Fertility in patients with untreated rectosigmoid endometriosis.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Several studies have investigated reproductive outcomes following surgical treatment of colorectal endometriosis, mainly segmental colorectal resection. This study examines pregnancy and live birth rates of women with rectosigmoid endometriosis not treated by surgery. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of data collected between May 2009 and January 2020 related to 215 women affected by rectosigmoid endometriosis wishing to conceive. Patients had a diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis by transvaginal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging enema. Patients with estimated bowel stenosis >70% at computed tomographic colonography and/or subocclusive/occlusive symptoms were excluded. RESULTS: During the median length of follow-up of 31 months (range 13-63 months), the total pregnancy and live birth rates of the study population were 47.9% and 45.1%, respectively. Sixty-two women had a live birth after natural conception (28.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.8-35.6%) with a median time required to conceive of 10 months (range 2-34 months). Eighty-three women underwent infertility treatments (38.6%, 95% CI 32.1-45.5%); among these, 68 patients underwent IVF either directly (n = 51) or after intrauterine insemination (IUI) failure (n = 17). Time to conception was significantly higher in women having conceived by IVF than in those having conceived naturally (P < 0.001) or by IUI (P = 0.006). In patients undergoing IVF cycles, a worsening of some pain and intestinal symptoms was observed. CONCLUSIONS: At median follow-up of 31 months, women with rectosigmoid endometriosis have a 48% pregnancy rate. However, these patients must be referred to centres specialized in managing endometriosis to properly assess symptoms and degree of bowel stenosis.

Other imaging techniques: Double-contrast barium enema, endoscopic ultrasonography, multidetector CT enema, and computed tomography colonoscopy.

Double-contrast barium enema (DCBE), transrectal endoscopic ultrasonography (REU), multidetector computerized tomography enema (MDCT-e), and computed tomography colonoscopy (CTC) have been successfully used for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. DCBE provides a complete overview of the entire colon and allows detecting cecal nodules. The accuracy of DCBE is operator dependent and, thus, it may have low specificity. It does not allow identifying the cause of the mass effect. DCBE requires the administration of barium and exposure to radiation. REU precisely estimates the distance between the rectosigmoid nodule and the anal verge. However, it allows investigating only the distal part of rectosigmoid, it misses anterior pelvic lesions, and it has poor sensitivity for the diagnosis of endometriomas. MDCT-e is accurate and reproducible in diagnosing intestinal endometriosis and in assessing its characteristics: the largest diameter of the nodule, the distance between the distal part of the nodule and the anal verge, and depth of infiltration of endometriosis in the intestinal wall. MDCT-e requires the administration of iodinated contrast medium (CM) and the exposure to radiations. CTC has good performance in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis. It allows estimating the degree of intestinal stenosis CTC, and the distance between the intestinal endometriotic nodule and the anal verge. It requires exposure to radiations, and it may require the administration of an iodinated CM.

Magnetic Resonance Rectal Enema Versus Computed Tomographic Colonography in the Diagnosis of Rectosigmoid Endometriosis.

OBJECTIVES: Rectosigmoid involvement by endometriosis causes intestinal symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, and dyschezia. A precise diagnosis about the presence, location, and extent of bowel implants is required to plan the most appropriate treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of magnetic resonance with distension of the rectosigmoid (MR-e) with computed colonography (CTC) for diagnosing rectosigmoid endometriosis. METHODS: This study was based on the retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of patients with suspicion of rectosigmoid endometriosis who underwent both MR-e and CTC, and subsequently were treated by laparoscopy. The findings of imaging techniques were compared with surgical and histological results. RESULTS: Of 90 women included in the study, 44 (48.9%) had rectosigmoid nodules and underwent bowel surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis were 88.6%, 93.5%, 92.9%, 89.6%, and 91.1% for CTC, and 93.2%, 97.9%, 97.6%, 93.8%, and 95.6% for MR-e. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of both radiologic examinations for diagnosing rectosigmoid endometriosis (P = 0.344). However, MR-e was more accurate than CTC in estimating the largest diameter of the main rectosigmoid nodule (P < 0.001). The pain perceived by the patients was significantly lower during MR-e than during CTC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MR-e and CTC have similar diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of rectosigmoid involvement of endometriosis. However, MR-e is more accurate in the estimation of the largest diameter of main rectosigmoid nodule and more tolerated than CTC.

Magnetic Resonance Enema in Rectosigmoid Endometriosis.

