis and extraction simultaneously, with a 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI-MS(+/-) analyses were performed using a Waters model 2690 HPLC pump and a Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Three kinds of kaempferol di-O-glycosides have been identified, namely kaempferol-3-O-hexoside-7-O-rhamnosides, kaempferol-3-O-pentoside-4'-O-rhamnosides and kaempferol 4',7-di-O-rhamnoside. The identification was performed on the basis of the abundances of the respective Y-type product ions. CONCLUSIONS: The abundances of [Yn 0 - H]-· , Yn 0 - and Yn 0 + product ions were of crucial importance for the determination of glycosylation patterns. The obtained results can be useful for HPLC/ESI-MS identification of rare flavonol-di-O-glycosides.

Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric behaviour of flavonoid 5-O-glucosides and their positional isomers detected in the extracts from the bark of Prunus cerasus L. and Prunus avium L.

INTRODUCTION: Literature data concerning the electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) behaviour of flavonoid 5-O-glycosides are poor and sometimes disputable. Therefore, we decided to analyse the compounds of this kind present in the bark of Prunus cerasus and Prunus avium by using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC/ESI-MS. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to obtain the comprehensive information about the ESI-MS(+/-) behaviour of flavonoid 5-O-glucosides, to compare their behaviour with that of their positional isomers, to confirm that the known susceptibility of flavonoid 5-O-glucosides to hydrolysis may be successfully used for their identification. METHOD: The bark from Prunus trees was extracted with pure methanol or, in order to perform hydrolysis and extraction simultaneously, with 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid. The HPLC-ESI-MS analyses were performed using a Waters model 2690 HPLC pump and Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer. RESULTS: Flavonoid 5-O-glycosides were completely hydrolysed under the acid conditions used, in contrast to their positional isomers. In positive ion mode, at low cone voltage, flavonoid 5-O-glycosides yield abundant Y0 + aglycone ions, in contrast to their positional isomers. In the negative ion mode, flavonoid 5-O-glycosides do not yield [Y0 - H]-· fragment ions, in contrast to their positional isomers. When aglycone contains only two hydroxyl groups, the flavonoid 5-O-glycosides can be detected in negative ion mode, whereas their positional isomers do not yield [M - H]- ions. CONCLUSION: It has been demonstrated that the susceptibility to hydrolysis of the analysed compounds, the abundances of respective fragment ions formed, and their ESI(-) response allow unambiguous identification of flavonoid 5-O-glycosides and their differentiation from their positional isomers.

Detection of flavone C-glycosides in the extracts from the bark of Prunus avium L. and Prunus cerasus L.

The extracts from the bark of Prunus avium and Prunus cerasus have been analyzed by using high pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. For the first time in the bark of Prunus species flavonoid C-glycosides have been detected. On the basis of the characteristic fragmentation patterns of their [M-H]- and [M + H]+ ions, three flavonoid C-glycosides have been identified, namely apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside (vicenin-2), apigenin-6-C-glucoside (isovitexin) and chrysin-8-C-glucoside. Taking into account the widely studied biological activities of flavonoid C-glycosides, the barks of these common fruit trees seem to be interesting materials of potential medical or cosmetic application.

Impact of fat and selected profiles of fatty acids contained in the colostrum and milk of sows of native breeds on piglet rearing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the level of fat and selected fatty acids found in the milk of sows on the rearing of native breed piglets. Simultaneously, in order to improve the accuracy of the performed analyses, atomic absorption spectrometry was employed in the applied analytic methodology. The experimental animal material comprised 60 sows of the indigenous White Zlotnicka breed. Colostrum and milk were collected on the first and 14th days of lactation. In all, 240 samples were collected. The following parameters were determined in the course of the experiment: number and weight of piglets, body weight gains as well as deaths of piglets. A total of 1270 born piglets was subjected to investigations. The performed experiments demonstrated that, with the progress of the lactation period, the content of fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) turned out to be statistically significant and showed a growing tendency. Fat increased by about 2% and palmitic acid (C16:0) increased most, that is by 5%. Linolic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids revealed decreasing trends. Irrespective of the day of lactation, the level of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) determined in sows' colostrum and milk was higher in comparison with that of SFA, and the UFA to SFA ratio ranged from 1.84% to 1.33%. Proportions of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids were determined at the level of about 1.6:1.0 in the colostrum and 1.3:10 in milk. The highest daily body weight gains were recorded in the case of piglets derived from sows with the highest fat level - 294 g, while in the case of stearic acid (C18:0), the smaller its concentration in the colostrum and milk of the experimental sows, the better body weight gains of piglets - 262 g. At the same time, stearic acid (C18:0) was found to exert a statistically significant effect on piglet mortality at the level of P ≤ 0.05. Its highest concentration caused the highest proportion of deaths among piglets - 16.23%. The performed analysis of correlations that occurred between fat, fatty acids and traits associated with piglet rearing confirmed that linolic acid (C18:2; n-6) was highly significantly correlated with piglets' body weights (r = 0.456**) and was negatively correlated with piglets' deaths (r = -0.312). On the other hand, fat revealed correlation with body weight gains of piglets (r = 0.333*_ and a negative correlation with deaths of piglets (r = -0344*). Recapitulating, the results of the performed experiments revealed that differences in the levels of fat and fatty acids found in sows' colostrum and milk influenced results of piglet rearing. Together with the increase in the content of fat and UFA in sows' colostrum and milk, piglets were characterized by the best body weight, growth rate, as well as by small mortality.

Natural occurrence of fumonisins and ochratoxin A in some herbs and spices commercialized in Poland analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS method.

Unsanitary conditions during harvesting, drying, packing and storage stages in production and processing of spices and herbs could introduce mycotoxin contamination. The occurrence of ochratoxin A and fumonisins in popular spices and herbs was studied, using liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Apart from mycotoxins, ergosterol as a factor indicating fungal development was also analysed. A total of 79 different samples commercialized in Poland were randomly purchased from popular markets were tested for mycotoxins. The frequency of samples with fumonisins was lower (31%) than ochratoxin A (49%). Free from mycotoxins were samples of bay leaf and white mustard. ERG content - in spice samples with high concentration level of mycotoxins - was also significantly higher than in samples with little to no mycotoxins.