Intestinal endometriosis occurs in 4% to 37% of women with deep endometriosis (DE). Noninvasive diagnosis of presence and characteristics of rectosigmoid endometriosis permits the best counseling of patients and ensures best therapeutic planning. Magnetic resonance enema (MR-e) is accurate in diagnosing DE. After colon cleansing, rectal distention and opacification improves the performance of MR-e in diagnosing rectosigmoid endometriosis. MR imaging cannot optimally assess the depth of penetration of endometriosis in the intestinal wall. There is a need for multicentric studies with a larger sample size to evaluate reproducibility of MR-e in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis for less experienced radiologists.

Multidetector computerized tomography enema versus magnetic resonance enema in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis.

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of multidetector computerized tomography enema (MDCT-e) and magnetic resonance enema (MRI-e) in determining the presence of sigmoid and rectal endometriotic nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 260 women (32.6 ± 4.3 years) with symptoms suggestive of rectosigmoid endometriosis underwent MDCT-e and MRI-e prior to laparoscopy. After retrograde colonic distention and injection of intravenous contrast medium, patients were scanned on a 64-row MDCT scanner. MRI-e was performed on a 1.5T magnet using an 8 channels phased array coil; intestinal distention was achieved by introducing in the rectum 250-300 ml of ultrasonographic gel diluted with saline solution. Radiological findings were compared with surgical and histological results. RESULTS: 176 women had rectosigmoid endometriosis at surgery. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of MDCT-e (98.5%) and MRI-e (96.9%) in the diagnosis of sigmoid and rectal endometriosis (p=0.248). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio of MDCT-e and MRI-e were respectively 98.3%, 98.8%, 99.4%, 96.5%, 81.59, 0.02 and 97.2%, 96.4%, 98.3%, 94.1%, 26.89, 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Both MDCT-e and MRI-e are accurate in the diagnosis of rectal and sigmoid endometriosis.

Crohn's disease recurrence in patients with ileocolic anastomosis: value of computed tomography enterography with water enema.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the present work was to determine the diagnostic value of CT-enterography with water enema (CTe-WE) in the assessment of the ileocolic anastomosis in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The prevalence of synchronous inflammatory lesions (SILs) involving gastrointestinal segments distinct from the anastomosis was also determined. Further, the association between the type of ileocolic anastomosis and the behavior (i.e. inflammatory, stricturing, penetrating) of CD recurrence was evaluated. METHODS: 51 patients were retrospectively included (26 [51%] male and 25 [49%] female; mean age: 52.88 years ± 13.35). Ileocolic anastomoses were: 18 (35.3%) stapled side-to-side, 17 (33.3%) end-to-side, and 16 (31.4%) end-to-end. CTe-WEs were reviewed in consensus by two gastrointestinal radiologists. Endoscopy and medical records were used as reference standards. RESULTS: CTe-WE yielded 95.35% sensitivity (CI 95%: 84.19-99.43%), 75.00% specificity (CI 95%: 34.91-96.81%), and 92.15% diagnostic accuracy (CI 95%: 81.31-98.02%). Anastomotic recurrence was found in 41/51 (80.4%) patients, including 30/41 (73.2%) cases of isolated anastomotic recurrence, and 11/41 (26.8%) cases of anastomotic recurrence with a SIL. A significant lower prevalence of stricturing recurrence was observed in patients with stapled side-to-side anastomoses (p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: CTe-WE provides a good distension of both sides of ileocolic anastomoses allowing the detection of SILs.

Computed tomography of the bowel: a prospective comparison study between four techniques.

OBJECTIVES: The major objective was to prospectively compare the grade of bowel distension obtained with four different computed tomography (CT) techniques dedicated for the examination of the small intestine (CT enteroclysis [CTE] and enterography [CTe]), of the colon (CT with water enema [CT-WE]), or both (CTe with water enema [CTe-WE]). The secondary objective was to assess patients' tolerance toward each CT protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recruitment was designed to obtain four groups of the same number of patients (30). Each group corresponded to a specific CT technique, for a total of 120 consecutive outpatients (65 male and 55 female, mean age 51.09 ± 13.36 years). CTE was performed after injection of methylcellulose through a nasojejunal tube, while in the CTe protocol a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution was orally administered to patients prior to the CT acquisition. In the CT-WE protocol intraluminal contrast (water) was administered only by a rectal enema, while CTe-WE technique included both a rectal water enema and oral ingestion of neutral contrast material to obtain a simultaneous distension of small and large bowel. CT studies were reviewed in consensus by two gastrointestinal radiologists who performed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of bowel distension on a per segment basis. The presence and type of adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: CTE provided the best distension of jejunal loops (median diameter 27 mm, range 17-32 mm) when compared to all the other techniques (p<0.0001). The frequency of patients with an adequate distension of the terminal ileum was not significantly different among the four groups (p=0.0608). At both quantitative and qualitative analysis CT-WE and CTe-WE determined a greater and more consistent luminal filling of the large intestine than that provided by both CTE and CTe (p<0.0001 for all colonic segments). Adverse effects were more frequent in patients belonging to the CTE group (p<0.0028). CONCLUSIONS: CTE allows an optimal distension of jejunal loops, but it is the most uncomfortable CT protocol. When performing CT-WE, an adequate retrograde distension of the terminal ileum was provided in a particularly high percentage of patients. CTe-WE provides a simultaneous optimal distension of both small and large bowel.

Double contrast barium enema: technique, indications, results and limitations of a conventional imaging methodology in the MDCT virtual endoscopy era.

The double contrast barium enema of the colon continues to be a diffused conventional radiological technique and allows for the diagnosis of neoplastic and inflammatory pathology. After the '70s, a massive initiative is undertaken to simplify, perfect and encode the method of the double contrast barium enema: Altaras from Germany, Miller from USA and Cittadini from Italy are responsible for the perfection of this technique in the last 30 years. The tailored patient preparation, a perfect technique of execution and a precise radiological documentation are essentials steps to obtain a reliable examination. The main limit of double contrast enema is that it considers the pathology only from the mucosal surface. In neoplastic pathology evaluation the main limit is the "T" parameter staging, but more limited are the "N" and "M" parameters evaluation. Today the double contrast technique continues to be a refined, sensitive and specific diagnostic method, moreover, diagnostic results cannot compete with the new CT multislice techniques (CT-enteroclysis and virtual colonoscopy) which can examine both the lumen and the wall of the colon. The double contrast is a cheap and simple examination but in the next future is predictably a progressive substitution of conventional radiology from new multislice techniques, because the cross sectional imaging is more frequently able to detect causes of the symptoms whether resulting both from colonic or non colonic origin.

Bowel endometriosis: CT-enteroclysis.

Although several radiological techniques have been used for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis, no gold standard is currently established. We used multislice computerized tomography (CT) combined with the distention of the colon by rectal enteroclysis (MSCTe) for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. Following bowel preparation, pharmacological hypotonicity, retrograde colonic distention by water enteroclysis, and intravenous injection of iodinated contrast medium, a single volumetric acquisition of the abdomen is performed. MSCTe findings suggestive of bowel endometriosis are the presence of solid nodules with positive enhancement, contiguous or penetrating the colonic wall. When endometriotic lesions are detected, the degree of infiltration of the intestinal wall can be estimated; however, the depth infiltrated by nodules reaching the submucosa may be underestimated. MSCTe is well tolerated by the patients. The strength of MSCT consists in the high spatial resolution; volumetric data acquired by using thin slices provide isotropic voxels and multiplanar reconstructions have a quality comparable with that of the original axial scans. The potential of MSCTe for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis relies on the fact that the serosal, muscular, and mucosal layers of the bowel wall can be evaluated.

Multislice CT enteroclysis in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis.

This prospective study aims to evaluate the efficacy of multislice computed tomography combined with colon distension by water enteroclysis (MSCTe) in determining the presence and depth of bowel endometriotic lesions. Ninety-eight women with symptoms suggestive of colorectal endometriosis underwent MSCTe; locations, number of nodule/s, size of the nodule/s and depth of bowel wall infiltration were determined. Independently from the findings of MSCTe, all women underwent laparoscopy. MSCTe findings were compared with surgical and histological results. Abnormal findings suggestive of bowel endometriotic nodules were detected by MSCTe in 75 of the 76 patients with bowel endometriosis. MSCTe identified 110 (94.8%) of the 116 bowel endometriotic nodules removed at surgery; 6 nodules missed at MSCTe were located on the rectum. MSCTe correctly determined the degree of infiltration of the bowel wall in all of the 34 serosal bowel nodules identified at MSCTe. In six nodules reaching the submucosa, the depth of infiltration was underestimated by MSCTe. MSCTe had a sensitivity of 98.7%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 95.7% in identifying women with bowel endometriosis. MSCTe is effective in determining the presence and depth of bowel endometriotic lesions.